key: cord-0771025-hy0kkzer
authors: Popkova, Elena; DeLo, Piper; Sergi, Bruno S.
title: Corporate Social Responsibility Amid Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Crisis: BRICS vs. OECD Countries
date: 2020-08-18
journal: Research in international business and finance
DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101315
sha: de59d8a1045333de7cf7841f2d80d4bafa333820
doc_id: 771025
cord_uid: hy0kkzer

Abstract This paper compares today’s corporate management in developing markets (BRICS countries) vs. developed markets (the OECD countries). The influence of determining a new social corporate management season considering social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic on emerging markets' economic growth is ascertained and set apart from corporate management in developing markets. This paper helps clarifying and better understanding the role of corporate social responsibility in the conditions of an economic crisis against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work provides scientific arguments that allow solving critical discussions regarding the advantages (growth of quality of life, an increase of business's competitiveness) and costs (limitation of economic growth, non-commercial use of profit, and increased price for goods and services) of domestic production and consumption. In the long-term, responsible financial practices return all investments and allow countries to better cope with a crisis. The research supplies a new view of corporate social responsibility as a measure of crisis management. It reflects its advantages at a time of social distancing in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The institutionalization of corporate social responsibility in emerging countries is not predetermined by internal factors (approach to doing business or organizational culture), if not by external factors (market status, state regulation, and consumer awareness). These circumstances prove the high complexity of strengthening corporate social responsibility in developing countries. In the conditions of social distancing – due to the COVID-19 pandemic – corporate social responsibility goes to a new level. In both developing and developed countries, one of the most widespread manifestations of corporate social responsibility is the entrepreneurship's transition to the remote form of activities. This envisages the provision of remote employment for workers and the online purchase of goods and services for consumers.

In the current conditions of globalization and the COVID-19 pandemic, developing nations must compete not only with each other but also with developed markets. The most important goal for both categories of states is to promote the rate of economic growth, which reflects the competitiveness of domestic entrepreneurship. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of every individual and the economy. The pandemic has caused a shock to pulsate the global economy. Major countries, aside from China, where the virus originated, have displayed negative growth adaptation. As a result of this significant decline, the United Nations predicts that the foreign direct investment could drop to between 5 and 15 percent, hitting the lowest levels since the 2008 financial crisis.

Innovations that implement a plan of action can be the origin of long-term relief. Because of the evolution of stakeholder capitalism, businesses can gain a source of protection to promote economic growth in the workforce, even during challenging times. With positive corporate innovation strategies and help from companies worldwide, vulnerable developing nations can withstand the hit. CSR in emerging markets has the power to shape policy, benefit workers, and society as well as innovate products of shared value worldwide. There is no question that the impact of COVID 19 is going protract. What is essential to discover in this research are the principles different firms are going to follow. The vulnerability that firms pose during this pandemic leaves challenging decisions regarding behavior and ethical reasoning. Unfortunately, in some instances, profiteering has been used as an advancement tactic. COVID 19 has given large companies the power to control their management regarding CSR in both positive and negative ways. Fortunately, many companies have stayed ethical concerning their CSR. With different countries offering relief aid packages, it allows flexibility even during uncertain times. Innovations that implement a plan of action can be the origin of long-term relief. Because of the evolution of stakeholder capitalism, businesses can gain a source of protection to promote economic growth in the workforce, even during challenging times. With positive corporate innovation strategies and help from companies worldwide, vulnerable developing nations can withstand the hit. CSR in emerging markets has the power to shape policy, benefit workers, and society as well as innovate products of shared value worldwide. Based on differences in macro-economic conditions, we distinguish the factors of competitiveness of business and economic growth only from the state (e.g., the openness of economy or specifics of formation and spending of budget assets). Micro-economic factors of economic growth, related to peculiarities of corporate management, remain concealed. Incomplete reflection and consideration of economic growth elements cannot ensure a successful solution to the global scientific and practical problem of modern times, increasing inequality. The decline of reasonable attempts to solve this problem with the help of isolated management of macro-economic factors (budget deficit, national debt, direct foreign investments). According to the United Nations, different countries have adopted several strategies for sustainable development. Developing markets are successfully able to cope with these strategies because of the load put on private businesses. The government's role results in emerging markets to be impotent as far as the implementation of practical techniques. The first attempt at emulating international practices has not been cited in expected results, as the level of corporate responsibility in emerging markets still is inadequate. The new context arising from the COVID-19 circumstances actualizes the issue of the search for new alternative means of enacting a better corporate responsibility in emerging markets. This article's working hypothesis is that the microeconomic factors of corporate management largely determine the economic growth of developing markets. The anomalies of developing markets define not only the first level of responsibility of business hold but also specifics of institutionalization. That is why it is especially important to analyze the details of corporate social responsibility in developing countries as compared to developed countries, as this will allow determining the optimal institutional approach to its implementation in the interests of crisis management. This research is to clarify the role of corporate social responsibility in the time of a crisis and its priorities, which will allow improving the practices of corporate management in developed and developing countries and overcoming the situation at a time of COVID-19. The specifics of institutionalization of corporate social responsibility in the context of social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic are studied in this paper.

