key: cord-0789725-krf3w3wx
authors: Yang, Yu-Wei; Chen, Lu; Mou, Qiao; Liang, Hao; Du, Zhi-Qiang; Yang, Cai-Xia
title: Ascorbic acid promotes the reproductive function of porcine immature Sertoli cells through transcriptome reprogramming
date: 2020-09-29
journal: Theriogenology
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.022
sha: 29161d67c510b7ba64c98aaad0b54ccbb4026a7e
doc_id: 789725
cord_uid: krf3w3wx

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) can regulate antioxidation and affect many cellular processes. However, the effect of AA on the reproduction of male animals remains less explored. Here, we showed that by supplementing exogenous AA to porcine immature Sertoli cells (iSCs), AA could promote the proliferation, suppress apoptosis, and decrease the global nucleic acid methylation (5 mC and m(6)A) levels of iSCs. After we profiled mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression by transcriptome sequencing on iSCs (treated by 250 μM AA for 36 h), 1232 mRNAs and 937 lncRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed (DE). Gene enrichment analysis found multiple significantly enriched biological pathways, including oxidoreductase activity, cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulation of hormone level, regulation of catalytic activity, developmental process, ATP metabolism and reproductive process. Specifically, for the reproductive process, 49 up- and 36 down-regulated DE mRNAs (including highly expressed genes, such as Tfcp2l1, Hmgcs1, Mmp7, Fndc3a, and Zfp36l1) are involved. Moreover, AA supplementation could promote the secretion of anti-müllerian hormone, inhibin B and lactate, and enhance the activity of lactate dehydrogenase as well. Taken together, AA could promote the reproductive function of pig iSCs, potentially through reprogramming the global transcriptome, and elevating hormone secretion and metabolite production.

Sertoli cell (SC) is an important type of somatic cell of the testis. The swine testicular cell line is established by culturing cells isolated from swine fetal testes (80e90 days) [1, 2] , which afterwards is characterized as porcine immature Sertoli cells (iSCs) [3] . iSCs cultured in vitro are used widely for the study of boar reproduction, especially on how SCs provide physical and nutritional supports to germ cells [4] . Later, SCs are found to be able to secret a variety of molecules, such as growth factors, androgen binding protein (ABP), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B (INHB) and lactate, to provide growth signals and nutrients for spermatogenic cells [5e7] . Furthermore, multiple exogenous factors are discovered to affect the proliferation, apoptosis and function of SCs, including heat stress [8] , metal [7, 9] , chemicals [5] and nutrients [10] , and disturb the subsequent development of germ cells [7] .

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is an essential micronutrient, and of vital roles to many physiological and biochemical processes, including the reproduction of male animals. AA treatment could reverse the testicular damages in diabetic rats [11] . AA supplement improves the differentiation of testicular cells, ultimately increasing the cell number and stimulating sperm production [12] . Moreover, AA could effectively improve the integrity of sperm DNA of human patients [13] , and also the quality of frozen bull semen [14] . Accumulating evidences indicate that AA treatment could benefit the male reproductive system (organs and cells) at different layers of action. First, AA could increase the concentration of glutathione (GSH) [15] , neutralize the reactive oxygen species (ROS) [16] , and regulate the activity of multiple enzymes involved in the oxidation-reduction pathway [17, 18] . Second, AA can also reprogram the epigenomic status [19] , such as histone acetylation [20] , DNA [18] and RNA methylation [21] . Third, AA could orchestrate the gene expression network [22] , including microRNAs (miRNAs) [23] , piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) [24] and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) [25] . However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the effects of AA on male reproductive cells remains largely unknown.

In the present study, using in vitro cultured porcine iSCs, we first assessed the effect of exogenous supplementation of AA on the proliferation, apoptosis and nucleic acid methylation. Then, transcriptome sequencing (mRNAs and lncRNAs) was performed to profile the transcriptional changes induced by AA treatment, to reveal important genes and molecular pathways contributing to the observed phenotypic changes of iSCs. Lastly, to validate the functional outcomes of iSCs induced by AA supplementation, we assayed the secretion of key hormones (AMH and INHB), the activity of an important enzyme (LDH) and also the level of its metabolite (lactate).

All experiments were approved by the Animal Care Commission and Ethics Committee of Northeast Agricultural University, China.

