key: cord-0746129-1nbwprpb
authors: Klein, Sebastian J.; Mayerhöfer, Timo; Fries, Dietmar; Preuß Hernández, Christian; Joannidis, Michael
title: Elevated HbA1c remains a predominant finding in severe COVID-19 and may be associated with increased mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation
date: 2021-08-19
journal: Crit Care
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03730-2
sha: 9e878a8b38ef1d42269d25b2d5474f722561b59d
doc_id: 746129
cord_uid: 1nbwprpb

nan

We have previously reported unusually high rates of elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with COVID-19 admitted to an ICU between March 11 and April 29, 2020 [1] . Since then, our Tyrolean multicenter COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit Registry (Tyrol-CoV-ICU-Reg) [2] has considerably increased, surpassing 500 patients. To re-evaluate our previously reported findings, we included 306 additional patients in this analysis, who were admitted between April 30, 2020 and May 31, 2021, for whom an admission HbA1c was available. Details of our registry have been reported before [2] .

Admission HbA1c was now available in 350 patients. We were able to confirm our finding that HbA1c was elevated (i.e., HbA1c ≥ 5.7%) in most patients (85.1%). However, only 31.7% had a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) or prediabetes (Table 1) . Median HbA1c at admission was significantly higher in patients with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and a history of DM than without history of DM (Mann-Whitney U p < 0.001). Furthermore, a weak correlation for HbA1c and BMI could be established (Pearson R = 0.27, p < 0.001).

There was a trend toward longer duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients with higher HbA1c, albeit non-significant. In patients with history of DM, a tendency toward increased mortality associated with elevated HbA1c was observed, but the groups differed considerably in size (Table 1) . When comparing patients with an HbA1c ≥ 6.5% requiring IMV to the rest of our cohort, ICU (40.8% vs. 21.5%; Χ 2 p = 0.001) and hospital mortality (42.1% vs. 24.8%; Χ 2 p = 0.005) were significantly increased.

In a multivariate logistic regression model including HbA1c, history of DM and IMV, odds ratios (ORs) for hospital death were higher for patients with elevated HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. However, this effect seems to be mainly driven by IMV. A significant association with hospital mortality was shown for treatment with IMV, age and SAPS III score ( Table 2 ).

In this follow-up analysis, including 306 additional cases, we were able to confirm our previous findings [1] of an extremely high incidence of elevated HbA1c in critically ill COVID-19 patients. While other pre-admission comorbidities (e.g., arterial hypertension) were more Open Access common than DM, chronic dysglycemia as defined by an HbA1c ≥ 5.7% was the predominant factor in our cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients. We still did not find a strong association between elevated HbA1c and ICU/ hospital mortality, but in the subgroup of patients requiring mechanical ventilation, mortality was significantly increased in patients with HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. This is in line with other cohorts of COVID-19 patients, showing that admission blood glucose may be a more relevant predictor for mortality than HbA1c [3] . Admission blood glucose may be interpreted as a biomarker of systemic inflammation on admission, whereas HbA1c represents a marker of glucose control of the past three months [4, 5] . Unfortunately, blood glucose measurements during ICU admission were not recorded in our registry. Furthermore, follow-up of reported patients would be necessary to confirm diagnosis of previously unrecognized diabetes mellitus by admission HbA1c. We also have to acknowledge a potential selection bias for patients in whom HbA1c was measured. BMI has recently been reported as an important risk factor for severe COVID-19 [3] . Though we could establish a weak correlation between BMI and HbA1c, we want to emphasize that prediabetes/and diabetes may exist independently and thus remain an independent risk factor for ICU admission in COVID-19. A possible explanation may be a pathological inflammatory response in diabetic patients [6] . When exposed to an additional inflammatory stimulus, such as mechanical ventilation on top of COVID-19, outcome may be impaired. This finding warrants further research in terms of risk stratification at ICU admission.

Unrecognized diabetes in critically ill COVID-19 patients

Structured ICU resource management in a pandemic is associated with favorable outcome in critically ill COVID19 patients

Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORO-NADO study

Risk phenotypes of diabetes and association with COVID-19 severity and death: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia

Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes

COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes

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Authors' contributions SJK, TM and MJ collected data and wrote the manuscript. DF, CPH, and the collaborators collected data for this study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding for this study was provided by the Tyrolean Government.

No data are publicly available at this time.

Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical University Innsbruck (# 1099/2020). Informed consent or post hoc informed consent was obtained.

Not applicable-manuscript contains no individual patient data.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.