key: cord-0765087-uwcexr2a
authors: Chattaraj, Dishari; Vijayaraghavan, Arya Parakkate
title: The mobility paradigm in higher education: a phenomenological study on the shift in learning space
date: 2021-08-30
journal: Smart Learn
DOI: 10.1186/s40561-021-00162-x
sha: 0e74addd681f934fe1d378b30e0e36fecb72e429
doc_id: 765087
cord_uid: uwcexr2a

The study, through the framework of mobility and space, explores the phenomenon of multiple shifts in learning spaces induced by COVID-19. The Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA) is adopted to document the experiences and perceptions of learners caught within these spatial shifts—physical, online, and hybrid. Online interviews were conducted with six first-year undergraduate and three first-year postgraduate students enrolled at the department of English and Cultural Studies in a Southern Indian University. Some of the dominant patterns emerging from the accounts of the participants are (1) the changing perception of conducive learning space, (2) the changing perceptions and roles of various classroom actors, and (3) the evolving nature of the learners and the learning process. The study utilizes the framework of mobility to locate the stage of embodied skill acquisition of the participants within the online learning space and illuminates the possibilities offered by this paradigm within the context of higher education. Some of the insights gained through the study include a changing perception of the conventional built classroom space, a notable preference towards a complete online or offline mode as opposed to the hybrid mode, and a transition towards self-directed learning. The study argues that these implications are highly pertinent and can significantly shape the way pedagogues and researchers engage with the various modes of learning—physical, online, and hybrid—and the future of higher education that is shaped by technology-enabled learning.

the focus is on 'mind-training' (Wang & Zheng, 2018) and the development of the 'Cartesian-subject' (Purser, 2018) . However, the advent of the theory of embodied cognition has brought to focus the interconnection among the mind, the body, and the environment where the brain dynamically interacts with the body and the body is embedded in the environment and dynamically interacts with the environment (Wang & Zheng, 2018) . The theory of embodied cognition thus focuses on the spatially situated and interactive nature of the learning (Carvalho & Yeoman, 2018) thereby acknowledging both socio-constructivist (Vygotsky, 1978) and socio-material (Fenwick et al., 2015; Sørensen, 2009 ) nature of learning. Sense, perception, mind-body action, and reaction thus become central to the process of learning thereby bringing the body and the experiences of its spatial occupancy into educational theory and practice (Cox, 2018; Hopwood & Paulson, 2012; Kerka, 2002) . In this theory, learning space is thus perceived to be in interaction with the various forces that shapes and reshapes it thereby elevating the sociological aspect of space as has been understood by social theorist Lefebvre (Harouni, 2013) .

The theory of embodied cognition has complexified how learning can be understood and conceptualized in a virtual or cyberspace that is non-identical to the threedimensional physical space but is rather a mere stimulation of the real space (Galik & Tolnaiova, 2020) . The limited literature available in this area points out that cyberspace is often conceptualized to be a non-space where the learners and the instructors experience a sense of disembodiment (Dreyfus, 2008; Pacheco, 2020) . Further, a handful of studies have argued that there is an extension of embodied selves of the learners, the instructors, and the peers in cyberspace where they face complications and disruptions in the perceived and habitual practices of teaching and learning (Kazan, 2007; Land, 2013) . The experiences of disembodiment or extended embodiment are not much dealt with in the literature related to virtual and hybrid learning spaces that require plenty of spatial adjustments to engage in the process of learning (Goodyear, 2020; Zydney et al., 2019) .

The theory of embodied cognition necessitates the need to understand the roles of the classroom actors i.e. learner, instructor, and peers in the process of learning. The transition of the conventional instructor from being the center of the formal teaching-learning process to a mere facilitator is widely acknowledged in literature (Kahl & Venette, 2010) . Lee and Tan (2018) argue that in a digitalized-global world, the role of the teacher or instructor is that of a 'pedagogical-weaver' who in the classroom weaves the bits and pieces of knowledge provided by the learners. The easy access to knowledge owing to digitality has fostered collaborative peer learning, and the establishment of online and blended learning models have furthered the practice (Altınay, 2017; Peters & Romero, 2019) . Studies show that peer learning leads to the reduction of anxiety and enhancement of motivation among the learners (Cropp, 2017) and enables them to engage in cyclical interactions thereby promoting self-directed learning (Zimmerman, 2008) . Peer learning gained further prominence with online and blended learning modes (Raymond et al., 2016) that necessitated the learners to engage in self-regulated learning (SRL) (Garip et al., 2020; Stephen & Rockinson-Szapkiw, 2021; Zimmerman & Schunk, 2011) .