The swine testicular cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC® CRL-1746™), which has been isolated from fetal testes (80e90 days in gestation), and characterized as the porcine immature Sertoli cells (iSCs) [3] . iSCs were cultured in a 5% CO 2 incubator at 37 C, in the Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) with Eagle's balanced salt solution (HyClone, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Clark, Australia) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco, USA). Cells were seeded at a density of 1 Â 10 5 cells/mL, and cultured for 6 h, before treating with AA. In the present study, derivative of L-ascorbic acid, L-ascorbic acid 2phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (AA2P; A8960; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used, to avoid degradation due to the heat and light exposure [21] . AA2P was added into the medium at the final concentrations as desired (0, 100 mM, 250 mM and 500 mM).

Then, we assessed the data of cell proliferation and chose the optimal concentration of AA2P for further investigation.

Cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 1 Â 10 4 cells per well, and allowed to grow for 6 h. After AA2P (0, 100 mM, 250 mM and 500 mM) treatment of cells for 0, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h, 10 mL of thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (5 mg/mL in PBS) (Sigma, USA) were added into the culture media, and continued the cell culture for 4 h. The plate with cells was centrifuged at 1800 rpm for 10min, and the supernatant was removed, followed by adding 150 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide and incubating for 15min. Cell viability was determined at 570 nm using a 96-cell plate reader (Bio-Rad 680, USA).

Approximately 2 Â 10 5 e1 Â 10 6 cells were collected from the control or 250 mM AA2P-treated (36 h) groups, respectively, and then treated using the cell cycle staining kit (CCS01, MultiSciences Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, cells were centrifuged and re-suspended in 1 mL DNA staining solution (propidium iodide) and 10 mL permeabilization solution. After vortexing for 5e10sec, cells were incubated in dark for 30min. Finally, cells were subjected to flow cytometry (BD AiraII, USA) to determine the stages of cell cycle.

Cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 1 Â 10 5 cells per well, cultured and treated using AA2P as described above. After the culture medium was removed, cells were incubated with 10 mM 2 0 , 7 0 -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate or 5 mg/mL Rhodamine 123 (RH123) in PBS for 30 min at 37 C in dark, to assay the ROS level and mitochondrial membrane potential. Following three washes with serum-free culture medium, fluorescence images of cells were taken under the inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Five images were taken under the same setting parameters from five different areas of each sample, and quantification of fluorescence was done using the Image J (version 1.48 V; NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) software. The relative fluorescence intensity was calculated by treating the control group as the standard reference.

To evaluate the mitochondrial distribution, cells were grown till 30e40% confluence. Then, cells were stained with 100 nM Mito-Tracker Green dye (M7514; Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) at 37 C for 30min in dark. The nuclei of cells were stained with Hoechst33342. Fluorescent images at emission of 488 nm were captured using a laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica, Germany). The Image J software was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of Mito-Tracker Green staining as described above.

Cell apoptosis was analyzed by the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, 10 6 cells approximately were harvested and washed twice using PBS. Then, cells were incubated for 10 min at 37 C with Annexin V-FITC (1:100 in binding buffer) and propidium iodide solution. Cells were subjected to flow cytometry (BD AiraII, USA), and the proportion of cells with positive apoptotic signal was calculated.

Cells were cultured on coverslips and treated with AA2P for 36 h, before subjected to immunostaining according to a previously described method [26] , with some modifications. Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15min, permeabilized with 0.2% TritonX-100 for 3 h, and blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 h. Overnight incubation was performed with the rabbit anti-N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) monoclonal antibody (1:100; ab190886; Abcam) at 4 C, followed by three PBS washes containing 0.05% Tween-20 (5min each). Secondary antibody (FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H þ L); HS111; TransGen. Biotech) was diluted (1:300) to incubate samples for 1 h at room temperature.

After washing, cells were stained with Hoechst33342 (10 mg/mL) for 10min. Finally, coverslips with cells were placed upside down onto glass slides in the ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant reagent (Life Technologies, USA). Negative controls were those that incubated without primary or secondary antibodies. Images were taken using a laser-scanning confocal microscope (Leica, Germany) and the Image J software was used to quantify the fluorescence intensity of cells as decribed above.

To detect the level of N5-methylcytidine (5 mC), we slightly modified the above protocol. Samples were treated with 4 N HCl for 50 min at 37 C followed by 4 washes in 0.05% Tween-20. Then, cells were blocked for 1 h in PBS containing 2% BSA, and incubated with anti-5mC polyclonal antibody (1:150; A2341; ABclonal) overnight at 4 C.

