key: cord-0764456-u013ft62
authors: Emadi, Seyed-Naser; Abtahi-Naeini, Bahareh
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and dermatologists: Potential biological hazards of laser surgery in epidemic area()()()
date: 2020-07-15
journal: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110598
sha: 31b065cd0b6e019e2f0781542a1521bf328a6c27
doc_id: 764456
cord_uid: u013ft62

nan

Respiratory droplets and contact transmission are most important routes of transmission of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19), but do not fully account for the occurrence of all COVID-19 and there is other potential rout of transmission include aerosol transmission, body fluid routes and oral-fecal transmission (Phan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Zuo et al., 2020) .

Although the role of aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is not exactly clear, recent study focused on potential transmission of COVID-19 via aerosolization of particle of virus especially in closed environment in long time or in condition with high concentration of virus particle (Zuo et al., 2020) . Also viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in anal swabs and in blood samples of infected patients (Zhang et al., 2020) .

Aerosols are liquid and solid particles suspended in the air. An aerosol with a diameter of 5 μm or less can remain airborne for a long period of time and enter the respiratory system (Zuo et al., 2020) . While most of the danger of lasers surgery in dermatology comes from the beam itself include direct eye injury, there are certain non-beam hazards include flammability, electrical hazards and airborne contaminants (Ravishankar et al., 2019) .

Airborne contaminants are associated with only certain wavelengths and applications of laser. It has demonstrated thermal disruption of viable human cells results in the release of carbon particles, virus, bacteria, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and toxic gases. These hazardous particulates are found in all surgical plume, regardless of the energy source and in all types of surgical procedures except using lowpower lasers (Ravishankar et al., 2019) . It means that aerosolized blood, blood borne pathogens and pathogen finds in the blood or other secretion can forcefully ejected when the cell disrupts, and become airborne. This organic materials released from human tissue during vaporization, including human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) as well as potentially other biologic particles (Sarnoff et al., 2018; Bargman, 2010) .

Regarding the outbreaks of COVID-19, in area with sustained community transmission, special consideration on laser safety with focus on potential biological hazards of moderate and high-power laser surgery is needed to reduce potential risks of laser airborne contaminants that provide more laser safety profiles and it is preferred that elective laser procedures postponed. Some of these special safety consideration include:

☑ Postpone laser therapy after outbreak of COVID-19 if it is only for cosmetic purpose. ☑ Serious prep and drep before and after laser (to reduce and remove the particle as much as possible). ☑ Sterilized laser hand pieces effectively before and after use. ☑ Frequent proper hand-washing, especially after direct contact with instrument. ☑ Wearing goggles and gloves. ☑ Use high-filtration media masks only while dry (filtration media stops working when the mask gets damp from breathing). ☑ Use plume evacuation systems with filters that remove particulates to 0.1 μm known as an ULPA (ultra low particulate air) filter. ☑ Place all used materials in biohazard bags.

Laser safety guidelines

Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia

Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel Coronavirus in Vietnam

Implementing laser safety standards in the outpatient Academic dermatology clinic: a quality improvement based study. Laser Surg

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

T press. Sarnoff, D., Gotkin, H., Doerfler, B., Gustafson, J., Hanke, C.W., 2018