key: cord-0773466-fe4ixqdv
authors: Pareek, Manish; Bangash, Mansoor N; Pareek, Nilesh; Pan, Daniel; Sze, Shirley; Minhas, Jatinder S; Hanif, Wasim; Khunti, Kamlesh
title: Ethnicity and COVID-19: an urgent public health research priority
date: 2020-04-21
journal: Lancet
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30922-3
sha: 68983be3a36aa4db52155422e8f917ab5198f1b9
doc_id: 773466
cord_uid: fe4ixqdv

nan

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues advancing globally, reporting of clinical outcomes and risk factors for intensive care unit admission and mortality are emerging. Early Chinese and Italian reports associated increasing age, male sex, smoking, and cardiometabolic comorbidity with adverse outcomes. 1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this.

Ethnicity is a complex entity composed of genetic make-up, social constructs, cultural identity, and behavioural patterns. 2 Ethnic classification systems have limitations but have been used to explore genetic and other population differences. Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds vary in behaviours, comorbidities, immune profiles, and risk of infection, as exemplified by the increased morbidity and mortality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in previous pandemics. 3 As COVID-19 spreads to areas with large cosmopolitan populations, understanding how ethnicity affects COVID-19 outcomes is essential. We therefore reviewed published papers and national surveillance reports on notifications and outcomes of COVID-19 to ascertain ethnicity data reporting patterns, associations, and outcomes.

Only two (7%) of 29 publications reported ethnicity disaggregated data (both were case series without outcomes specific to ethnicity). We found that none of the ten highest COVID-19 case-notifying countries reported data related to ethnicity; UK mortality reporting, for example, does not require information on ethnicity. This omission seems stark given the disproportionate number of deaths among health-care workers from BME backgrounds. 4, 5 Recent UK data from intensive care units indicate that over a third of patients are from BME backgrounds. 6 Given previous pandemic experience, it is imperative that policy makers urgently ensure ethnicity forms part of a minimum dataset. More importantly, ethnicity-disaggregated data must occur to permit identification of potential outcome risk factors through adjustment for recognised confounders. BME communities might be at increased risk of acquisition, disease severity, and poor outcomes in COVID-19 for several reasons (figure). Specific ethnic groups, such as south Asians, have higher rates of some comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which have been associated with severe disease and mortality in COVID-19. 7 Ethnicity could interplay with virus spread through cultural, behavioural, and societal differences including lower socioeconomic status, health-seeking behaviour, and intergenerational cohabitation. Disentangling the relative importance of these factors requires both prospective studies, focusing on quantifying absolute risks and outcomes, and qualitative studies of behaviours 

Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Race'' and ''ethnicity'' in biomedical research: How do scientists construct and explain differences in health?

Ethnicity, deprivation and mortality due to 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in England during the 2009/2010 pandemic and the first post-pandemic season

UK government urged to investigate coronavirus deaths of BAME doctors

Coronavirus cases to be tracked by ethnicity

Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre. ICNARC COVID-19 study case mix programme. London: Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre

The relationship between metabolic risk factors and incident cardiovascular disease in Europeans, South Asians, and African Caribbeans