Total RNA samples were collected from three controls (C1, C2 and C3) and three AA2P-treated (V1, V2 and V3) porcine iSCs using the Trizol reagent (Sigma). The libraries were constructed and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) in a single lane. After removal of low-quality and adaptor containing reads, the remaining reads were further aligned against the pig genome (Sscrofa11.1) by the HISAT2 software (v2.0.5) [27] . Detailed information on the generated short reads could be found in Table S1 . Following alignment, transcripts were assembled by StringTie (v1.3.2d), expression level of each gene was quantified with FPKM (fragments per kilobase million) [28] . Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by DEseq (v1. 16 .0) (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/ html/DESeq.html) based on the reads count file obtained by HTSeq (v0.6.0), and a gene was considered significant if the Benjamini and Hochbergeadjusted P value (Padj.) was <0.05 and the | log 2 fold change| was !1. DEGs were submitted for enrichment analysis by the Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) tools [29] . RNA-seq raw data have been deposited in NCBI GEO with accession number as GSE153157.

The media for porcine iSC culture with or without AA2P treatment were collected, centrifuged and then used to analyze the levels of anti-mullerian hormone (Langdun, Shanghai, China) and inhibin B (Langdun), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Briefly, 50 mL standard sample was added into each test well with 50 mL supernatant medium. Then, after 50 mL biotin antigen working fluids were added into all wells, the plate was covered with membrane and incubated for 1 h at 37 C. Following 5 washes (30sec each) using the washing solution, 50 mL avidin-HRP was added into each well and incubated for 30 min at 37 C. After another wash, 50 mL chromogenic reagents A and B were added and incubated for 10 min at 37 C in dark. Finally, 50 mL stop solution was added into each well. After a swift shake, absorbance values were obtained using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad 680, USA) at 450 nm.

To detect the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cells were treated first by the lysis buffer, and centrifuged for 10 min at 12000 rpm/min to collect the supernatant, which was then used to measure the LDH activity using a commercial kit (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Briefly, after adding 25 mL matrix buffer into the well with 55 mL ddH 2 O and 20 mL sample, the plate was shaken and incubated for 15 min at 37 C in dark. Then, the NaOH solution (250 mL 0.4 M) was added into the well and absorbance values were detected using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad 680, USA) at 450 nm.

For the level of lactate, the culture medium was collected and used for the measurement using a commercial kit (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Briefly, 1 mL of enzyme working solution and 200 mL chromogenic reagents were added into the tube, and mixed well with 20 mL medium sample, which were then incubated for 10 min at 37 C in dark. Afterwards, 2 mL stop solution was added into the tube to stop the reaction and then shaken briefly. Finally, 200 mL mixture was transferred into a 96-well plate and the absorbance values were measured using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad 680, USA) at 530 nm. Blank wells were set for each experiment. Each sample was set in triplicates to minimize the technical error.

Statistical analyses were performed by the one-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan's test, using SPSS22.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). At least three biological replicates were performed for each experiment, and the results were expressed as mean ± SEM. Significant differences at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 were indicated as *, ** and ***, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed the distribution of cell cycle following 250 mM AA2P treatment on iSCs for 36 h (Fig. 1C) . Our results showed that AA2P treatment could reduce significantly the proportion of cells in the G1 phase (40.34% vs. 46.30% of the control group; P < 0.001). On the contrary, the S phase cells increased significantly (52.09% vs. 47.01% of the control group; P < 0.01) (Fig. 1D) . Therefore, AA2P treatment could change the cell cycle distribution, by promoting the entry of more cells into the S phase and out from the G1 phase, thereby to accelerate cell proliferation.

To determine the effect of AA2P treatment on iSC apoptosis, we first checked the ROS level ( Fig. 2A) . The results showed that the ROS level could be significantly decreased by 250 mM AA2P treatment for 36 h (0.74 vs. 1.00 of the control group; P < 0.001) (Fig. 2B) . Further assessment of mitochondrial features demonstrated that AA2P supplementation could also elevate the number of mitochondria (1.64 vs. 1.00; P < 0.001) (Fig. 2C and D) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (1.39 vs. 1.00; P < 0.001) (Fig. 2E and F) both to a highly significant level, as compared to the control group. Next, we detected the apoptotic signal using cell cytometry, and found that the proportion of cells with apoptosis in AA2P treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group (2.67% vs. 5.77%; P < 0.05) (Fig. 2G and H) . Taken together, AA2P could inhibit the apoptosis of iSCs via reducing the ROS level and enhancing the mitochondrial function.