Studies show that SRL promotes peer interaction and enhances learners' satisfaction in online and blended learning contexts (Lim et al., 2020) . SRL is based on the social cognitive theory that perceives learning to be relational, based on the interactions between the learner (self ), their behavior, and the learning environment. Any change in one of these three factors impacts the other factors thereby impacting the overall experience of learning (Schunk et al. 2008 as cited in Lim et al., 2020) .

The study draws insights from the works of Andre Lefebvre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty to understand space. Beyond the conventional notion of space as a setting, a concrete object, and a container, the study approaches spaces as relational (Merleau-Ponty, 1962) , socially constructed, and lived through experiences and practices (Lefebvre, 1991) . The argument that space and spatial practices are being simultaneously structured and defined by each other (Cresswell, 2004 ) is significant to locate the learning spaces and practices in the context of the pandemic. The mobility paradigm emerging within the purview of spatial studies adds a further dimension to learning spaces in this context. According to Urry (2007) , five modes of mobilities and their complex interconnectedness make social life, and spatial practices possible (Sheller, 2017) . These five modes of mobility involve 1. corporeal travel like the movement induced in the offline context organized in contrasting time and space patterns, 2. physical movement of objects to consumers and people, 3. imaginative travel through images of places and people traversing print, and social media, 4. virtual travel that transcends space, distance, and time through digital mediums, and, 5. communicative travel that involves person-to-person messages via text, smartphones, and other similar technologies.

The phenomenological model of embodied skill acquisition is insightful here to locate and make sense of the changes brought about by mobility within and across learning spaces. Zhu (2018) refers to the five stages of embodied skill acquisition inspired by Dreyfus and Dreyfus's (1999) work. In the first or novice stage, the learners are without experience and try to remember the rules and priorities of a context and situate it within the new context. In the second or advanced beginner stage, the learner begins to develop the basic understanding of performing in the new context that can be further supported by scaffolding activities. A learner in the third or competent performance stage, having gained considerable experience, begins to cope and perform appropriately in a vast number of very different situations. In the fourth or proficient performer stage, given an elaborate experience and history of exposure to varied situations, the learner develops an intuitive behavior and does not anymore rely on reasoned responses. In the final or expert performer stage, the learner displays an immediate intuitive response to the context and exhibits the properties of an experienced expert. The embodied model of skill acquisition, grounded in phenomenology, posits that a form of intuition rooted in the lived experiences leads to the expertise of the learner over a socially co-created situation that can not be reduced to the act of rule-following (Purser, 2018) .

The lived experiences and the interpretations of these experiences are an essential part of making sense of being-in-the-world in the interpretative phenomenological approach (Horrigan-Kelly et al., 2016) . Grounded in the works of Heidegger (1962) , IPA foregrounds the possibility of interpretation of any phenomenon. For Heidegger, the essence Page 5 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 of being-in-the-world is relationally and reciprocally constructed through the interactions among the self, the others, and the objects. This making-sense of being-in-the-world is primarily informed by a critical process of interpretation that enables understanding of every encounter. Further, Meleau-Ponty's (1962) observation foregrounds that space and the experience of embodiment within these spaces become essential to this process of interpretation. Therefore, the phenomenon of spatial shift can significantly influence how learners interpret and make sense of the learning space and learning in the contemporary educational scenario.

The study was conducted in a Southern Indian University that has campuses across India and caters to the higher educational requirements of more than 27,000 students every academic year. As a response measure to the challenges posed by the pandemic COVID-19, the university shifted to Emergency Remote Learning (ERL) (Chattaraj & Vijayaraghavan, 2021; Hodges et al., 2020; Schultz & DeMers, 2020) by adopting a complete-online mode of instruction in the fall semester of 2020. The complete-online classes involved both synchronous and asynchronous modes whereby the learners were expected to join in real-time for contact classes in the synchronous class hours allocated on their timetable and had to engage in individual/peer-group activities assigned by their instructors for their asynchronous learning requirements. The university used various Learning Management Systems (LMS) and video conferencing platforms like Microsoft Teams, Cisco WebEx, and Google Suite. Beside the platforms provided by the university, the learners also initiated peer interactions by forming learning communities and communicating through various social media platforms. With the reduction in the number of COVID-19 cases, the university opted for a hybrid learning mode in the spring semester of 2021 where the learners were provided an option to join classes either online or in physical classrooms. The instructors were mandatorily present in the physical classroom spaces. Similar to the complete-online mode, LMS and video conferencing platforms were primarily used to engage learners joining classes online and the practice of synchronous and asynchronous hours continued in the hybrid mode as well.

