key: cord-0780623-00tuonv7
authors: Cui, Qianbo; Li, Jing; Wang, Jing
title: The Assessment of TNF-α Gene Polymorphism Association with the Risk of Allergic Rhinitis in the Chinese Han Population
date: 2021-09-03
journal: Int J Gen Med
DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s325969
sha: 23bceb1de442bd3334e682918f35d3b155c8fbd8
doc_id: 780623
cord_uid: 00tuonv7

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that is mainly mediated by IgE after exposure to allergens. Tumor necrosis factor-α has been found to be involved in inflammation response. In the present study, we screened several SNPs of TNF-α gene and analyzed the associations between target SNPs polymorphism and AR. METHODS: Using an unmatched case–control design, 600 AR patients and 600 healthy controls were enrolled. General characteristics were collected including IgE expression. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of TNF–α gene for AR in dominant model, additive model, recessive model and allele model. The haplotype analyses were performed using rs1799964, rs1800630 and rs769178. Stratified analyses were also performed in gender, age, overweight, smoking, drinking, family history, and asthma history. RESULTS: Our multivariate logistic regression indicated that rs1799964, rs1800630 and rs769178 locus polymorphisms are not associated with AR. For rs769178, the GT (OR=2.35, 95% CI:1.82–3.03, P<0.001) and GT+TT (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.50–2.38, P<0.001) genotypes present an increased risk for AR compared to GG. The C-G-A-T (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.21–3.44, P=0.007) and C-G-C-T (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.04–1.62, P=0.024) haplotypes are associated with the increased risk of AR, and the C-G-C-G haplotypes decreased risk of AR (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.63–0.88, P=0.001). Stratified analyses shown a significant association between recessive model of rs769178 locus and AR risk in the subgroup of age≤60, overweight and smoking. Cross-over analysis indicated that the effects of TT+GT of genotype combined with smoking or drinking related with AR were associated with AR risk. CONCLUSION: The rs769178 locus polymorph of TNF-α was associated with an increased risk of AR. The haplotypes (C-G-A-T and C-G-C-T) of TNF-α can significantly increase the risk of AR, and C-G-C-G haplotype decreased the risk of AR. There are interactions between rs769178 polymorphism and smoking/drinking for AR risk.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 10-20% of the global population. 1 In recent years, the incidence of AR is increasing year by year worldwide. AR is part of a systemic inflammatory disease and is associated with other inflammatory disorders, including asthma, sinusitis, and allergic conjunctivitis. 2 AR reduces the quality of life of a patient and can affect sleep, school work, work productivity, and social life. 3, 4 AR has been classified as a chronic respiratory disease due to its high morbidity and its impact on life quality. The mechanism of AR still remains unclear. The present findings have shown that inflammation plays an important in AR. 5 Previous studies had identified some risk factors of AR such as family history, dust exposure history, drug allergy history and pollen allergy. 6, 7 Brozek et al showed that the interaction between the genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the fundamental cause of AR. 8 Genetic factors play an equally important role in the risk factors related to the incidence of AR as same as and environmental factors. 9, 10 The emergence of gene polymorphism changes the coding sequence or changes the process of transcription and translation, which are involved in the occurrence and development of the disease by regulating the character, activity and dose of protein expressed by gene. 11 Therefore, it is one of the important ways for researchers to discover the genetic mechanism of human complex diseases and to prevent and treat complex diseases by searching for the gene loci closely related to human complex diseases.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a kind of mononuclear pro-inflammatory cytokine produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes. 12 Previous studies shown that expression of TNF-α could be associated with some pulmonary diseases. 13, 14 Recently, the highly expressed TNF-α was observed in nasal mucosal mast and epithelial cells. 15 Similarly, the highly expressed cytokine of TNF receptors is also found in patients with AR. 16 The vivo suggested that inhibition of TNF-α delayed the development of AR. 17 These results indicated that TNF-α may be involved in AR. TNF-α is regulated by TNF-α gene. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of TNF-α gene have been reported, and studies have identified several SNP of TNF-α gene promoter regions 308 G/A locus were associated with asthma. 18 Recent several studies also explored the between TNF-α gene 308 G/ A locus polymorphism and AR. [19] [20] [21] However, the results are inconsistent. TNF-α gene has multiple variants. In the present study, we screened several SNPs of TNF-α gene and analyzed the associations between target SNPs polymorphism and AR, and we also investigated the effects of interactions between gene-environment factors on AR risk.