Specifics of economic growth in countries with developing markets are in Bani & Kedir (2017) , Bermúdez and Dabús (2018) , Darku and Yeboah (2018) , Fosu (2017) , Lajili and Gilles (2018), Niebel (2018) , Ochoa-Jimenez et al. (2018) , Popkova et al. (2018) , Sekiguchi (2017) , Wu et al. (2018) , and Zahonogo (2018) . The present works describe the differences in developed and developing countries' economic growth through the prism of growth rate. It is higher in developing countries, but more stable in developed countries. Growth vectors in developed countries rely on innovations and hi-tech in developing countries. Traditions and quality of growth in developed countries accompanied by social progress, and in developing countries, it brings high social and ecological costs. However, causal connections of economic growth are studied insufficiently and are not determined by modern economic science, requiring further research. The issues of corporate management are explored in the works of such scholar as Al-Hadi et al. (2018 ), Bae et al. (2018 , Ben-Hassoun et al. (2018 ), Bobillo et al. (2018 , Gaitán et al. (2018) , Jacometti et al. (2019) , Keay and Zhao (2018) , Marques et al. (2018) , , Oh et al. (2018 ), Singareddy et al. (2018 , and Thomsen (2016) . The existing publications reflect the essence and methodological approaches to corporate management. Still, they do not show its contribution to the provision of economic growth, which considers being a derivative of state management. Despite the prominent level of elaboration on these issues in existing publications, the differences in perspectives of corporate governance in developing markets, and their influence on the economic growth of these markets are insufficient. This gap is to be filled by this work. The conceptual foundations of studying the practice of corporate responsibility as a social institute stand in the works of Abney (2019) Utgård (2018) . These articles emphasize the high complexity of implementing corporate responsibility practices in emerging markets, relating to the deficit of financial resources in businesses and the transformation of market economies. However, it distorts market stimuli for a responsible company. Vodenko et al. (2018) and Volkov (2017) relate specifically to the Russian National Model of economic activities within the neo-institutional theory. These articles reflect the Russian model's uniqueness in the market economy, which explicitly implements corporate responsibility. Despite the high-level elaboration on this topic, studies have been unsatisfactory. Abnormalities of institutionalization of corporate responsibility in developing markets compared to others are still unclear, requiring further systematic research.

The research is based on the hypothetical and deductive principle and conducted in three consecutive stages. The first stage includes the determination of corporate management attributes in developing markets as compared to developed markets. The method of finding the average values of statistical data and the purpose of comparative analysis is precise. The second stage includes the purpose of the influence in peculiarities of corporate management on the economic growth of developing markets. For this, the method of multiple regression analysis is used. An optimization task for achieving the target (quick) value of the growth rate of economies of developing markets is solved according to the determined regression dependence with the help of the method of scenario analysis and optimization modeling. During the third stage, perspectives are acclaimed, and practical recommendations are given for the growth rate of developing markets using optimization of corporate management, based on the obtained solution to the optimization task.