Previously, AA2P has been shown to regulate the levels of both DNA 5 mC methylation [18] and RNA m 6 A methylation [21] . We determined also the global level of nucleic acid methylation ( Fig. 3A  and C) , and the results showed that in porcine iSCs, AA2P treatment (250 mM, 36 h) could significantly reduce both the DNA 5 mC level (0.50 vs. 1.00; P < 0.001) (Fig. 3B) , and the RNA m 6 A level (0.53 vs. 1.00; P < 0.001) (Fig. 3D) . Thus, AA2P could reduce both m 6 A and 5 mC levels of nucleic acids in a global fashion, suggesting epigenetic modifications were involved in the cellular reprogramming of iSCs treated by AA2P.

In order to further explore the molecular mechanism underlying AA2P-mediated effects on porcine iSCs, transcriptome sequencing was performed, and a total of 17,670 mRNAs were detected in the porcine iSC cell line. We identified that 1232 mRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (DE) (|log 2 fold change|!1 and Padj.<0.05; Table S2 ), in which 766 and 466 were up-and downregulated in AA2P-treated group, respectively (Fig. 4A) . Heatmap analysis showed that two separate groups of three AA2P treated and three control samples were formed, respectively, suggesting good reliability of the data obtained (Fig. 4B) . Gene enrichment analysis of DE mRNAs found multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, reproductive process, developmental process, biological regulation, catalytic activity, antioxidant activity, and transcription regulator activity (Fig. 4C) . For each of the selected important biological processes, the top five DE mRNAs (Normalized expression!100) were listed (starting from the mRNA with the smallest P value), including genes of vital roles, such as Tfcp2l1, Erbb4, Ccn3, Mmp7, and Sqle (Fig. 4D) . GO terms (reproductive process and regulation of hormone levels) were enriched from 85 DE mRNAs (49 up-and 36 down-regulated) and 37 DE mRNAs (20 up-and 17 down-regulated), respectively (Table S3) . KEGG analysis of DE mRNAs also found multiple signal pathways of potential importance, such as steroid biosynthesis, IL-17 signal pathway, and complement and coagulation cascade ( Fig. 4E;  Fig. S1 ).

Furthermore, we analyzed the transcriptional levels of vital genes known to be related to AA incorporation and phenotypic alteration induced by AA2P treatment on porcine iSCs (Table S4) . Both Svct1 and Svct2 (vitamin C transporters) were found to be expressed in porcine iSCs, with Svct1 at lower and Svct2 at higher levels, respectively. After AA treatment (250 mM, 36 Theriogenology 158 (2020) 309e320 nCov), was found to be expressed also in porcine iSCs. AA2P treatment (250 mM, 36 h) significantly increased the level of Ace2 to a 5.28 fold (Table S4 ; Padj.<0.05). Therefore, RNA-seq could help to understand the transcriptional changes induced by AA2P supplementation on porcine iSCs. One report showed that AA treatment of donor cell could restore the expression of some lncRNAs in cloned embryos [25] , suggesting the link between AA and lncRNA expression. Similar to mRNAs, certain lncRNAs contain also the poly-A tails that could be amplified and detected by transcriptome sequencing. In the present study, a total of 10,082 lncRNAs were detected in porcine iSCs (3347 known and 6735 novel lncRNAs). We found that 937 lncRNAs (221 known and 716 novel) were significantly differentially expressed (|log 2 fold change|!1; Padj.<0.05; Table S5 ), within which 637 (165 known and 472 novel) and 300 (56 known and 244 novel) were up-and down-regulated in AA2P-treated group (Fig. 5A) , respectively. After heatmap analysis of lncRNA expression, the treatment and control groups were separately clustered together (Fig. 5B) , consistent with the results obtained by mRNA clustering analysis. Gene enrichment analysis of genes targeted by DE lncRNAs also found multiple biological processes, including regulation of cell cycle, developmental process, regulation of catalytic activity, reproductive process, response to hormone, intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, and ATP metabolic process (Fig. 5C ). The top five mRNA targets for each biological process (Normalized expression!100; starting first from the gene with the smallest P value) were listed (Fig. 5D ), including Tfcp2l1, Erbb4 and Ccn3, as mentioned above after DE mRNA analysis. KEGG analysis also found various signaling pathways, including MAPK, AMPK, PI3K-AKT, mTOR, Wnt, TNF, and Insulin signaling pathways (Fig. 5E; Fig. S2 ). In addition, further mRNA-lncRNA network analysis also showed the relationship between differentially expressed lncRNAs and their target mRNAs, potentially underlying the molecular expressional changes as induced by AA2P treatment on porcine iSCs, which awaits further investigation (Fig. 6 ).