Using an unmatched case-control study design, we enrolled 600 patients with allergic rhinitis and 600 healthy controls from the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College. The AR diagnosis is in accordance with the allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA, 2010) recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis established by Chinese Medicine Association (2018): 8, 22 (1) persistent runny nose, sneezing nasal congestion and nasal itching;

(2) The nasal mucosa is pale and edema; (3) at least one inhales allergen is positive, including skin prick test 2++ and/or serum IgE≥0.35kU A /L; All patients were confirmed by advanced experienced clinicians. The control population is selected according to the following criteria: (1) The control group is from the healthy population who participant in the healthy examination during the same period; (2) 

The data are mainly from the medical records and questionnaire investigation. The following information is collected: age, sex, height and weight for body mass index (BMI=weight/(height) 2 kg/m 2 , BMI<24 for normal, and BMI≥24 for overweight according to the Chinese body mass criteria), smoking (defined by one stick each day for lasting at least month), drinking (at least three times one month), family history, and asthma history. The IgE is detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

For our study, we selected four single nucleotide polymorphisms of TNF-α: rs1799964, rs1800629, rs1800630 and rs769178. The selection criteria are as follows: minor allele frequency >0.05; (2) location: promoter, exon or 3′-UTR; (3) The linkage disequilibrium coefficient r 2 >0.8 and (4) these SNPs have been studied in other diseases, but not in AR.

The peripheral venous blood was extracted and stored in the anticoagulant vacuum sampling vessel and placed in the ultralow temperature refrigerator for prepare. DNA was extracted using the TIANamp Blood DNA kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China) by following the manufacturer's instructions. DNA concentration and purity were measured using a UV spectrophotometer (Pharmacia Biotech). Genotyping was performed using by matrix-assisted laser desorption 

The Chi-square test is used for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium of four SNPs locus among control group. The number and frequency of genotypes are obtained by counting and percent. The allele frequencies of patients and control groups were analyzed by using Chi-square test, and the odd ratios and 95% confidence interval were calculated in the in dominant model (TC +CC vs TT), additive model (TT vs TC vs CC), recessive model (TT +TC vs CC) and allele model (C vs T). High frequency alleles and genotypes were used as reference genes to compare other alleles and genotypes. Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in genotyping rate, mean age, sex BMI, smoking, drinking, family history, and t-test was used to compare the differences of asthma, and IgE levels between the two groups of subjects. Logical regression was used to analyze allele frequency and statistical differences using age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, family history, asthma. The multivariate logistic regressions (AR or not AR as i) were performed in models (TC+CC vs TT, CC vs TT+TC, CC vs TT, TC vs TT) by adjusting the following variables: age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, family history, asthma. The Bonferroni correction is used for multiple comparisons of SNPs (corrected α'=α/n, n=number of tests). Haplotype data analyzed using programs and online software platforms (http://analysis.bio-x. cn/). High frequency haplotypes were used as reference genes for statistical comparison with other haploid genotypes. Stratified analyses are performed among the subgroup of age, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, family history, asthma. The interactions between gene locus and environments were analyzed using cross-over methods. These analyses are finished using SPSS 23.0. P<0.05 is the threshold of significant difference unless being specifically defined. Table 1 presents the comparisons of general characteristics between allergic rhinitis group and healthy control. Compared with control group, the ratio of male is higher in the case group as compared to control group (69.2% vs 60.3%, P=0.002). The case group and control are close in age (P=0.055). The BMI or overweight rate is higher in the case group than that in the control group (P=0.030, P=0.003). The smoking rate is also higher in the case group than that in the control group (29.2% vs 23.2%, P=0.022), but no significant difference is observed in drinking rate between two groups (23.5% vs 26.8%, P=0.206). Furthermore, the case group tends to have a family history (35.7% vs 21.7%, P<0.001) and asthma history (36.7% vs 4.3%, P<0.001), and the IgE level is also higher in the case group than that in the control group (131.3±18.7 vs 33.3±12.7, P<0.001).

We identified four SNPs of TNF-α according to the screening criteria (rs1799964, rs1800629, rs1800630, and rs769178).The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test indicates no genetic bias in the control group (P>0.05). The univariate analysis indicates that rs1800630, rs769178 and rs1799964 are significantly associated with allergic rhinitis. Specifically, compared with control, the TC (OR=1. 31 .001) genotypes present in increased risk for AR. In the allele model, the T allele is associated with the increased risk of AR (OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.14-1.65, P=0.001). The Bonferroni correction indicates that only rs769178 polymorphism is still significantly associated with AR (GT and GT+TT: P<0.001). The multivariate logistic regression suggests the GT (P<0.001) and GT +TT (P<0.001) genotypes of rs769178 polymorphism is still associated with the increased risk of AR compared to TT. The rs1799964, rs1800629 and rs1800630 locus polymorphisms are not associated with AR susceptibility. Table 2 shows the results details. We also compared the IgE expression level among gene polymorphisms of four SNPs, the results indicated a significant difference among three genotypes of rs769178, the IgE is higher in the TT genotype than that in the GG genotype (P<0.010, Figure 1 ). The rs1800630, rs1800629 and rs1799964 were not associated with IgE expression.