For determining the peculiarities of corporate management, the key indicators are studied that reflect the essential characteristics of entrepreneurial activities:

− Shadowization of business: Index of the level of information opening, Companies that hide revenues from taxation, aggregate tax rate; − The rationality of personnel choice -Companies with a top female manager; − Legal protection of business: Companies conducting unofficial payments to government workers, Losses from stealing and vandalism, Index of the legal protection of business; − Accessibility of state services: Time spent on following state regulators' requirements, the average time required for starting a business, and the number of newly registered companies; − Reliability of infrastructural provision: Lost profit from electric supply failures, Index of the effectiveness of logistics; − The complexity of conducting foreign economic activities: Average time spent on import, Average time spent on export.

The 2018 indicators are selected according to the criterion of accessibility of information -World Bank's statistical databases; GDP growth at constant prices (IMF). The research objects are countries of BRICS, which present developing markets -Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa; and five countries of the OECD with developed countriesthe USA, the UK, Australia, South Korea, and Japan. This allowed covering all continents and excluding the geographic factor, thus receiving the most precise and authentic results of comparing developed and developing countries' data. The first statistical data are in Table 1 Results of the averaging indicators of corporate management in developed and developing markets are in Table 2 . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 

It is necessary to compare the average values of corporate management indicators in developing markets to average values of these indicators in developed markets and to determine their differences (Table 3) . 

It is expedient to present the obtained results in the form of a polygon of corporate management competitiveness in developing markets. The average values of corporate governance indicators in developed markets will be considered models and equal 1; the ratio of corporate management indicators in emerging markets and the model values are determined. The indicators that characterize corporate management positively (e.g., the index of the level of information opening), are compared by finding the values of developing markets to the values of developed markets (direct ratio). On the contrary, the indicators that characterize corporate management negatively (e.g., companies that hide revenues from taxes) are compared by finding ratios of the values of developed markets to the values of developing markets (reverse ratio). For each characteristic, a direct average of the values of the corresponding indicators is found. The obtained results are as follows in developing markets:

− Forced shadowization of business, caused by a low level of information on entrepreneurial activities and hiding revenues from taxation due to high tax level; however, it slightly (22%) exceeds shadowization of business in developed markets -0.78; − The irrationality of personnel selection is related to people occupying offices in the company not based on their competence but on personal motives of management, which leads to age, gender, and other inequality of employees; it is by 74% less rational than in developing markets -026; − More active risk management due to a low level of the legal protection of business, related to forced corruption (unofficial payments to government employees), losses from stealing and vandalism, and legal vulnerability (non-observation of the terms of concluded contracts); it is much (by 57%) lower than with developed markets -0.43; − Low flexibility and mobility of business due to low accessibility of state services, which is caused by a large volume of time spent for following the state's requirements, which leads to low business activity (smaller number of registered companies); it is much (by 64%) lower than in developed markets -0.36; − Non-optimality of business processes due to low reliability of infrastructural provision of business, which is related to the lost cost of business due to failures in electric energy supply and ineffectiveness of logistics; it is much (by 46%) lower than in developed markets -0.54; − Forced orientation at internal (domestic) markets due to the complexity of foreign economic activities, which is caused by substantial volumes of time spent for import and export; it is much (by 43%) lower than in developed markets -0.57.

These peculiarities show that the competitiveness of business in developing markets is much smaller (on average, by 51%) than in developed markets. Such sharp differences cannot but influence economic growth. It is expedient to conduct an in-depth analysis of the influence of corporate management's peculiarities on the developing markets' economic growth.

The regression analysis results of the dependence of economic growth on indicators of corporate governance in developing markets are shown in Table 4 . The data in Table 4 show that the following factors predetermine the GDP growth in constant prices in the countries with developing markets (y):

− time spent on following the requirements of state regulators (x5reverse dependence); − average time required for starting a business (x8reverse dependence); − aggregate tax rate (x12direct dependence); − the number of newly registered companies (x13reverse dependence).

The function of the determined regression dependence has the following form: y=3.9137309-0.425496*x5-0.047691*x8+0.1127774*x12-2.52E-06*x13. This means that when the time spent on following state regulators' requirements increases by 1%, the rate of economic growth increases by 0.42%. When the average time required for starting a business increases by 1 day, the rate of economic growth increases by 0.04%. When the aggregate tax rate increases by 1%, the rate of economic growth increases by 0.11%. When the number of newly registered companies increases by 1 percent, the rate of economic growth is virtually unchanged (the regression coefficient tends to zero).