It is well accepted that iSCs could secret multiple hormones and metabolites, such as AMH, INHB and lactate, to nourish and support spermatogenesis [4, 5] . In addition, after transcriptome sequencing on iSCs treated by AA2P, we found also biological and signaling pathways related to hormone response, reproductive processes. Hence, we performed validation assays on the levels of those secreted substances (AMH, INHB and lactate), and also the activity of LDH. Interestingly, AA2P treatment (250 mM, 36 h) significantly increased the levels of two reproductive hormones, AMH (0.14 vs. 0.09; P < 0.05) (Fig. 7A) , and INHB (55.38 vs. 49.59; P < 0.05) (Fig. 7B) . We found also that lactate was produced to a highly significantly level (6.00 vs. 5.71; P < 0.001) (Fig. 7C ). Since LDH is the key enzyme to catalyze the synthesis of lactate from pyruvate under anaerobic condition [10, 30] , we also checked the activity of LDH in the present study. And the results showed that AA2P (250 mM, 36 h) treatment could increase the activity of LDH significantly (455.05 vs. 424.67; P < 0.01) (Fig. 7D) . However, after checking the transcriptome sequencing data, we found that Ldha significantly decreased to 0.33 fold after AA2P treatment (Padj.<0.001), whereas Ldhc and Ldhd were unchanged (P > 0.05) (Table S6 ). Our results suggest that AA treatment on iSCs could also promote the secretion of vital hormones and metabolite to the growth and development of spermatogenic cells.

Ascorbic acid is an essential micronutrient, capable of reducing free radicals and ROS (non-enzymatic function), and modulating the activity of ferrous ion-and 2-oxoglutarate (Fe 2þ and 2-OG)dependent dioxygenase family (enzymatic function) [31] . Our previous study has shown that AA could improve pig oocytic meiosis and developmental competence, through reprogramming the methylation status of DNA/RNA/histone [21] . In male animal reproduction, SCs play a crucial role in spermatogenesis by providing structural, signaling and nutritional supports [4, 32] , and mouse SCs under heat stress can be protected by AA supplementation [16] . However, the exact molecular mechanisms of AA on porcine iSCs are still unknown. In the present study, we confirmed that AA could exert beneficial effects on porcine iSCs in multiple aspects, possibly through modifying gene transcription to influence multiple signaling pathways, and stimulating the secretion of hormones and metabolite.

AA is transferred into the cell by two key proteins, the sodiumascorbate co-transporters (SVCT1 and SVCT2) [33] , which were found to be expressed in mouse SCs [34] . Distinct mode of Svct1 and Svct2 expression is linked to the specific distribution of AA in different types of cells. Here, our sequencing data showed that both Svct1 and Svct2 mRNA are expressed in porcine iSCs, and AA treatment significantly increased Svct1 mRNA level, but downregulated Svct2. This indicates that AA could be absorbed into porcine iSCs, and then regulates the transcriptional level of Svct1 and Svct2, for which the underlying molecular circuit is unclear and needed to be studied in detail. In addition, Ace2 was also found to be expressed in porcine iSCs, in line with the findings reported in humans [35, 36] . Moreover, AA treatment induced the significant increase of Ace2 level, and might adversely affect the male reproductive system when infected by new corona virus. However, to prove this surmise needs additional experimental evidence.

As a well-known antioxidant, AA has been shown to function via maintaining redox status in animal reproduction [37] . Our previous finding showed that AA could reduce the ROS level of porcine in vitro matured oocytes [21] . In rat primary SCs cultured in vitro, vitamin C and E together could mitigate the detrimental effect of high ROS level and cellular apoptosis caused by PM2.5 [38] . In the present study, when treating porcine iSCs with AA2P, we also found ROS and apoptosis levels could be reduced. Sequencing data showed that some DE mRNAs were enriched in the oxidoreductase activity (Sqle [39] , P4ha1 [40] , Ldha [41] , P4ha2 [42] ), and also the regulation of apoptotic process (Itga1 [43] , F3 [44] , ErbB4 [45] , Dock 8 [46] , Cth [47] ). Since AA supplementation could decrease ROS and apoptotic levels, it might help promote the proliferation of porcine iSCs.

