key: cord-0770938-2drbd0kz
authors: Alshamrani, Majid M.; Farahat, Fayssal M; El-Saed, Aiman; Alzunitan, Mohammed; Alsaedi, Asim; El Gammal, Ayman; Al Nasser, Wafaa; Nazeer, Syed; Almohrij, Saad A.
title: Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in tertiary care hospitals in Saudi Arabia: A case series
date: 2021-11-19
journal: J Infect Public Health
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.015
sha: c9138a8cc0d5e88dab51ba5315108fee1fdf3378
doc_id: 770938
cord_uid: 2drbd0kz

Healthcare workers have been categorized among the priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. However, post-vaccination infections have been identified. This study was conducted to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) who received the COVID-19 vaccine. A case series in a multicenter healthcare system in Saudi Arabia was created from HCWs who had (PCR-RT) confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection after at least one dose of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination. A total of 20 healthcare workers (HCWs) have been included. The majority (70.0%) were males and the average age was 39.4 ± 10.1 years. They included physicians (55.0%), nurses (25.0%) and other HCWs (20.0%). Eighteen (90%) HCWs had infection after the first dose; 47.1% within the first week, 41.2% within the second week, and 11.8% within the third week. Only two HCWs (10.0%) had infection one week after the second dose. The majority (63.2%) had mild (52.6%) or moderate (10.3%) disease with no severe disease or hospitalization. The majority of post-vaccination COVID-19 infections among HCWs occurred before the full protection of the vaccine is gained. Suspicion of COVID-19 infection should be considered even with a history of COVID-19 vaccination. Recently vaccinated HCWs should be advised to fully comply with all recommended precautions to prevent COVID-19 transmission.

the full protection of the vaccine is gained. Suspicion of COVID-19 infection should be considered even with a history of COVID-19 vaccination. Recently vaccinated HCWs should be advised to fully comply with all recommended precautions to prevent COVID-19 transmission.

Keywords: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), pandemic, hospital, healthcare, Saudi Arabia

The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is considered a huge burden for healthcare workers (HCWs), both physically and mentally [1] . They suffer from a considerably higher risk of exposure to and infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared with the general population [2, 3] . The WHO, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Ministries of Health identified HCWs as a priority for COVID-19 vaccination even during the period of initial limited supply [4, 5] .

In Saudi Arabia, a COVID-19 vaccination campaign was started on the last week of December 2020, following approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine by the Saudi Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) [6] . Although Pfizer-BioNTech reported a high safety and efficacy vaccine profile [7] , there have been some initial concerns among the population in Saudi Arabia including HCWs [8] . The current study was conducted to investigate post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs who received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in a multihospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

The current study was conducted at the six Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA) hospitals in Riyadh, Jeddah, Alahsaa, Dammam, and Madinah. MNGHA hospitals are tertiary care governmental hospitals with a total of 2,510 beds. They provide healthcare services for Saudi National 

In the current report, 20 HCWs with post-vaccination laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were investigated. The majority (90%) had SARS-CoV-2 infection before the vaccine full protection is reached. Consistent with current findings, previous data showed that 91% to 96% of post-vaccination infections occurred before full protection, at least one week after the second dose [7, 9] .

The frequency of post-vaccination infection in this case series was decreasing as the duration from the first dose was increasing, indicating mounting protection. Consistent with these findings, an interim analysis of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination data after excluding those who got the infection in the first two weeks after the first dose showed increased vaccine efficacy from 89% to 91% during the period between 15 and 28 days after the first dose [10] .

A the time of this study, the original alpha variant was predominant. Over time an increased concern of surge of cases coinciding with the spread of other variants (i.e., beta and delta) has been raised globally. A test-negative case-control study in the UK showed modest differences in vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease with delta compared to the alpha variant [11] . Additionally, another case-control study among healthcare workers argued the role of initial immune response compared to the decay of antibody levels on the degree of protection against breakthrough infections [12] .

Despite being among the first case series about post-vaccination COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia and the region, a couple of limitations should be acknowledged. As HCWs were vaccinated in centers outside the MNGHA hospital authority, the total number of vaccinated HCWs in MNGHA hospitals could not be obtained. This hindered our ability to estimate the vaccine effectiveness. Additionally, PCR testing after vaccination was based on self-request. Therefore, HCWs who got asymptomatic disease may pass unnoticed if testing was not sought. However, this most probably cannot be avoided in similar studies.

In conclusion, the current report reconfirms the possibility of post-vaccination COVID-19 infection among HCWs. The false sense of full protection immediately following vaccination might have increased undue exposure while adherence to precautionary measures was inconsistently followed. Efforts should be maintained to ensure completion of the recommended vaccine series among the general population, with special emphasis on the high-risk people including HCWs. Strategies that include sequencing of viral RNA and monitoring of neutralizing antibody titers, particularly in persons with breakthrough infection should continue to identify pandemic change and determine the effectiveness of the applied interventions.

The authors declare no conflict of interest 

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