A high correlation of 99.99% (tends to 100%) shows the reliability of the compiled regression model. The growth rate of the global economy constituted 3.152% in 2017. The average growth rate of the economy of countries with developing markets represented 3.723% in 2017, which is higher than the average global level. However, this is not enough for overcoming the underrun from the countries with developed marketsfor this; emerging markets should have a growth rate of the economy that is at least twice as high as the present onei.e., 7.446% (3.723%*2). This allows formulating the conditions of the optimization task that is solved automatically in Microsoft Excel:

− target function: multiple regression dependence y(x5, x8, x12, x13), should constitute 7.446; − variables: x5, x8, x12, x13; − limitations: x5≥3.76, x8≥18.73, x12≤69.52, x13≥344,019 -are to ensure the achievability of optimization values of the variables in practice. For this, optimization values x5 and x8 should not be lower than the current values by more than 50%; optimization value x12 should not be higher than its current level by more than 30%, and optimization value x13 should not be lower than its current level by more than 30%).

As a result, we received the following values of variables that ensure optimization of the target function (achievement of growth of the economy of countries with forming markets by 7.446% per year on average):

− x5=5.18 -time spent for following the requirements of state regulators should be reduced by 68%; − x8=25.99 -average time required for starting a business should be reduced by 68%; − x12=69.52 -aggregate tax rate should be increased by 30; − x13=344,019 -The number of newly registered companies should be increased by 69%.

Macroeconomic conditions in which business is functioning determine the peculiarities of corporate management, including in developing markets. A more robust growth rate in emerging markets requires implementing complex and interconnected measures at the national and organizational levels. The following mechanism of accelerating the growth rate of developing markets through optimization of corporate management is offered. The structure of accelerating growth in emerging markets through the optimization of corporate governance is implemented based on a two-stage algorithm. The first stage is creating a favorable institutional environment for the development of business by performing the following measures at the state level:

− Increase of legal protection of business (development of contractual law); − Increase of accessibility of state services (development of E-government); − Increase of reliability of infrastructural provision of business (investments into the infrastructure); − Simplification of conducting foreign economic activities (reduction of customs barriers).

This will establish favorable conditions for manifestations of corporate social responsibility, an increased rate of economic growth, and accelerated recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. The above measures aim to prepare macro-economic conditions for future micro-level changes related to the optimization of corporate management. The second stage includes the modernization of business based on the latest information and communication technologies and the optimization of corporate management by online marketing. The state stimulates the creation of new companies (through information & consultation and credit & J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f subsidy support for entrepreneurial initiatives of the population) and nominal and gradual growth of the level of business taxation. Also, a possibility supports simple electronic registration and accounting of online business and a reduction of requirements from the state to online marketing. This becomes possible since online business, unlike traditional, does not require premises, equipment, and, secondly, needs only a small number of employees. There is no need to verify the observation of complex sanitarium and epidemiological and other requirements that are usually before traditional business. Also, the online form of doing business envisages its maximum transparency and, therefore, a state control. This allows for full automatization of online business and state interaction, including online document turnover and online corporate accounting. Thus, it is possible to perfect corporate management, which will have the following features:

− maximum openness (de-shadowization); − the rationality of personnel selection; − minimum risk management; − increased flexibility and mobility of business; − optimality of business processes; − expansion of markets of sales and supplies (development of foreign economic activities).

As a result, the growth of business activity and the increase of business competitiveness in developing markets will be ensured, as well as the state's tax revenues. This will provide resources for further state stimulation of the economy's development and stimulate future economic growth of developing markets. However, in social distancing conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the growth of business activity will be slow. The actions of most companies with a traditional form of organization contradict the idea of remote realization of goods and services, and consumersunder the influence of government requirements and/or own preferences (danger of infection)avoid social interactions. Therefore, corporate social responsibility amid the COVID-19 pandemic should aim at the flexible growth of business activity given new consumer preferences and the transformation of business in a remote form, which envisions the slight realization of products.

