key: cord-0780068-z7n0odl6 authors: Azizi, Hosein; Esmaeili, Elham Davtalab title: Challenges and potential solutions in the development of COVID-19 pandemic control measures date: 2021-02-24 journal: New Microbes New Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100852 sha: 6a20ff7c271ac3a5063f65092de77d27cf4b58c3 doc_id: 780068 cord_uid: z7n0odl6 Currently, COVID-19 pandemic has become an unprecedented and a major health concern all over the world. In this paper we discussed potential solutions and feasible strategies to reduce spread of infection and development of disease control measures. persons and maybe need global collaborations and efforts. Currently, more than ever, the world requires an extensive commitment among nations and governments to overcome the disease pandemic [6] . Second, natural and herd immunity, the resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a when a sufficiently large proportion of the members of the group are immune. If a large proportion of the population is immune, the entire population is likely to be protected, not just those who are immune because disease spreads from one person to another in any community [7] . However, these criteria are often complex in COVID-19 context and real-world populations. It needs various epidemiological and immunological factors including single host species, the transmission must be relatively direct from one member of the host species to another, and as well as the structure of population (random mixing). SARS-CoV-2 [8] . A study showed re-positive RT-PCR test 13.61% in COVID-19 recovered patients [9] . In contrast, very low levels of neutralized antibodies were reported from some of COVID-19 patients [10, 11] . A recent animal study has shown promising avenues to protection that the history of CoV-2 infection may protect from subsequent re-exposures [12] . However, some findings revealed that neutralizing antibody titre and response of humoral immune are not durable [13] . Therefore, natural or herd immunity in the context of COVID-19 is still more difficult and unclear. It requires longitudinal studies to determine whether recovered patients will develop naturalized-immunity following re-exposure to the virus. In our knowledge, in the absence of an effective and safe vaccine against COVID-19, permanent changes in the health behavior of the general population and societies is an efficient strategy for pandemic control. It is time to seriously reinforce online technologies and digital tools in the timely response and control of epidemic and public training and education including digital surveillance system, machine learning, telemedicine, rapid case identification, and diagnosis devices, diverse apps with different control aims, public communication, hybrid model, etc [14, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 15] . Responsibility and accountability of systems and societies, public health literacy and selfcaring, timely response for the crisis, timely production and utilization of knowledge should be improved. In the current situation, systems and policymakers should be focused on the best decisions and policies in the control of infection and cost-effective and/or cost-benefit practice and decision based on high-level and well-evidenced to reduce costs and maximizing control measure outcomes. Appropriate strategies for example developing a united and valid center for outbreak management and vital statistics are required to assurance free access and improve share and report of fact-checks and high-quality news. Health education programs are useful aiming to improve knowledge of COVID-19 to build up appropriate performance and control measures of the disease. Socio-economic status and psychological aspects of at-risk people and the general population as well as improving protection measures of health service providers and standard precautions should be taken into account in the development of infection control measures [16] . Likewise, the use of influential social personalities in educational programs is paramount for maximizing the profits of public health recommendations [17] . It is time to improve the adaptation of societies and populations with nature and their environment to better control the infection and overcome the pandemic. Currently, more than ever, human life and survival are interdependent [18] . Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID-19 Re-infection by COVID-19: a real threat for the future management of pandemia? 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