key: cord-0788549-d3y0ng4g authors: Banerjee, Arinjay; Mossman, Karen; Baker, Michelle L. title: Zooanthroponotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 and implications of re-introduction into human population date: 2021-01-13 journal: Cell Host Microbe DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.004 sha: 7e407f54c877661e2e5d14b2053211d421015daa doc_id: 788549 cord_uid: d3y0ng4g The emergence of alternate variants of SARS-CoV-2 due to ongoing adaptations in humans and following human-to-animal transmission has raised concern over the efficacy of vaccines against new variants. We describe human-to-animal transmission (zooanthroponosis) of SARS-CoV-2, and its implications for faunal virus persistence and vaccine-mediated immunity. from animals. In this article, we discuss human-to-animal transmission (zooanthroponosis) of 41 SARS-CoV-2, along with its implications for faunal virus persistence and vaccine-mediated 42 immunity. 43 All pathogenic human coronaviruses (CoVs) have their origin in animals (Cui et al., 2019) . 46 However, the impact of human-to-animal transmission of CoVs has not been extensively studied. 47 In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has now become critical to understand the range of 48 animals that are susceptible and permissive to SARS-CoV-2, along with identifying variants of 49 SARS-CoV-2 that evolve and are selected for in these animals. Recent there are currently no attempts of active surveillance to identify additional animal species that 58 may be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In the absence of such efforts, we are currently unaware of 59 the full range of animals that may acquire SARS-CoV-2 from humans or other susceptible 60 mammals. In addition, the health impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals are unknown. 61 More importantly, we are unable to predict if SARS-CoV-2 will evolve in certain animal species 62 to re-emerge and infect humans who have been naturally exposed to or vaccinated for SARS-63 Logistically, it is difficult to survey every known animal species for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. between farmed mink and farm workers for now, it is imperative that we identify the risk of virus 118 re-emergence from animals that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we also need to 119 assess whether SARS-CoV-2 has the ability to persist in susceptible animals, similar to the 120 known persistence of feline enteric CoVs in cats (Vogel et al., 2010) . In addition, we need to 121 determine the ecological, immunological and anthropogenic factors that will facilitate the re-122 emergence of SARS-CoV-2 from alternate animal reservoirs to infect humans or other 123 susceptible animals that share an ecological niche ( Figure 1B) . 124 Infection in a new host provides opportunities for evolutionary changes in a virus, with potential 127 consequences for transmissibility and pathogenicity in humans and effectiveness of a vaccine. 128 Coronaviruses have a wide distribution in avian and mammalian species and exist as 129 quasispecies in an infected host, along with a tendency for recombination when they co-infect Predicting the recombination 296 syndrome coronavirus Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Detection of new SARS-301 CoV-2 variants related to mink ECDC Recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: 305 mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in 309 Domestic Cats SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient 313 replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan 316 Adaptive Evolution of MERS-CoV to Species Variation 320 in DPP4 Possibility for reverse zoonotic 324 transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to free-ranging wildlife: A case study of bats SARS-CoV-328 2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-336 coronavirus 2 Cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome 340 online The circulating SARS-CoV spike variant N439K maintains fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity Experimental 347 Infection of Cattle with SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Infect Dis Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats The authors declare no competing interests. 292