Developed markets compared to undeveloped markets demonstrate a free-access report on corporate responsibility. As seen in Figure 1 , most developing markets in 2018 are on the lower side, sitting below the global average (72%). We can see that the average global level for Nigeria is 88%, Brazil 85%, Chile 83%, Romania 74%, and Russia at 72%. Most countries stay above an average of 72%. We can see clearly that countries like Sweden, Canada, Australia, and Germany remain at higher levels based on the corporate responsibility shown in their open-access reports.

At the average global level and above (72%-89%)

Below the average global level and above (below 72%)

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Depending on the specific features of business taxation, financing of responsibility could take the form of tax optimization, i.e., reducing the tax liabilities of companies. That is why the data of corporate reportsespecially large companiescould be formal and supply little information. However, they show that corporate responsibility is one of the integral components of doing business in developing markets, as it receives regular financing.

In the conditions of social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, a perspective direction of development of corporate social responsibility is the transfer of employees to a remote form of working and organization of the remote interaction between a company and consumers and other concerned parties (e.g., investors, creditors, and state regulators). Digital technologies open broad perspectives for improving the practices of corporate social responsibility in the conditions of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, virtual and alternate reality technologies allow consumers to select products that usually require social interactions and visits to stores (e.g., clothing or footwear). It is necessary to develop a legal framework for the regulation of entrepreneurship in developing countries for the successful implementation of recommendations made. It is expedient to adopt national standards for the preparation and submission of corporate social responsibility reports. In the conditions of social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, corporate social responsibility reporting standards should include such indicators as enabling employees to work remotely and achieving a higher level of sanitation in workplaces that cannot be converted to remote working. In addition, standards should require that corporate social responsibility reporting be necessarily made available to the public on the Internet. Corporate social responsibility reporting in the conditions of social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic should be monitored and controlled using smart technologies (Artificial Intelligence) to achieve full monitoring coverage. E-Government is the most effective approach to regulation.

Evidence shows that the duration of the state's involvement in responsible business must stay involved throughout the process, which cannot happen if there are market regulation terms. Therefore, this paper offers the concept of quick finishing for the operation of responsibility in developing markets.

Regarding interested parties, this regulation envisages the formation of the culture of responsible consumption, business cooperation, and growth of employees' labor awareness. This will allow solving the real contradiction and harmonizing business interests related to the refusal of corporate responsibility and ignoring the needs and requirements of interested parties. A new task for the state is to search for flexible mechanisms of indirect regulation by creating favorable and stimulating conditions for implementation. This shows the necessity for public monitoring and control over corporate accountability with the involvement of independent-e.g., audit, expert, and analyticalcompanies. Peculiarities of corporate management (i.e., micro-economic factors) predetermine the differences between developed and developing markets. Adverse global economic circumstances at the time of COVID-19 and changing macro-economic environment leads to reinforcing anomalies of corporate management in emerging markets. We have found such as forced shadowization of business, the irrationality of personnel choice, and more active risk management. Additionally, expenditures and lack of pricing competitiveness due to a low level of the legal protection of activity, little flexibility and mobility of business due to low accessibility of public services, non-optimality of business processes due to low reliability of infrastructural provision of business, and forced orientation at internal (domestic) markets due to complexity of conducting foreign economic activities.

A new growth rate envisions corporate management's optimization by reducing time spent for the execution of state's requirements and paid for starting a business, growth of tax load on business, and growth of the number of created companies in developing markets. Perspectives of this optimization envisage initial improvement of the macro-economic environment for doing business, for which it is recommended to build E-government. At the micro-level, it requires an intensification of online business development with the corresponding state stimuli. Also creating maximum openness, the rationality of personnel selection, minimum risk management, increased flexibility and mobility of company, optimality of business processes, and development of different economic activities. Although low requirements for corporate responsibility are set in the emerging world, our findings show insufficient marketing tactics, little consumer awareness, and the workforce's weak power. Responsible business culture is not evident, but it would require righting shadowization and implementing standards of reports on corporate responsibility. Successful implementation of this concept will allow making the practice of corporate responsibility extremely popular and finish the process of institutionalization in developing markets.

In light of social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic corporate social responsibility goes to a new level. In both developing and developed countries, one of the most widespread manifestations of corporate social responsibility is the entrepreneurship's transition to the remote form of activities. This envisages provision of remote employment for workers and online purchase of goods and services for consumers Authors statement All authors contributed equally to the submitted paper.

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