key: cord-0767310-jm1j70i5 authors: Vojdani, Aristo; Kharrazianb, Datis title: Potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases date: 2020-05-24 journal: Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108480 sha: 5de24e1c26e2f23615f4fc37a81af1a603e55616 doc_id: 767310 cord_uid: jm1j70i5 nan Commercially available mouse monoclonal antibody made against recombinant SARS coronavirus spike protein and rabbit monoclonal antibody made against SARS coronavirus nucleoprotein were applied at optimal dilution to the SARS-CoV-2 proteins and to 50 different tissue antigens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein were purchased from RayBiotech. ELISA wells were coated with nuclear antigens, dsDNA, F-actin, and mitochondria (M2) antigen purchased from different companies. An additional 45 tissue antigens used in this study have been previously described [9] . Each SARS-CoV-2 antibody was applied to quadruplicate wells. After the completion of all ELISA steps, the developed color was measured at 405 nm. Looking at the reaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody and tissue proteins ( Figure 1A ), we found that the strongest reactions were with transglutaminase 3 (tTG3), transglutaminase 2 (tTG2), ENA, myelin basic protein (MBP), mitochondria, nuclear antigen (NA), α-myosin, thyroid peroxidase (TPO), collagen, claudin 5+6, and S100B. The reaction of this antibody was not as strong with several other antigens ( Figure 1A ). The nucleoprotein antibody showed some overlap in immune cross-reactivity with anti-spike protein antibody. As shown in Figure 1B , nucleoprotein antibody reacted strongly with mitochondria, tTG6, NA, TPO, ENA, TG, actin, and MBP. Similar to spike protein, the nucleoprotein antibody reaction was not as strong with several other antigens as shown in Figure 1A and B. As the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increase from day to day, scientists are learning that the damage caused by this virus can extend well beyond the lungs, where infection can lead to pneumonia and the often fatal condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome [3] . The virus can in fact affect the body from head to toe, including the nervous [4] , cardiovascular [5] , immune [6] , and digestive systems [7] . Is it possible that some of the extensive organ, tissue, and cellular damage done by SARS-CoV-2 is due to viral antigenic mimicry with human tissue? If the answer is yes, then we may face an increase in the rates of autoimmune disease in the future, because any factor that causes chronic inflammation in the body can potentially induce autoimmune disease. Because SARS-CoV-2 attacks the respiratory system first, in a very interesting letter [8] Kanduc and Shoenfeld suggested that because the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and lung surfactant proteins shared 13 out of 24 pentapeptides, the immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2 may lead to cross-reactions with pulmonary surfactant proteins, followed by SARS-CoV-2-associated lung disease [8] . Based on their findings, they warned against the use of the entire SARS-CoV-2 antigens in the vaccines and cautioned that perhaps the use of only unique peptides would be the most effective way to fight the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Very similar suggestions were made by Razim et al., in designing a vaccine against Clostridium difficile [9] . Two sequences, peptide 9 and peptide 10, of C. difficile were recognized not only by the sera of patients with C. difficile infections but also by the sera of patients with autoimmune disease. Razim et al. concluded that before considering a protein as a vaccine antigen, special care should be taken in analyzing the sequence of tissue cross-reactive epitopes in order to avoid possible future side effects [9] . We agree with Razim et al., and we feel that our own findings that 21 out of 50 tissue antigens had moderate to strong reactions with the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are a sufficiently strong indication of cross-reaction between SARS-CoV-2 proteins and a variety of tissue antigens beyond J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof just pulmonary tissue, which could lead to autoimmunity against connective tissue and the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. We live in critical times when the world may be veering towards the very real possibility of requiring immunity certification "passports" earned by prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination before being allowed to travel, or perhaps even to work [10]. At the moment, scientists are frantically trying to develop either a definitive cure, neutralizing antibodies, or a vaccine to protect us from contracting the disease in the first place, and they want it right now. We must consider that finding a vaccine for a disease may normally take Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assay Vaccine-induced autoimmunity: the role of molecular mimicry and immune crossreaction A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin Neurologic complications of coronavirus infections COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection On the molecular determinants of the SARS-CoV-2 attack Epitopes identified in GADPH from Clostridium difficile recognized as common antigens