The haplotypes analysis indicates that the C-G-A-T and C-G-C-T haplotypes have higher frequencies in the case group than in the control group, and the C-G-C-G haplotype shows lower frequency in the case group. The C-G-A-T (OR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.21-3.44, P=0.007) and C-G-C-T (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.04-1.62, P=0.024) haplotypes are associated with the increased risk of AR, and the C-G-C-G haplotypes decreased risk of AR (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.88, P=0.001). Table 3 presents other haplotypes effect for AR risk.

Furthermore, we performed the stratified analyses according to gender, age, smoking, drinking, family history and asthma to evaluate the effect of rs769178 polymorphism AR risk. We noted a significant association between recessive model of rs769178 locus and AR risk in the subgroup of age≤60, overweight and smoking. Both heterozygous model and dominant model show similar significant effects on AR risk in these subgroups. The Homozygous model shows no significant effect on AR risk. Table 4 presents all details.

We also perform the interactions analyses between TT+GT genotype of rs769178 and these positive risk factors for AR risk. The effects of TT+GT genotype combined with smoking or drinking related with AR was associated with increased risk of AR, which confirmed the geneenvironment interaction. Similarly, when children with TT +GT model and gender of male or overweight, or history of family or asthma will have increased risk of AR compared to those without these factors and TT+GT model. More details can be seen in Table 5 .

In the present study, we identified the rs769178 locus polymorphism of TNF-α gene was associated with the increased risk of AR, and others (rs1799964, rs1800629, rs1800630) may be not related to AR. The rs769178 locus polymorphism was also associated with IgE expression level. The haplotypes indicated that C-G-A-T and C-G-C-T could increase the risk of AR, and 

C-G-C-G haplotype decreased the risk of AR. The stratified analyses suggested that the recessive of rs769178 increased the risk in the subgroup of age≤60, overweight and smoking. The cross-over analysis also indicated that there are interactions between rs769178 polymorphism and smoking/drinking for AR risk. Previous studies also investigated the associations between TNF-α gene and AR risk. Nasiri et al evaluated the association between various single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNF and AR risk in a casecontrol study. They identified two SNPs (rs1800629 and rs361525) were associated with AR risk. 21 Minhas et al explored the genetic associations between TNF-alpha polymorphism G-308A (rs1800629) and AR in patients of Pakistani origin using a case-control study with 153 AR patients and 116 healthy controls. They identified a positive association between TNF-308A allele and AR. 19 Another study also evaluated the effect of TNF-α 

gene on AR in two population setting including Greenland and Denmark. No significant associations were found between rhinitis and any SNPs of TNF-α for Inuit residing in either Greenland or Denmark. 23 Our results are completely different from previous studies. Similarly, we did not identify the significant associations between SNPs (rs1799964, rs1800629, rs1800630) and AR. However, a significant association between rs769178 polymorphism and AR risk. We also identified potential interactions between gene and environment factors and possible haplotypes associated with AR. As far as we know, this is the first study that reports the significant association between rs769178 polymorphism and AR. Besides, the present study also included a large sample size with 600 AR patients and 600 healthy controls. At present, the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis with IgE regulated type I allergy as the core link is the most convincing and well-recognized mechanism. 24 This process is as follows: Firstly, with the participation of HLA, antigen-presenting cell (APC) was delivered to T cells, and the differentiation of T cells was biased, and the Th2 cytokine products such as TNF, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, etc., were significantly increased. They play an important role in the occurrence and development of AR. HLA is a highly polymorphic gene group on human chromosome 6, which plays an important role in immune system, especially in immune recognition and genetic regulation. 25 The gene of TNF is located in the MHCIII locus, and its first intron contains gene polymorphism caused by single base point mutation. The most common is that the guanine nucleotide G at the downstream site of transcription start site −308 is replaced by adenine nucleotide A, which changes the recognition sequence of restriction enzyme NCOI, so that the sequence replaced by adenine nucleotide A cannot be recognized and cut off by NCOI. The gene in which guanine nucleotide G exists is called TNF-308. 26 Due to the important biological role of TNF and the special position of the gene, the relationship between TNF gene polymorphism and disease has been widely paid attention. 27 TNF has been found to be involved in immune regulation and inflammation.