As the centrality of the perceptions and experiences, past and present, of occupying various spaces and their impact on learning form the core of the present study, it adopts a qualitative methodology to understand and interpret the learners' experiences and perceptions. More specifically, the study utilizes the interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) that is located within the lived experiences and structured consciousness of humans (McGaha & D'Urso, 2019) and is credited with uncovering phenomena by unraveling the layers of forgetfulness or hiddenness present in the everyday existence (Frechette et al., 2020) . IPA is grounded in phenomenology, symbolic interactionism, hermeneutics, and ideography (Smith & Shinebourne, 2012) . Owing to the nature of the study, the questions used in the semi-structured interviews were kept open-ended and non-directive and were constructed, reviewed, and thoroughly revised (Moustakas, 2011) . The general questions used in the interviews are presented in "Appendix 1".

The study was granted ethical approval by the Ethics Review Board of the host university. First-year undergraduate and postgraduate students, who were on the verge of completing two academic semesters during the pandemic COVID-19, participated in the study. These students had joined online classes in the ERL mode in their first semester of college and experienced a hybrid mode of learning in the second semester. The study invited participants from first-year programs as it was anticipated that their university learning experience would be unique as they were all freshmen and had no prior experiences of occupying the present university space with their peers and instructors. The uniqueness of their situation was further enhanced by their experiences of learning across a varied range of spatial shifts brought upon by the pandemic. Attempts were made to include a representative number of students from both the undergraduate and the postgraduate levels as it was predicted that the way learning space was approached, experienced, and utilized would be influenced by the prior experiences of higher education and disciplinary orientation of the students (Meyer & Land, 2005) . Further, attempts were made to ensure that a representative number of students joining hybrid classes in the online mode and offline mode was maintained.

Six first-year undergraduate students majoring in English Studies and three first-year postgraduate students mastering in English and Cultural Studies volunteered to participate in the study. A total of nine participants were considered ideal for the study as phenomenological studies are expected to have a sample size of four to ten participants (Mastel-Smith & Stanley-Hermanns, 2012) . By the ninth interview, a significant insight into the lived experiences of a fairly homogeneous sample of learners was gathered, and more importantly, both the investigators felt that the experiences reported in the interviews were getting repeated. Thus, the investigators felt that a saturation of data has been reached, and there on decided to deeply examine each individual case based on the tenets of the IPA methodology (Garip et al., 2020) . The demographic characteristics of the participants are provided in "Appendix 2". Information about the level of study, age, gender, religious affiliations, and whether the learner had prior experience of ERL, hybrid learning, and joined hybrid classes online or offline is provided. To maintain the clause of anonymity and protect the participant's identities, the names were replaced with pseudonyms during the process of transcription by the first author.

Pre-interview questionnaires comprising questions on the learners' profile and the informed consent clause were emailed to the participants. Post the participants' response, a mutually convenient time was decided for the individual, in-depth interview where both the research investigators and the individual participants were present. The interviews were conducted and recorded over Google Meet in March and April 2021. The average length of the interviews was 26:01 min. The verbatim transcriptions of the interviews were made before being explicated for the study.

The explication of responses for the present study is inspired by Colaizzi's strategy (Shosha, 2012; Tuffour, 2017) . The interview transcripts were (1) read and re-read several times, (2) notes and comments made individually by the investigators were discussed together, (3) dominant patterns emerging from the interviews were noted and probed further to formulate the meanings, (4) the formulated meanings were sorted into categories, cluster of themes, and sub-themes, (5) attempts were made to establish an interrelationship among the emerging themes, (6) attempts were made to describe and evaluate the fundamentals of the phenomenon in question, and (7) attempts were made to keep the meaning and essence of the recorded experiences.

The principles of sensitivity to context, commitment and rigor, transparency and coherence, and impact and importance were adhered throughout the study process to add rigor to the study and address the concerns of validity and reliability (Yardley 2000 as cited in Garip et al., 2020) . The criteria of trustworthiness were promoted and maintained in the study by adhering to the notions of credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability (Long & Johnson, 2000; Villa et al., 2018) . Trustworthiness was ensured through a (1) prolonged engagement of the researchers with the study, (2) conducting multiple interviews and making notes, (3) preserving the confidentiality and privacy of the participants, and (4) by member checking and triangulation (Villa et al., 2018; Vogl et al., 2019) . The research investigators ensured that they were responsive, adaptive to the situation, and sensitive to the participants. The investigators ensured that the questions were rigorously probed and the responses paraphrased in real-time to ensure validity and reliability of the study (Murray & Holmes, 2014) . Furthermore, IPA being a double-hermeneutic process, reliability was ensured in this study by building consensus between the researchers through exhaustive discussions and deliberations over a period of time (Rodham et al., 2015) . Sensitivity towards context was maintained throughout the study and can be observed in the verbatim quotes from the participants provided in the result section of this study. This not only ensured that the participants' voices were well represented but also enables the readers to trace the interpretations and findings of the study (Spiers et al., 2016) . The strategy of Comprehensive Triangulation by Denzin was adopted for the study (Flick, 2018) . This ensured that the study contained investigators' triangulation whereby both the researchers in this study not only collaborated in the process of analysis but were also present during the interviews to minimize biases coming from an individual researcher. Theoretical triangulation was ensured by incorporating theories from the fields of sociology, psychology, and education to understand the complex phenomenon of multiple spatial shifts. Methodological triangulation within the method was ensured through conducting interviews using the IPA approach and analysing the conversations. These triangulation strategies adopted in the study further ensured a systematic triangulation of learners' perspectives. 

