key: cord-0798388-av4uutjl
authors: Durães-Carvalho, Ricardo; Caserta, Leonardo C.; Barnabé, Ana C. S.; Martini, Matheus C.; Ferreira, Helena L.; Felippe, Paulo A. N.; Santos, Márcia B.; Arns, Clarice W.
title: Coronaviruses Detected in Brazilian Wild Birds Reveal Close Evolutionary Relationships with Beta- and Deltacoronaviruses Isolated From Mammals
date: 2015-08-07
journal: J Mol Evol
DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9693-9
sha: ee37ae96f2e1f30ba32d089158cac645271ea6a2
doc_id: 798388
cord_uid: av4uutjl

This study showed that the most of the coronaviruses (CoVs) detected in Brazilian wild birds clustered with the mouse hepatitis virus A59 strain, belonging to the BetaCoV group. Furthermore, CoV detected in two different bird species, Amazona vinacea and Brotogeris tirica, clustered with a CoV isolated from Sparrow (SpaCoV HKU17) belonging to a monophyletic group related with the CoVs isolated from swines (PorCoV HKU15), both belonging to the DeltaCoV genus, previously unreported in South America. Considering the risk of inter-species host switching and further adaptation to new hosts, detection in bird species of CoVs closely related to mammal CoVs should warn for the potential emergence of new threatening viruses. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00239-015-9693-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

infect or cause disease in mammals, while GammaCoV are almost exclusively found in birds, except for the CoV detected in beluga whale and bottlenose dolphin (Mihindukulasuriya et al. 2008; Woo et al. 2010) . The fourth genus (DeltaCoV) was described recently and has already been identified in pigs and birds (Woo et al. 2011) .

In this research, 368 cloacal and tracheal swabs from 33 bird species were collected in different regions belonging to the States of São Paulo (Bosque dos Jequitibás, Campinas-SP; Rio Claro-SP; Rehabilitation center [CRAS] Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo-SP) and Mato Grosso do Sul (CRAS Campo Grande-MS), Brazil. The viral RNA was extracted (QIAmp Viral RNA Mini kit, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), and the cDNA synthesis was performed following the manufacturer's protocol (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA).

A PanCoV PCR selective essay was performed targeting a 440 bp of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene (Chu et al. 2011 belonging to the BetaCoV group. Mice are the natural hosts of MHV A59, which is associated to hepatotropic and neurotropic diseases (Eriksson et al. 2008) . Besides, two of our samples that were, respectively, detected in A. vinacea (Parrot-breasted-purple) and B. tirica (Plain Parakeet) clustered with CoV isolated from Sparrow (SpaCoV HKU17) belonging to a monophyletic group related with the CoVs isolated from swines (PorCoV HKU15), both belonging to the DeltaCoV genus (Fig. 1) , previously unreported in South America. PorCoV HKU15 was detected in April 2014 in the USA (Wang et al. 2014) , in 2015, which was directly associated to play a key role in diarrheic disease in swine; no treatment or vaccines are currently available (Hu et al. 2015; Ma et al. 2015) .

Finally, we highlighted in this study the evolutionary proximity of CoVs detected in wild birds with Beta-and DeltaCoVs, both isolated from mammal and involved in the pathogenicity of their hosts. We believe that these findings may be useful for the understanding of CoVs' evolutionary dynamics. Considering the risk of inter-species host switching and further adaptation to new hosts, detection in bird species of CoVs closely related to mammal CoVs should warn for the potential emergence of new threatening viruses.

Avian coronavirus in wild aquatic birds

Mouse hepatitis virus liver pathology is dependent on ADPribose-1-phosphatase, a viral function conserved in the alphalike supergroup

Isolation and characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs with diarrhea in the United States

Origin, evolution, and virulence of porcine deltacoronaviruses in the United States

Identification of a novel coronavirus from a beluga whale by using a panviral microarray

FastTree 2-approximately maximum-likelihood trees for large alignments

Porcine coronavirus HKU15 detected in 9 US States

Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis

Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus

Acknowledgments We thank the teams from Bosque dos Jequitibás; Rio Claro-SP; CRAS Parque Ecológico do Tietê-SP; and Campo Grande-MS. This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Grants 2013/03922-6 and 2011/50919-5.

Gamma-, and DeltaCoV groups by ML method under GTR evolutionary model for the partial RdRp gene (267 bp). The colors represent CoVs detected in wild birds grouped with BetaCoV (red) and DeltaCoV (highlighted in blue) groups. The asterisk represents the bird samples from which the DNA sequences were obtained. The number within parenthesis shows the nucleotide identities of PorCoV HKU15 and SpaCoV HKU17 (both DeltaCoVs) with the CoV detected in Amazona vinacea. The letter X represents the arithmetic mean of nucleotide identities between the CoVs detected in the study and the MHV A59. The GenBank accession numbers of sequences deposited (from study) and retrieved from the database are shown in the tree. PorCoV porcine coronavirus; HCoV human coronavirus; PEDV porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; BatCoV bat coronavirus; TGEV transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus; CCoV canine coronavirus; IBV infectious bronchitis virus; TCoV turkey coronavirus; MHV mouse hepatitis virus; BCoV bovine coronavirus; SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome; MERS middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus; PToV (outgroup) porcine torovirus. The numbers above the branches represent the SH-like support values of 1000 replicates. Only values greater than or equal to 70 % are presented. Online version in color