key: cord-0800353-cz1mhika
authors: Bompard, Florian; Monnier, Hippolyte; Saab, Ines; Tordjman, Mickael; Abdoul, Hendy; Fournier, Laure; Sanchez, Olivier; Lorut, Christine; Chassagnon, Guillaume; Revel, Marie-pierre
title: Pulmonary embolism in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia
date: 2020-05-12
journal: Eur Respir J
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01365-2020
sha: 4b6a7d917ebd85387130b6f528e6ef1c97565427
doc_id: 800353
cord_uid: cz1mhika

We report an overall 24%(95% CI; 17–32%) cumulative incidence of pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, 50% (30–70%) in ICU and 18% (12–27%) in other patients

To the editor:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome developing in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with a high mortality rate and is the main cause of death in patients with SRAS-Cov-2 infection [1] . Myocardial injury has also been reported to be significantly associated with fatal outcome, with 37% mortality rate for patients without prior cardiovascular disease but elevated troponin levels [2] . Regarding other biomarkers of severity, a D-dimer level greater than 1 μg/mL has been clearly identified as a risk factor for poor outcome in SARS-Cov-2 infection [3] , with recent reports highlighting a high incidence of thrombotic events in intensive care unit (ICU) patients [4] . A normal D-dimer level allows excluding safely pulmonary embolism in outpatients with low or intermediate clinical probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) but there is no recommendation to use D-dimer as a positive marker of thrombosis because of lack of specificity. An advice paper from the European Society of Radiology and the European Society of Thoracic imaging suggested that contrast-enhanced CT should be performed to rule out PE if supplementary oxygen is needed in COVID-19 pneumonia patients with limited disease extension [5] . The European Society of Cardiology also recommends CTPA before leaving the radiology department when unenhanced CT findings cannot explain the severity of respiratory failure [6] . Indeed, it is not recommended to base PE diagnosis on pulmonary ventilation-perfusion imaging [7] . The cumulative incidence of VTE on the wards is reported to be lower than in the ICU (10% versus 48% at 14 days, respectively) [8] where investigation for PE is not always feasible due to critical illness and prone position [9] .

We conducted a retrospective study evaluating all CT pulmonary angiographies (CTPA) performed between March 1 rst and April 16 th , 2020 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at in two hospitals of Université de Paris (Cochin and Pompidou hospitals). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Cochin Hospital (CLEP Decision N°: AAA-2020-08009). The reason why patients had been referred for CTPA was obtained from the electronic medical records, as well as the number of days of hospitalization at time of CT examination, the categorization as ICU or ward patient and need for mechanical ventilation. There was no disagreement between the two expert readers as well as between initial and expert reading regarding the presence of PE. A total of 32 PE were identified resulting in a 24% (95% CI; 17-32%) overall cumulative incidence, 50% (30-70%) in ICU and 18% (12-27%) in other patients. Fifteen PE were diagnosed in outpatients at initial presentation whereas the remaining 17 were diagnosed in patients who had presented clinical deterioration during hospitalization. All inpatients received prophylactic anticoagulation (enoxaparin 40 mg once daily in ward patients, or twice daily in obese and ICU patients according to local practice). There were ten proximal PE whereas eighteen involved segmental pulmonary arteries and the remaining four PE multiple sub segmental pulmonary arteries. On CTPA there were signs of acute right ventricular dysfunction (right-to-left ventricular diameter ratio >1) in six patients, four with proximal PE including one saddle PE, and two others with segmental PE, one patient having moderate and the other severe disease extent on CT.

Comparison between the PE positive and PE negative groups of patients is summarized in the D-dimer level was significantly higher in the PE group; meaning that D-dimer increase is not only a marker of pneumonia severity but is associated with a higher risk of PE. Our data do not allow defining an accurate threshold for PE risk in this specific population. However the high cumulative incidence of PE we observed suggests to more frequently use contrast medium for the evaluation of COVID-19 patients on CT.

Some authors suggested using low molecular weight heparin anticoagulant therapy in patients with severe pneumonia who have excessive activation of coagulation, defined as D-Dimer values 4-times higher than the normal upper limit [10] . Tang et al reported lower 28-day mortality in patients with D-dimer > 6 fold of upper limit of normal who received heparin at a prophylactic dose, as compared with those who did not [11] .

In our study, prophylactic anticoagulation did not avoid the occurrence of PE in hospitalized patients, highlighting the need to adapt thrombosis prophylaxis in patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection.

Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) have been reported to occur in other viral pneumonias, but not as frequently as in COVID-19 patients. Of 119 individuals admitted to the hospital with H1N1 Influenza A virus infection, seven (5.9%) experienced thrombotic vascular events, including 1 PE and three DVT [12] .

Our study presents several limitations. Since contrast administration was not systematically used, our study does not allow assessing the incidence of PE for all COVID-19 patients.

Whereas all patients referred because of clinical deterioration had contrast-enhanced CT, the reason why PE was suspected as concurrent diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia at initial presentation cannot be precisely assessed, in view of the retrospective design of our study. For the same reason, an in-depth analysis of comorbidities and especially history of venous thromboembolism was not possible. We were not able to evaluate the presence of deep venous thrombosis in our study population since none of the patients underwent compression ultrasound. . Lastly, our study does not allow defining which cutoff value of D-dimer should trigger contrast administration, when evaluating COVID-19 patients on CT. This remains an open question to be solved by a prospective evaluation.

In conclusion, we observed that almost a quarter of the COVID-19 pneumonia patients evaluated after contrast administration had acute pulmonary embolism on CT. This suggests more largely using contrast when performing thoracic CT examination in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, especially for those with marked elevation of D-dimer.

Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease

Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia

Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19

European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Society of Thoracic Imaging (ESTI)

COVID-19 patients and the radiology department -advice from the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Society of Thoracic Imaging (ESTI)

ESC Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of CV Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Prevention Treatment of VTE Associated with COVID-19 Infection Consensus Statement Group, Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Group of the Chinese Thoracic Society, Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Vascular Disease Working Committee of Chinese Association of Chest Physicians, National Cooperation Group on Prevention Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Vascular Disease, National Program Office for Prevention Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Deep Vein Thrombosis, China Grade Center

Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up

Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia

Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy

Pandemic H1N1 influenza infection and vascular thrombosis