The interviews revealed that the phenomenon of multiple spatial shifts that occurred in the span of one year of the pandemic COVID-19 has significantly altered how learners perceive and experience learning. Some of the dominant patterns emerging from the experiences of the various spatial shifts are (1) the changing perception of conducive learning space, (2) the changing perceptions and roles of the various classroom actors, and (3) the evolving nature of the learners and the learning process. These patterns are further discussed below.

Given the experiences of learning across various spaces-physical, online, and hybridthe participants' accounts reveal that their perceptions of the various spaces were constructed through a relational experience of learning across these spaces. The accounts documented are discussed below.

The mobility of the learners across various spaces has brought in a heightened sense of value, largely based on the memory of corporeal and visual learning experiences in the conventional, offline classroom space as is reflected in the following accounts. 

The perceptions of online learning space are constructed in relation to the memories and experiences of the offline classroom space. Some of the positive aspects of the online learning space as opposed to the offline classroom space as reflected in the following accounts are freedom, flexibility, and adaptability. 

Post the experiences of learning online for a span of more than one semester, interestingly, some of the participants also reported an immediate sense of alienation with the physical classroom space, as is observed in the following accounts. Here, the participants' accounts reveal that the perception of the learning space is relationally constructed through the memory and comparison of experiences across online space induced by the pandemic and the return to the offline formal classroom space. The absoluteness associated with the offline classroom space as the sole conducive learning space seems to gradually evolve.

There is a general sense of preference towards complete-offline space and completeonline space as compared to the hybrid learning space. The accounts reveal that the hybrid space is perceived through a sense of being 'in-between' . 

The sense of being 'in-between' that characterizes the experience of the hybrid mode is further heightened by the sense of neglect experienced by the learners attending the hybrid mode via online, as reflected in the following accounts. 

Some of the significant observations emerging from the accounts are (1) the perception of conducive learning space is relationally constructed through the experiences of learning, occupancy, and performances across various learning spaces, and (2) there is also a general preference towards a complete-online or a complete-offline mode of learning than a hybrid mode. Most often, this dissatisfaction in hybrid mode largely emerges from the experience of being in neither the online nor the offline spaces completely. Further, there is a gradual acceptance towards complete-online learning mode thereby the absoluteness associated with the conventional built classroom space as the sole conducive space is changing.

Page 11 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 Changing perceptions of actors across learning space

The learners' perception of conducive learning space is largely shaped by the presence of certain actors based on the notion of the conventional built classroom spaces. The multiple spatial shifts however have impacted the mode in which these actors and learning spaces are perceived.

The accounts reveal a larger sense of freedom in the online mode mostly associated with the lack of corporeal presence of various actors, specifically the instructor who is conventionally understood to be in charge of the learning process. However, the sense of freedom is also coupled with a sense of intimidation, and alienation-exhilaration that arise from experiences of interactions enabled by technological mediums. These changing experiences of learning and the perception of learning spaces, and actors, informed by the spatial shifts, can be observed in the accounts below.

The mixed sense of 'freedom' , 'elevation' , 'non-familiarity' , 'intimidation' , and 'alienation' expressed by the participants are dominantly shaped by the experiences of disembodiment of the 'self ' and the 'other' actors in the online spaces. However, the learners also mention certain strategies adopted by them to cope with these challenges. These strategies are discussed as the next dominant pattern (pattern 3) in the paper. Despite the challenges, the accounts reveal a greater sense of acceptance of the complete-online mode as compared to that of the hybrid mode.

