key: cord-0776527-oj76ol8v
authors: Wan, Marilyn T.; Shin, Daniel B.; Winthrop, Kevin L.; Gelfand, Joel M.
title: The risk of respiratory tract infections and symptoms in psoriasis patients treated with IL-17-pathway inhibiting biologics: A meta-estimate of pivotal trials relevant to decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic
date: 2020-05-19
journal: J Am Acad Dermatol
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.05.035
sha: 6767d5e8f6379cc108307887c3ea3a8bdb9208e4
doc_id: 776527
cord_uid: oj76ol8v

nan

Biologic agents have revolutionized psoriasis treatment. 1 However, they are considered 2 "immunosuppressive," and thus safety assessments focus on infection, particularly those which 3 are serious and/or opportunistic. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has focused attention on 4 respiratory track infections (RTIs). 2 The conceptual model of COVID-19 is that 5 immunosuppression early in disease may be harmful, yet may be helpful in "late" severe 6 COVID-19 illness; which may be mediated by a dysregulated hyperimmune response 7 characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-17. 3 The effect of IL-17 8 inhibitors on COVID-19 is unknown, neither the risk of initial infection nor the risk of 9

progression to worse disease. Current understanding of viral immunology suggests that IL-17 is 10 not a dominant cytokine in viral immunity; however, IL-17 is important to mucosal immunity, 11

raising the hypothesis that biologics targeting IL-17 could potentially increase RTI risk. 4 12 To test this hypothesis, we calculated a meta-estimate from the placebo-controlled period 13 of phase 3 pivotal IL-17 trials of terms consistent with RTI of secukinumab, ixekizumab, and 14

brodalumab abstracted from FDA prescribing information. RTI is a broad term classified by 15 clinical judgment. The Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA), used to classify 16 adverse events (AEs), has multiple terms for RTIs. To assess for RTIs, we summed the number 17

of AEs that are associated with RTIs, divided by the total number of subjects in each study, and 18

then calculated a meta-estimate. We found an increased risk of RTIs in the IL-17 groups as 19 compared to placebo (odds ratio 1.56, 95% Confidence Interval 1.04-2.33; Table 1 ). Since 20 prescribing information is not inclusive of all respiratory AEs from the pivotal trials that 21 supported approval of interleukin-17 inhibitors, we conducted a summary risk estimate using 22 data from the placebo-controlled period of these studies obtained from clinicaltrials.gov. This 23 more detailed analysis yielded similar findings to our meta-estimate of prescribing information 24 data (odds ratio 1.31, 95% Confidence Interval 1.05-1.62; Table 2 ). Sensitivity analyses varying 25 the terms analyzed yielded similar findings but with loss of statistical significance. 26

Evaluating the risk of RTI in clinical trials is difficult as the diagnosis is made clinically 27 without objective testing, and therefore the etiology of these symptoms, be they viral, bacterial, 28 fungal, or allergic, is unknown. Furthermore, there is substantial variation in the rates of RTIs in 29 the placebo groups across the trials demonstrating a lack of precision in measuring this outcome. 30

For example, rates of "upper RTI" ranged from 0.0% to 7.44% in the placebo groups evaluated. 31

Additionally, due to variation in reporting of MedDRA terms, the events were unevenly pooled 32 as terms are reported inconsistently. It is also possible that patients may have had more than one 33 RTI event, which could impact our estimates. These findings highlight the need for more 34 meticulous evaluation of the impact of IL-17 inhibitors on RTIs in the setting of the novel 35 coronavirus pandemic. Nevertheless, our meta-estimate demonstrates a potential safety signal for 36 RTI associated with IL-17 inhibition and supports guidance issued by AAD that clinicians 37

should use their clinical judgment to continue or discontinue patients on these drugs in patients 38

who have not tested positive or exhibited symptoms of COVID-19 and to discontinue these 39 agents in patients who test positive for COVID-19 symptoms. 5 40 Table 1 . Meta-estimate of respiratory tract infections (includes "upper respiratory tract infections," "nasopharyngitis," "rhinorrhea," "influenza," "oropharyngitis," "pharyngitis," "pharyngolaryngeal pain") from prescribing information adverse events tables. Doses used in this meta-estimate: secukinumab 300mg; brodalumab 210mg; ixekizumab 80mg every 2 weeks as these doses are indicated for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Table 2 . Meta-estimate of respiratory tract infections (includes: "upper respiratory tract infections," "viral respiratory tract infections," "influenza," "influenza-like illness," "sinusitis," "pharyngitis," "bronchitis," "cough," "nasopharyngitis," "oropharyngeal pain," "pneumonia") from clinicaltrials.gov in the phase 3 randomized control trials that were submitted for FDA approval. Doses used in this meta-estimate: secukinumab 300mg; brodalumab 210mg; ixekizumab 80mg every 2 weeks as these doses are indicated for moderate-to-severe psoriasis.

Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics

Should biologics for psoriasis be interrupted in the era of COVID-19?

COVID-19: risk for cytokine targeting in chronic inflammatory diseases?

Yin and yang of interleukin-17 in host immunity to infection

Guidance on the use of immunosuppressive agents