key: cord-0766205-dgapgivi authors: Liu, Wei; Guan, Wei-Jie; Zhong, Nan-Shan title: Strategies and Advances in Combating COVID-19 in China date: 2020-10-15 journal: Engineering (Beijing) DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.10.003 sha: 446eadb9909fcf9f24ec3db212fe220afabefaf4 doc_id: 766205 cord_uid: dgapgivi Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—the third in a series of coronavirus infections—has caused a global public health event in the 21st century, resulting in substantial global morbidity and mortality. Building on its legacy of managing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), China has played a key role in the scientific community by revealing the viral transmission routes and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and developing novel therapeutic interventions and vaccines. Despite these rapid scientific and technological advances, uncertainties remain in tracing the original sources of infection, determining the routes of transmission and pathogenesis, and addressing the lack of targeted clinical management of COVID-19. Here, we summarize the major COVID-19 research advances in China in order to provide useful information for global pandemic control. [31-34] and causes notable gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain and diarrhea in 20%-50% of 159 patients [35] [36] [37] . Further investigations found that the viral load in feces was markedly higher than that in the 160 respiratory tract between 17 and 28 d after symptom onset, and that RNA fragments-but not infectious virus-were 161 detected in the feces [38] . During an episode of diarrhea, infectious virus could be more readily detected in the feces 162 [37] . Moreover, infectious viruses have also been isolated from urine. Given these findings, appropriate precautions 163 should be taken to avoid fomite transmission. 164 The development of rapid diagnosis is urgently needed during the early stages of an epidemic to enable community-166 based screening and consistent course development monitoring. During the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, 167 diagnosis was based on symptoms and chest radiology. The majority of COVID-19 cases showed bilateral distribution of patchy shadows and ground-glass opacity on CT images. However, 17.9% of non-critically ill patients 169 and 2.9% patients with severe illnesses showed no radiologic abnormality on hospital admission [39] . recommended for the diagnosis of acute infection. However, false-negative results may be problematic, as they can 172 jeopardize the whole community [40] . The fact that a patient who was RT-PCR negative developed clinical symptoms 173 of COVID-19, suggesting that insufficient amounts of viral genome collection for amplification, or mutations in the enrich our understanding of the personal process of viral exposure, particularly in the monitoring of asymptomatic ICU patients, although S-IgG titers were higher in patients with moderate illness. These findings provide hints for 185 prognosis prediction [46] . The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global threat that has resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality 425 and has dramatically disrupted socioeconomic activities. Building on its experience in fighting against SARS and 426 MERS, China has quickly adopted effective measures to curb the surge of cases and ultimately contain the epidemic 427 (as shown in Table 2 ). The principles of early detection, early isolation, early management, and early prevention are 428 the key steps to achieve effective containment of this rapidly spreading global pandemic. 429 Table 2 430 Summary of the advances and interventions contributing to COVID-19 containment in mainland China. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for 440 virus origins and receptor binding The SARS-CoV-2 exerts a distinctive strategy for interacting with the ACE2 human receptor A comparison of COVID-19 Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis 447 and therapies: structural genomics approach Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China Current epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19; a global perspective from China Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in 455 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-457 2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human 459 coronaviruses Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19 Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing 463 cells Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and 467 angiogenesis in COVID-19 The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far COVID-19: immunology and treatment options Longitudinal hematologic and immunologic variations associated with the progression 472 of COVID-19 patients in China Interaction of human ACE2 to membrane-bound SARS-474 CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 S glycoproteins Molecular mechanisms and epidemiology of COVID-19 from an allergist's perspective Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection W. Liu et al. / Engineering 6 (2020) 482 gradient in the respiratory tract Genomic determinants of pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 and other 484 human coronaviruses A novel synonymous mutation of SARS-CoV-2: is this possible to affect their 486 antigenicity and immunogenicity? Could the D614G substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein be associated with 488 higher COVID-19 mortality? Emergence of Drift Variants That May Affect COVID-19 vaccine development and 490 antibody treatment Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes Structural and functional analysis of the CoV-2 spike protein variant Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: 499 implication of multiple shedding routes Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, 507 China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 509 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces of patient with severe COVID-19 Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China False negative tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection-challenges and implications A confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with negative routine reverse transcriptase-517 polymerase chain reaction and virus variation in Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent 519 assays for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Molecular, serological, and biochemical diagnosis and monitoring of 521 COVID-19: IFCC taskforce evaluation of the latest evidence Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with coronavirus 523 disease Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients Antibody responses and clinical outcomes in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-527 19: a post hoc analysis of LOTUS China Trial Development of CRISPR as an antiviral strategy to combat SARS-CoV-529 2 and influenza Rapid and sensitive detection of COVID-19 using CRISPR/Cas12a-based detection 531 with naked eye readout, CRISPR/Cas12a-NER CRISPR-cas systems based molecular diagnostic tool for infectious diseases and 533 emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia Massively multiplexed nucleic acid detection with Cas13. 