The experiences of hybrid learning are fraught with challenges in terms of equal access to synchronous classes by online and offline learners. The online learners attending the hybrid mode reported an experience of neglect informed by a sense of (1) not being a 'real' or 'actual' student, (2) being concurrently present in two different spaces, and (3) disinterest and withdrawal from participation in learning activities. Some of the accounts that reflect these observations are presented below. The sense of in-betweenness and disembodiment become the dominant challenges related to the technologically-enhanced hybrid learning spaces. While the sense of disembodiment associated with various actors in the online space is a persistent trait, the learners also associate a sense of freedom and flexibility emerging from the lack of corporeal presence of the classroom actors, especially instructors. However, the hybrid space seems to adversely impact the learning process considering the inequitable access to resources and actors in synchronous learning. The changing perception of learning space and actors induced by the shift also seems to have impacted the existing learning practices as is discussed in the next pattern.

The nature of contemporary learners is significantly shaped by the constant interactions with digital technologies. However, the phenomenon of multiple spatial shifts across various learning spaces has made this interaction with digital technologies an integral part of the learning context and process.

A general sense of comfort towards online learning spaces can be observed in the accounts provided below.

The good thing about online classes was that it was extremely flexible and inde- The sense of comfort noted in the accounts emerges from a sense of familiarity of learning in a complete-online space for an entire semester. Furthermore, this sense of comfort can also be traced back to the adaptable nature of learners to new learning spaces, specifically the complete-online learning mode.

The self-awareness displayed by the learners can be traced to awareness of (1) the new skills they have acquired in the process, (2) the enhanced proficiency in accessing online learning resources, and (3) their process of learning, as reflected in the accounts below.

So, one of the very interesting habits that all of us have acquired, not all of us but like some of us have acquired, is that, like, when we are in lectures we take notes, usually. But if those lectures are recorded, we can go back to them and get notes, again, or we can go back to them and understand them again… And also, when it was online, it was a lot of internet-based, And not a lot of article-based, not the concept of book and pen… Online mode is really technologically advanced… (prepandemic) I used to just study in an enclosed room, just me. I used to read out stuff, and as I said, I repeated stuff aloud. But in the online mode, it was easy to interact with people, and so it was new for me to get more opinions and interpretations of the texts that we are reading. So it was like a collaboration of a lot of minds. (Babik) I've learned to use all these different platforms and different libraries, I didn't even know that there were different libraries existing. So I accessed a lot of articles... I know how much time I ideally take to read which I did not know before (pre-pandemic) because I used to just do it as per the text but now, I know that okay, I at least need like 2 hours to read it twice, and then I need two-three hours for extra research. So I figured that out. (Savi) It was necessary to have peers in the online mode… A student can learn individually in offline mode, but he cannot learn online individually so groups are kind of necessary. (Deep) When it was online I felt that it was more necessary that I interacted with more people in class. Offline you go to a group, you fit yourself into that group, and all you do is you talk to them. But in the online mode because of the ease of communication or whatever you don't have to approach them face to face. For some Page 14 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 reason, the engagement was more, I mean I talked to a lot of people but it's different from making friends, but still I had to interact with a lot of people when it comes to learning a subject, or how they understood it and all. (Vahin)

The accounts reveal that there is a significant shift towards self-directed learning. While the learners display a great deal of awareness about their learning process, they also demonstrate an enhanced awareness about the role and contribution of their peers in their learning process.

The experience of pandemic and the various shifts emerging within the context has resulted in an enhanced need for peer learning and a conscious effort from the learners to build communities that become a common platform to share anxieties, and support, motivate, and help each other academically and otherwise, as reflected in the accounts.

It's all because of the difficulties that have been imposed on us by the pandemic, individualistic learning was more possible during pre-pandemic times but now that we are all imposed by challenges, the only source of help that we have is each other. We rely on each other, take each other's support and help to get through these times. (Adya) If we start our first day as an offline student, it is much different from the friendships that I made as an online student, because as everyone is feeling the heat of this pandemic and this online education more, every student, every one of my friends is actually ready to give any kind of help, and I am also willing to give any kind of help that might be. So I believe that there is a very strong bond that has been virtually made over this network in this online scenario… People are more like yeah you text me if anything you need. There is a friendship since everyone is equal in an online scenario. We do feel that she is having a problem, he's having a problem, and I am having a problem. So I am easily able to empathize with my entire class. (Nigel) . During this assignment, one of my group-mates was not really comfortable, even to unmute herself because every time she unmuted, there were some background noises that involved her family, and she was quite embarrassed by it. So we told her "you can keep yourself mute, and you can only type in the comment section if you have to", and that actually gave her a lot of space to be confident, and finally there came a time when she was comfortable unmuting herself and being a participant. (Stuti) The accounts display that within the online mode, there is a natural tendency among the participants to depend on their peers as opposed to that of the offline mode. If the conventional offline space enhanced interactions with peers primarily based on personal equations, the online space seems to promote interactions and community building based on knowledge sharing and acquisition. Further, the challenges imposed by the pandemic also become a means to build a community based on the values of empathy, compassion, and shared needs of learning, emerging from the context of being in a crisis together.

