key: cord-0774304-72id80ab
authors: Gunnell, David; Appleby, Louis; Arensman, Ella; Hawton, Keith; John, Ann; Kapur, Nav; Khan, Murad; O'Connor, Rory C; Pirkis, Jane; Caine, Eric D; Chan, Lai Fong; Chang, Shu-Sen; Chen, Ying-Yeh; Christensen, Helen; Dandona, Rakhi; Eddleston, Michael; Erlangsen, Annette; Harkavy-Friedman, Jill; Kirtley, Olivia J; Knipe, Duleeka; Konradsen, Flemming; Liu, Shiwei; McManus, Sally; Mehlum, Lars; Miller, Matthew; Moran, Paul; Morrissey, Jacqui; Moutier, Christine; Niederkrotenthaler, Thomas; Nordentoft, Merete; O'Neill, Siobhan; Page, Andrew; Phillips, Michael R; Platt, Steve; Pompili, Maurizio; Qin, Ping; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Silverman, Morton; Sinyor, Mark; Stack, Steven; Townsend, Ellen; Turecki, Gustavo; Vijayakumar, Lakshmi; Yip, Paul SF
title: Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic
date: 2020-04-21
journal: Lancet Psychiatry
DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30171-1
sha: 4dbbb469d8fd9d7f85f2e6b3d93439ba90352c42
doc_id: 774304
cord_uid: 72id80ab

nan

The mental health effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic might be profound 1 and there are suggestions that suicide rates will rise, although this is not inevitable. Suicide is likely to become a more pressing concern as the pandemic spreads and has longer-term effects on the general population, the economy, and vulnerable groups. Preventing suicide therefore needs urgent consideration. The response must capitalise on, but extend beyond, general mental health policies and practices.

There is some evidence that deaths by suicide increased in the USA during the 1918-19 influenza pandemic 2 and among older people in Hong Kong during the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic. 3 The current context is different and evolving. A wide-ranging interdisciplinary response that recognises how the pandemic might heighten risk and applies knowledge about effective suicide prevention approaches is key. Selective, indicated, and universal interventions are required (figure).

The likely adverse effects of the pandemic on people with mental illness, and on population mental health in general, might be exacerbated by fear, self-isolation, and physical distancing. 4 Suicide risk might be increased because of stigma towards individuals with COVID-19 and their families. Those with psychiatric disorders might experience worsening symptoms and others might develop new mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress (all associated with increased suicide risk). These mental health problems will be experienced by the general population and those with high levels of exposure to illness caused by COVID-19, such as frontline healthcare workers and those who develop the illness. The consequences for mental health services are already being felt (eg, increased workloads and the need to find new ways of working). Some services are developing expertise in conducting psychiatric assessments and delivering interventions remotely (eg, by telephone or digitally); these new working practices should be implemented more widely, but with consideration that not all patients will feel comfortable with such interactions and they may present implications for privacy. Making evidence-based online resources and interventions freely available at scale could benefit population mental health.

People in suicidal crises require special attention. Some might not seek help, fearing that services are overwhelmed and that attending face-to-face appointments might put them at risk. Others may seek help from voluntary sector crisis helplines which might be stretched beyond capacity due to surges in calls and reductions in volunteers. Mental health services should develop clear remote assessment and care pathways for people who are suicidal, and staff training to support new ways of working. Helplines will require support to maintain or increase their volunteer workforce, and offer more flexible methods of working. Digital training resources would enable those who have not previously worked with people who are suicidal to take active roles in mental health services and helplines. Evidence-based online interventions and applications should be made available to support people who are suicidal. 5 Loss of employment and financial stressors are well-recognised risk factors for suicide. 6 Governments should provide financial safety nets (eg, food, housing, and unemployment supports). Consideration must be given not only to individuals' current situations but also their futures. For example, many young people have had their education interrupted and are anxious about their prospects. Educational institutions must seek alternative ways to deliver curricula and governments need to be prepared to offer them financial support if necessary. Active labour market programmes will also be crucial. 6 The pandemic could adversely affect other known precipitants of suicide. For example, domestic violence and alcohol consumption might increase during lockdown. Public health responses must ensure that those facing interpersonal violence are supported and that safe drinking messages are communicated. Social isolation, entrapment, and loneliness contribute to suicide risk 7 and are likely to increase during the pandemic, particularly for bereaved individuals. Providing community support for those living alone and encouraging families and friends to check in is helpful. Easily accessible help for bereaved individuals is crucial.

Access to means is a major risk factor for suicide. In the current environment, certain lethal means (eg, firearms, pesticides, and analgesics) might be more For the Royal College of Psychiatrists guidance see https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/ about-us/responding-tocovid-19/responding-to-covid-19-guidance-for-clinicians readily available, stockpiled in homes. Retailers selling such products should be especially vigilant when dealing with distressed individuals. Governments and nongovernmental organisations should consider temporary sales restrictions and deliver carefully framed messages about reducing access to commonly used and highly lethal suicide means.

Irresponsible media reporting of suicide can lead to spikes in suicides. 8 Repeated exposure to stories about the crisis can increase fear 9 and heighten suicide risk. Media professionals should ensure that reporting follows existing 10 and COVID-19-specific guidelines.

Comprehensive responses should be informed by enhanced surveillance of COVID-19-related risk factors contributing to suicidal behaviours. Some suicide and self-harm registers are now collecting data on COVID-19-related stressors contributing to the episode; summaries of these data will facilitate timely public health responses. Repeat representative cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys will help identify increases in population-level risk, as might anonymised real-time data on caller concerns from helplines. Monitoring demands and capacity of mental health-care providers over the coming months is also essential to ensure resources are directed to those parts of the system under greatest pressure. These efforts need to be appropriately resourced and coordinated.

The suicide-related consequences of the pandemic might vary depending on countries' public health control measures, sociocultural and demographic structures, availability of digital alternatives to face-toface consultation, and existing supports. The effects might be worse in resource-poor settings where economic adversity is compounded by inadequate welfare supports. Other concerns in these settings include social effects of banning religious gatherings and funerals, interpersonal violence, and vulnerable migrant workers. COVID-19-related stigma and misinformation may be particularly acute in these settings; many of the solutions proposed above will be applicable globally, but additional efforts will be required in resource-poor settings.

These are unprecedented times. The pandemic will cause distress and leave many people vulnerable to mental health problems and suicidal behaviour. Mental health consequences are likely to be present for longer and peak later than the actual pandemic. However, research evidence and the experience of national strategies provide a strong basis for suicide prevention. We should be prepared to take the actions highlighted here, backed by vigilance and international collaboration.

Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science

The impact of epidemic, war, prohibition and media on suicide: United States, 1910-1920

A revisit on older adults suicides and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong

Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic

Suicide prevention using self-guided digital interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis

The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour

Association between suicide reporting in the media and suicide: systematic review and meta-analysis

The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: amplification of public health consequences by media exposure

Preventing suicide: a resource for media professionals

See Online for appendix