535 CRISPR-Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Clinical characteristics of pregnant women with COVID-19 in Wuhan More on clinical characteristics of pregnant women with COVID-19 in Wuhan Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: 545 a nationwide analysis Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and death among 32 547 patients with MERS-CoV infection, Saudi Arabia Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients 549 with SARS in the Greater Toronto Area COVID-19 and comorbidities: deleterious impact on infected patients Comorbidity and its impact on patients with Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and risk 555 of COVID-19 Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in COVID-19 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers and the risk of COVID-19. N Engl 559 Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study during 563 the COVID-19 outbreak Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review COVID-19: four fifths of cases are asymptomatic, China figures indicate Characterization of an asymptomatic cohort of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 567 Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected individuals outside of Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild Virus shedding dynamics in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients 571 infected with SARS-CoV-2 Asymptomatic transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for public health strategies Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary 575 of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of 577 critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 Early triage of critically ill COVID-19 patients using deep learning Clinically applicable AI system for accurate diagnosis, quantitative measurements, and 581 prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia using computed tomography Artificial intelligence-enabled rapid diagnosis of patients with COVID-19 Clinically applicable AI system for accurate diagnosis, quantitative measurements, and 585 prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia using computed tomography Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of coagulation 589 dysfunction in COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected 593 antiviral compounds Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel 595 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19 Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of 599 lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in hospitalised non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 601 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-603 controlled, multicentre trial Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19-preliminary 605 report Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin 607 in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the 609 safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 Experimental treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for 615 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and lymphopenia: a randomized clinical trial Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients 617 with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19-preliminary report The WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group. Association between administration of systemic 620 corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on time to clinical improvement in patients 624 with severe and life-threatening COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial Analysis of coagulation parameters in patients with COVID-19 in Dynamic relationship between D-dimer and COVID-19 severity Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus 630 pneumonia Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 632 2019 patients with coagulopathy Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage caused by warfarin after rifampicin 634 discontinuation Heliox reduces respiratory system resistance in respiratory syncytial 636 virus induced respiratory failure A multicenter randomized trial assessing the efficacy of 638 helium/oxygen in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Breathing hydrogen-oxygen mixture decreases inspiratory effort in patients 640 with tracheal stenosis Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas inhalation improves disease severity and 642 dyspnea in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in a recent multicenter, open-label clinical trial National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guidelines for 644 diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia Efficacy and safety of herbal medicine (Lianhuaqingwen) for treating COVID-19: a 648 systematic review and meta-analysis COVID-19: clinical aspects and therapeutics responses Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel 652 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese herb Generation of a broadly useful model for COVID-19 pathogenesis, vaccination, 656 and treatment Effect of Xuebijing injection on inflammatory markers and disease outcome of coronavirus disease W Loss of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in mild Covid-19 Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines Four Chinese COVID-19 vaccines undergoing phase-3 clinical trials Beijing: Centre for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration A universal design of betacoronavirus vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and 667 SARS Rapid development of an inactivated vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and 671 immunogenicity outcomes: interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective 673 immunity Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored 675 COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Bethesda: National Library of Medicine Shenzhen: Chinese Clinical Trail Registry An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-preliminary 681 report Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored 683 COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-686 19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial A single dose of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides protection against 689 SARS-CoV-2 challenge