Page 15 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 Learners' perception of the future of higher education

Emerging from the experiences of mobility across and within various learning spacesphysical, online, and hybrid-the learners also report a certain level of awareness of the changes in the domain of higher education. Some of the accounts below reflect these changes noted by the learners.

..so we lose, we are very well losing that factor so the pen and paper goes out, and the device sets in as an agent for communication, you are not going to give verbally, everything in a classroom so probably a WhatsApp text or a Google Classroom announcement is what people are looking for. The problem is that in five to ten years we probably will lose the offline classes method because online seems convenient because we see platforms ( The accounts reveal a certain sense of awareness among the learners about the implications of a shift to online/hybrid mode on the future of education. There is a general sense of acknowledgment that the mobility across and within various learning spaces has opened up the possibility of higher educational institutes to explore new learning spaces besides the conventionally built classroom spaces. However, it is important to note that there are mixed feelings about the implications of these shifts. While a few of Page 16 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 the learners display an acceptance towards learning in both offline and online modes, and also note the economic benefits for both educational institutions and their stakeholders, they are also conscious to point out the gender and social disparities that such a shift entails.

The patterns emerging from the phenomenological study reveal that the phenomenon of spatial shifts has informed the perception of conducive learning space, the roles of classroom actors, the nature of learners, and the process of learning. If conventionally, the built classroom space was imagined as the desirable space of learning (Ellis & Goodyear, 2016) , the movement across spaces, especially online, has complexified this perception. Some of the participants who associated a sense of 'alienation, and 'scariness' with the offline built classroom spaces, post the experience of learning in the online space for more than one semester, provide insights into this complexity. The gradual change in perception of conducive learning space noted here emerges from a relational construction of the learning space owing to the experiences of learning across various spacesphysical, online, and hybrid-induced by the shifts (Cresswell, 2004; Merleu-Ponty, 1962; Urry, 2007) . The experiences and spatial practices associated with the spaces, as pointed out in Fig. 1 , also shape the notion and perception of these learning spaces. If the offline space is perceived as embodied and monitored, the technology-enabled space is shaped by a sense of disembodiment and freedom marked by the corporeal absence of the self and the classroom actors. The absence of corporeality associated with various actors is further complexified by the experiences of mobility within the technology-enabled spaces.

As is indicated in Figs. 2 and 3 ., learning in the virtual/online space is enabled through imaginative, communicative, and virtual travel than the corporeal and imaginative travel associated with the offline spaces (Urry, 2007) . In the technology-enabled space, like the online space, the learners negotiate imaginative, communicative, and virtual travel through changes in spatial practices. The changing spatial practices of learning include interacting with instructors and peers through technological and digital mediums, Fig. 1 The experiences of the learning spaces Page 17 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 surfing through online learning resources, and the non-adherence to formal classroom etiquettes. The hybrid space that simultaneously allows all the modes of travel (Urry, 2007) is associated with a sense of neglect emerging from the corporeal presence of certain participants and the virtual presence of certain others. Further, the sense of inbetweenness associated with the hybrid space emerges from simultaneously being present in both the virtual and the physical classroom space and therefore having to adopt spatial practices that are disorienting and confusing for the learners. The hybrid learning space is imagined within the popular conviction as an inclusive and blended space that Page 18 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 brings together the best practices of both the online and the offline mode (Deshmukh, 2021; Kaufman et al., 2021) , as is represented in Fig. 4 . However, the observations emerging from the present phenomenological study indicate that the learners experience a sense of in-betweenness in the hybrid mode. The sense of in-betweenness emerges from the sense of being concurrently present in both the offline and the online space/mode and having to adapt to specific spatial practices informed by these spaces. Such an experience, evidently, disorients and confuses the learners thereby significantly challenging the notion that the hybrid mode is a blend of the best practices as specified above. Figure 5 represents the experience of the hybrid space that is marked by ambiguity and confusion emerging from the inability to locate the self within one particular space and therefore not being able to get a concrete sense of the space and the spatial practices.