AA has been reported to be involved in epigenetic regulation [48] . AA could act as a co-factor for ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenase or AlkB dioxygenases, to remove the methyl group from 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) or N6methyladenosine (m 6 A) in DNA or RNA [21, 49] , thereby reducing the epigenetic modification and affecting gene expression. Here, we showed that AA induced the decrease of global levels for both 5 mC and m 6 A, causing 1232 DE mRNAs and 937 DE lncRNAs to change more than two folds. Furthermore, in addition to act as a co-factor to affect the activities of DNA/RNA (de)methyltransferases, transcriptional alteration of these enzymes induced by AA might be another way to modify the nucleic acid methylation, and subsequently influence the expression of more genes at the global level.

SCs could provide nutritional and signaling supports to spermatogenic cells via secreting growth factors, androgen binding proteins, hormones and nutrients [5, 6] . Spermatogenic cells preferentially use lactate as the main energy substance to produce ATP, which could be produced from pyruvate by catalyzation of LDH in SCs [10, 30] . In the present study, we showed that AA increased the lactate level, and also the LDH activity in porcine iSCs. Similarly, vitamin D3 was also shown to elevate LDH activity, and increase lactate secretion in rat iSCs [10] . These findings suggest that vitamins could be linked to the stimulation of lactate production. However, although the activity of LDH increased, we found the transcriptional level of Ldha gene decreased and those of Ldhc and Ldhd unchanged, indicating that AA did not boost LDH activity via enhancing the transcription of Ldh genes. Known as markers of SC function, AMH and INHB are glycoproteins secreted by SCs, and of fundamental roles to spermatogenesis [50] . Transcriptome sequencing in the present study also reveals that 85 and 37 DE mRNAs were enriched in the reproductive process (Tfcp2l1, Hmgcs1, Mmp7, Fndc3a, and Zfp36l1) and the regulation of hormone levels (Pclo, Stc2, Ccn3, Pck2, Trpv4), respectively. AA increased the secretion of AMH and INHB through modifying multiple genes related to regulation of hormone levels, but not through the direct up-regulation of Amh and Inhb transcription. Thus, the AA-induced increase of AMH and INHB in porcine iSCs indicates that AA could potentially promote male fertility through improving the function of SCs.

Various signaling pathways have been shown in SCs, to support, nourish and protect spermatogenic cells, including MAPK [51] , AMPK [25] , cell growth and division [52] , Notch signal pathway [53] , PI3k/AKT signaling pathway [54] , TGF-b/Smad signaling pathway [55] . In humans with testicular cancer, SCs showed aberrant MAPK, AMPK and TGF-b/Smad signaling pathways [51] . LncRNAs was longer than 200 nt, which could not be translated into any protein, but could regulate the expression of target genes and function in multiple biological processes [56] . Recently, lncWNT3-IT has been shown to regulate WNT3 expression and affect proliferation of goat SCs, confirming the vital function of lncRNAs in SCs [57] . In the present study, we identified ten thousands of lncRNAs (most are novel), providing useful information to further elucidate their functions in porcine iSCs. Together, DE mRNAs and lncRNAs induced by AA treatment were involved in multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK, AMPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR, as well as pathways regulating cell proliferation and cell cycle, which might help explain how AA treatment could induce multiple phenotypic changes of porcine iSCs.

Taken together, AA treatment of porcine iSCs promoted the proliferation, decreased the ROS level, inhibited apoptosis, reduced the global levels of 5 mC and m 6 A of nucleic acids, and stimulated hormone and lactate secretion. AA could benefit the function of porcine iSCs via modifying gene transcription and influencing multiple signaling pathways.

YWY performed the experiment. LC and QM provided experimental assistance. HL provided assistance for data analysis. CXY designed the experiment and wrote the manuscript. ZQD designed the experiment and revised the manuscript. 

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests.

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Transforming growth factor-beta 3 regulates cell junction restructuring via MAPK-mediated mRNA destabilization and Smaddependent protein degradation of junctional adhesion molecule B (JAM-B)

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The authors appreciate the help and support from Prof. Yu-Chang Yao at Northeast Agricultural University. Funding support was provided by a Start-up grant from Yangtze University.

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.022.