Although TNF-α is primarily involved in Th1mediated inflammation, it has recently been shown to be necessary for the production of Th2-type cytokines and their movement to the site of inflammation. It is produced and released mainly by macrophages and mast cells in the immune response through IgE-dependent mechanisms. 28 Okano et al found that IL-4 is necessary for the production of Th2 cell-related antibodies, especially IgE antibodies, and TNF-α can enhance the induction of IL-4 on IgE production. 29 The migration of eosinophils mainly depends on cytokines, chemo cytokines and adhesion molecules, which play an important role in AR and IgE mediated allergic reactions. TNF-α can induce the expression of adhesion molecules in epithelial cells, promote the infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells, and stimulate the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as platelet activating factor, prostaglandin, leukotriene, etc. TNF-α can increase the production and release of IL-5 and IL-8. IL-5 can promote eosinophils to enter inflammatory sites, and eosinophils and mast cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of AR, while TNF-α can increase the expression of eosinophils, mast cells and T cells. 30, 31 TNF-α can also induce the synthesis of vasodilator, which is derived from endothelial cells, leading to vasodilation. 15 The levels of TNF-α and adhesion molecules in serum of patients with AR and asthma were significantly higher than those in normal population, and the levels of TNF-α and adhesion molecules in patients with asthma were also significantly higher than those in remission stage, and the increased degree was positively correlated with the severity of the disease. 32, 33 Our study also found that TNF-α gene polymorphism was related to IgE expression level. This may be the mechanism of TNFα gene regulating the occurrence of AR. There are several study limitations. Firstly, this is a case-control study, and the cause-effect degree is very limited. Secondly, the present study is performed in the Chinese population, results should be cautious when being applied in other population setting. Third, the gene-gene interaction should be considered in the future. Finally, the present study did not explore the molecular mechanism. Anyway, this is an epidemiology study, which means the results is still far from the clinical practice. But, Correct recognition of the combined effects of the risk factors is of important significance for the primary prevention and making up the public health policies. If anything for clinical practice, that would be that the clinicians can tell patients not to smoke or drink or other behaviors that may aggravating illness. The clinicals also can take some measure to treat the AR. 34, 35 

In conclusion, the rs769178 locus polymorph of TNF-α was associated with an increased risk of AR. The haplotypes (C-G-A-T and C-G-C-T) of TNF-α can significantly increase the risk of AR, and C-G-C-G haplotype decreased the risk of AR. There are interactions between rs769178 polymorphism and smoking/drinking for AR risk. Further research is required for specific molecular mechanisms.

Please contact the correspondence author for original data.

There is no funding to report.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Identifying the hidden burden of allergic rhinitis (AR) in community pharmacy: a global phenomenon

Allergic rhinitis: pathology of general interest

Allergic rhinitis: burden of illness, quality of life, comorbidities, and control

Economic impact and quality-of-life burden of allergic rhinitis

The mechanism and treatment of nasal obstruction in allergic rhinitis

Risk factor analysis of allergic rhinitis in 6-8 yearold children in Taipei

Nasal polyps: an independent risk factor for bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision

Association between promoter polymorphisms of interleukin-4 gene and allergic rhinitis risk: a meta-analysis

Angiotensin-converting enzyme II expression and its implication in the association between COVID-19 and allergic rhinitis

Genetic aspects of allergic rhinitis

TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α)

Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors in diesel exhaust particle-induced pulmonary inflammation

Evaluation of plasma leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prealbumin as prognostic biomarkers during clinical recovery from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

TNF alpha is localized to nasal mucosal mast cells and is released in acute allergic rhinitis

The effect of aerobic exercise on serum IL-4 and TNF-alpha of patients with allergic rhinitis

TNF-α contributes to the development of allergic rhinitis in mice

Effects of TNF-alpha polymorphisms on asthma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Strong association between the −308 TNF promoter polymorphism and allergic rhinitis in Pakistani patients

Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and interleukin-10 in asthma associated with olive pollen sensitization

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of TNFA and IL1 in allergic rhinitis

Chinese society of allergy guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis

Environment changes genetic effects on respiratory conditions and allergic phenotypes

Genome-wide association studies of allergic diseases

Genetics and specific immune response in allergy to birch pollen and food: evidence of a strong, positive association between atopy and the HLA class II allele HLA-DR7

Transcriptional control of the TNF gene

Nucleotide polymorphism of the TNF gene cluster in six Chinese populations

Th1/Th2 cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: is tumor necrosis factor alpha protective? Semin Arthritis Rheum

Interleukin-4-independent production of Th2 cytokines by nasal lymphocytes and nasal eosinophilia in murine allergic rhinitis

Molecular pathology of allergic disease: I: lower airway disease

Molecular pathology of allergic disease. II: upper airway disease

Association between TNF-α and TGF-β genotypes in infants and parental history of allergic rhinitis and asthma

Association of TLR-4 and TNF-alpha polymorphisms with clinical symptoms and cytokine levels in patients with allergic rhinitis

Comprehensive intervention in treatment of allergic rhinitis patients with sublingual drug administration

Nursing intervention of children with allergic rhinitis treated by immunotherapy

The International Journal of General Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal that focuses on general and internal medicine, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment protocols. The journal is characterized by the rapid reporting of reviews, original research and clinical studies across all disease areas. The manuscript management system is completely online and includes a very quick and fair peer-review system, which is all easy to use. Visit http://www.dovepress.com/ testimonials.php to read real quotes from published authors.