The changing nature of the learners and the evolving skills related to learning is also highly influenced by the spatial and mobility practices informed by the shifts. The conventional built spaces shaped the nature and acquisition of skills based on the embodiment of the learner within the spaces of learning (Carvalho & Yeoman, 2018; Cox, 2018; Hopwood & Paulson, 2012; Kerka, 2002; Wang & Zheng, 2018) . For instance, the act of note-taking that involved an unconscious use of pen and paper was considered an integral part of learning practices in the classroom spaces. However, the shift to technology-enabled learning has resulted in the learners reporting a loss of these skills emerging from the interaction with digital mediums and the availability of recorded lectures. This can further be located in the learner-initiated changes towards self-directed learning enabled through digital literacy and knowledge-based community building (Garip et al., 2020; Lim et al., 2020; Stephen Fig. 4 Hybrid learning space as a blended and inclusive space Page 19 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 & Rockinson-Szapkiw, 2021; Zimmerman & Schunk, 2011) . If the conventional built spaces were dominated by the centrality of the teacher-instructor, the online learning spaces seem to have foregrounded the significance of knowledge-based communities, peeIpl2uae#r interactions (Altınay, 2017; Peters & Romero, 2019) , and the role of the instructor as a 'pedagogical-weaver' (Lee & Tan, 2018) . One of the significant changes that the mobility paradigm has brought to focus on is the possibility to locate the learners within the stages of the embodied skill acquisition model (Purser, 2018; Zhu, 2018) . Considering the changing nature of learners and their awareness of their learning process and requirements as reported in the study, the learners seem to be at the competent performance stage wherein the learners have gained considerable experience in the technology-enabled online learning space and are able to perform within the changing scenarios and spaces of learning (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1999) . However, the same observation cannot be made about the shift to hybrid learning space. The experiences of multiple spatial shifts in learning spaces, while, have made the learners conscious of their learning process, it has also made them aware of the possibilities of changes in higher education. The learners' perception of the future of higher education aligns with the discussions and debates that indicate a transition towards a digitally enhanced higher educational system (Bonfield et al., 2020; Deshmukh, 2021) . The experiences of learning across novel learning spaces have made the learners showcase a greater sense of acceptance towards complete-online mode alongside learning in the conventional built spaces. However, the learners also seem to be conscious of the digital divide that could be brought about by this imminent transition in higher education (Neuwirth et al., 2020) .

Page 20 of 24 Chattaraj and Vijayaraghavan Smart Learn. Environ. (2021) 8:15 Conclusion As technology-enabled learning becomes the new normal, investigations on spatial shifts, located within the mobility paradigm and spatial practices, become significant to make sense of the experiences of learners and the process of learning. Some of the observations that are pertinent to the field of higher education, emerging from the present phenomenological study, are 1. the change in perception associated with conventional built classroom space as the sole conducive learning space, 2. the dissatisfaction with the hybrid mode of learning and a preference towards a complete-online and completeoffline modes, and 3. a notable movement towards self-directed learning and building of knowledge-based communities through peer learning practices. The findings of the study thereby necessitate a need to revisit the way in which pedagogues and researchers have so far engaged with the various modes of learning-physical, online, and hybridemerging from the context of the pandemic COVID-19. The potential offered by the spatial practices and mobility paradigm within the context of higher education is immense and can open up new inroads to make sense of learning and education in contemporary times. If the pre-pandemic learning spaces and practices were primarily dominated by corporeal travel, the pandemic-induced learning context and spaces are contingent and uneven with multiple practices of mobility and immobility. While the present study explores certain aspects of this mobility in terms of shifts across spaces and travel within the learning spaces, this paradigm seeks further in-depth engagements considering the complexities associated with mobility. Further, the experience of embodiment and disembodiment documented in this study to trace the stage of embodied skill acquisition among the learners also opens up possibilities to shape the model based on the changing nature of formal learning spaces. With the shift to online/ virtual spaces, such an argument is relevant considering the fact that the technologyenabled learning spaces are shaped by the experiences of disembodiment and extended embodiment.

While the phenomenological study allows the possibility for an in-depth engagement with the phenomenon of spatial shift, the number of participants involved can be considered as a limitation. Though the nature of the topic engaged requires such an intervention, further explorations from a varied range of learning contexts are necessary to analyze and validate the patterns that emerged and the observations made in the present study. The study illuminates the potential of the mobility paradigm and argues that an in-depth engagement with mobility and space is crucial to trace the transition in the field of higher education emerging from COVID-19.

If online, describe your experience of attending hybrid classes

If offline, where do you live? Describe your experience of hybrid class

Describe your previous experience of attending online classes during pandemic

How was your experience? Describe any challenges you faced and steps you took to mitigate them

How is this hybrid learning experience different from the previous online learning experience? 10. How is this hybrid learning experience different from the previous offline learning experience before pandemic?

Do you feel that in the hybrid mode you occupy various spaces? 15. Do you think shifting to offline/online learning in the form of hybrid classes has impacted your overall learning experience? Why?

What is your idea of a good learning space? 19. Can you describe the learning spot and tell us why you chose that spot? 20. Are there any external factors that disrupt your learning experience in hybrid? 21. Can you tell us some of the things which you miss about your online learning space? Do you want to share any particular incident from your recent experiences? 22. Do you feel that now that you're back, your learning is more organized? If so

Transformation or evolution? Education 4.0, teaching and learning in the digital age

Framing learning entanglement in innovative learning spaces: Connecting theory, design and practice

Why learning space matters: A script approach to the phenomena of learning in the emergency remote learning scenario

Space and embodiment in informal learning

Place: A short introduction

Using peer mentoring to reduce mathematical anxiety

Speculations on the post-pandemic university campus-Aglobal inquiry

The challenge of Meleau-Ponty's phenomenology of embodiment for cognitive science. Perspectives on embodiment: The intersection of nature and culture

On the internet

Models of learning space: Integrating research on space, place and learning in higher education

Emerging approaches to educational research: Tracing the socio-material

An introduction to qualitative research

Capturing lived experience: Methodological considerations for interpretive phenomenological inquiry

Cyberspace as a new existential dimension of man

Learners' perceptions and experiences of studying psychology online

Design and co-configuration for hybrid learning: Theorising the practices of learning space design

Making moves: Theorizations of education and mobility

Lived-in room: Classroom space as teacher

Being and time

The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning

Bodies in narratives of doctoral students' learning and experience

Understanding the key tenets of Heidegger's philosophy for interpretive phenomenological research

Disrupted classes, undisrupted learning during COVID-19 outbreak in China: Application of open educational practices and resources

To lecture or let go: A comparative analysis of student speech outlines from teachercentered and learner-centered classrooms

Factors associated with initial public school reopening plans during the US COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study

Braving the body: Embodiment and (cyber-) texts. Brave new classrooms: Democratic education and the Internet

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Embodiment and risk in cyberspace education

The new roles for twenty-first-century teachers: Facilitator, knowledge broker, and pedagogical weaver

The production of space

Self-regulated learning as a mediator in the relationship between peer learning and online learning satisfaction: A study of a private university in Malaysia

Rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative research

Higher education under threat: China, Malaysia, and the UK respond to the COVID-19 pandemic

It's like we're grasping at anything" caregivers' education needs and preferred learning methods

A non-traditional validation tool: Using cultural domain analysis for interpretive phenomenology

The phenomenology of perception (trans. Colin Smith.)

Threshold concepts and troublesome knowledge (2): Epistemological considerations and a conceptual framework for teaching and learning

Research design and methodology

COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy

Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) and the ethics of body and place: Critical methodological reflections

Reimagining higher education during and post-COVID-19: Challenges and opportunities

The "new normal" in education

Lifelong learning ecologies in online higher education: Students' engagement in the continuum between formal and informal learning

Getting it into the body': Understanding skill acquisition through Merleau-Ponty and the embodied practice of dance

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on higher education and research

Peer learning a pedagogical approach to enhance online learning: A qualitative exploration

Exploring analytical trustworthiness and the process of reaching consensus in interpretative phenomenological analysis: Lost in transcription

Transitioning from emergency remote learning to deep online learning experiences in geography education

From spatial turn to mobilities turn

Employment of Colaizzi's strategy in descriptive phenomenology: A reflection of a researcher

Interpretative phenomenological analysis

The materiality of learning: Technology and knowledge in educational practice

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A high-impact practice for online students: The use of a first-semester seminar course to promote self-regulation, self-direction, online learning self-efficacy

A critical overview of interpretive phenomenological analysis: A contemporary qualitative research approach

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Triangulating perspectives: Ontology and epistemology in the analysis of qualitative multiple perspective interviews

Socio-Cultural Theory

Embodied cognition and curriculum construction

An embodied cognition perspective on translation education: Philosophy and pedagogy

Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects

Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance

Here or there instruction: Lessons learned in implementing innovative approaches to blended synchronous learning

The authors would like to thank the ethics committee of the host university for granting permission for the study and the participants for voluntarily taking part in the study.

1. How do you perceive a classroom space? 2. What is your idea of a hybrid class? 3. Do you attend the class online or offline? Tell us why you chose what you chose. 4. How do you generally learn? Do you prefer learning alone or together with friends?How did hybrid experience impact your preferred approach to learning? 

Both the authors were equally involved in conceptualizing, conducting, and writing the study. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The study did not receive any funding from any organization.

All the transcripts of this qualitative, phenomenological study can be made available on request.

The work has been exempted from review by the host university's ethics committee (Research Conduct and Ethics Committee) and a certificate for the same can be made available.

Not required.

There are no competing interests for the study.Received: 27 May 2021 Accepted: 16 August 2021