key: cord-0742833-s0dqu3kw
authors: Mishra, Archana; Shaik, Haq Abdul; Sinha, Rakesh Kumar; Shah, Bakht Ramin
title: Andrographolide: A Herbal-Chemosynthetic Approach for Enhancing Immunity, Combating Viral Infections, and Its Implication on Human Health
date: 2021-11-21
journal: Molecules
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227036
sha: d62763c54b7cdad97d734b44a69cd80bd160ef55
doc_id: 742833
cord_uid: s0dqu3kw

Plants consistently synthesize and accumulate medically valuable secondary metabolites which can be isolated and clinically tested under in vitro conditions. An advancement with such important phytochemical production has been recognized and utilized as herbal drugs. Bioactive andrographolide (AGL; C(20)H(30)O(5)) isolated from Andrographis paniculate (AP) (Kalmegh) is a diterpenoid lactones having multifunctional medicinal properties including anti-manic, anti-inflammatory, liver, and lung protective. AGL is known for its immunostimulant activity against a variety of microbial infections thereby, regulating classical and alternative macrophage activation, Ag-specific antibody production during immune disorder therapy. In vitro studies with AGL found it to be effective against multiple tumors, neuronal disorders, diabetes, pneumonia, fibrosis, and other diverse therapeutic misadventures. Generally, virus-based diseases like ZIKA, influenza A virus subtype (H1NI), Ebola (EBOV), Dengue (DENV), and coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics have greatly increased scientific interest and demands to develop more effective and economical immunomodulating drugs with minimal side effects. Trials and in vitro pharmacological studies with AGL and medicinally beneficial herbs might contribute to benefit the human population without using chemical-based synthetic drugs. In this review, we have discussed the possible role of AGL as a promising herbal-chemo remedy during human diseases, viral infections and as an immunity booster.

Andrographis paniculata (AP) a therapeutic herb, has been discovered and practiced as an effective herbal immuno-drug in traditional medicine systems to cure several health disorders worldwide [1] . Various scientific research has been conducted on the molecular and biochemical aspects of AP to improve the biosynthesis of its active ingredients i.e., andrographolide (AGL) [2] . The strong effects of AGL alike toxins, insecticides interfering with molting hormone pools-controlled insect pests thereby saving food crops with global economic benefit [3] [4] [5] . A decade of proliferating scientific research with AGL based on the active components established its multifarious pharmacological effect as an anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammation [6, 7] . Till today the role of AP and AGL in human health has been explored and a long list of acute and chronic illnesses like infertility, diarrhea, ischemia, pyrogenesis rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, upper respiratory tract infection, fever, hepatic and neural toxicity, cancer, etc., [8, 9] signifies its role with relieving treatment history. Apart from many beneficial effects, AGL (in excess) may have harmful effects, but several scientific studies already focusing on such issues provided adequate data that it is still relatively safe. One such study with mice showed that a single oral AGL administration at a very high dose (2000 mg/kg) was not found to induce mortality despite altering the total body and organ weight, while no inflammatory responses and changes in hematological parameters were recorded [10] . It is also possible to administer AGL inside the cell using a carrier to further test its efficacy in cell culture and possibly to detect direct effects as mentioned in Sinha et al. [11] where the TaRKD-TALE protein was delivered in wheat microspores using a cell-penetrating peptide and expression regulation of microspore embryogenesis associated genes were monitored. This provides a reason for AGL to become a new scientific focus for researchers who intend to investigate its beneficial role in multiple diseases (mild, acute, and chronic) prevention, suppression, and therapy.

The therapeutic effect of AGL was tested by experimental and clinical research, which proved effective in overcoming microbial infections. Hua et al. [12] . showed that AGL inhibits the growth of C. trachomatis bacteria which cause sexually transmitted disease and protects tissue from inflammation and damage. It significantly reduced the secretion of IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8 and interferon-γ-induced protein 10 being produced by the C. trachomatis infected host cells. Likewise, other researchers have also shown the inhibitory and suppressive effects of AGL on viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [13] , herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) [13, 14] , hepatitis B (HBV) [15] , hepatitis C (HCV) [16] , and influenza virus [17] . Similarly, AGL was shown to be effective as an anti-viral agent against the Zika virus [18] and Chikungunya [19] . AGL has been used in large amounts to boost up immunity during viral outbreaks worldwide including the Indian dengue outbreak in 2006, where it was proved effective with a decrease in (+ve) cases and infection. The hypothesis was supported by the sequential in vitro studies through quantification of Dengue (DENV) inhibition being induced by AGL application [20] . Similarly, Ramalingam et al. [21] applied maximum nontoxic AGL dose and showed most of the antiviral inhibitory effects with DENV 1-4-infected Vero cells. Recently, Li et al. [18] evaluated the anti-viral activity of AGL against the Zika (ZIKV) and Dengue (DENV) viruses and confirmed their potential to be developed as an anti-ZIKV, anti-DENV herbal agents. Moreover, Kaushik et al. [22] used in vitro and in silico studies to characterize the isolated compounds from AGL with its active anti-dengue property against DENV-2.

Focusing on COVID-19, in silico study of Enmozhi et al. [23] , Sharma et al. [24] , proved that AGL functioned as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. It also showed to have better inhibitory properties of proteases than other proposed inhibitors [25, 26] . In various other examples, AGL and its derivatives have been used to successfully treat pediatric pneumonia and upper respiratory infections. While its combined application with other anti-inflammatory agents decreased the production of pro-inflammatory factors and cytokine secretion resulting in curative effects on upper respiratory tract infections [7] . AGL promoting the body's immunity to achieve its curative effect against respiratory inflammation and Shigella dysenteriae is also well documented [27] . With such background in the present review, we aim to focus on the recent updates and the broad-spectrum effectiveness of AGL concerning human health specifically communicable diseases, microbial infections, immunity enhancement to fight against the viruses like COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. While the future prospective of AGL and its components as an effective chemo-herbal drug will also be discussed.

In an immunocompromised patient, AGL intake plays a very important role by primarily initiating the immune response via modulating their complimentary system, granulocytes, and macrophages, which is useful in overcoming various diseases and infections ( Figure 1 ).

In an immunocompromised patient, AGL intake plays a very important role by primarily initiating the immune response via modulating their complimentary system, granulocytes, and macrophages, which is useful in overcoming various diseases and infections ( Figure 1 ).

Possible role of Andrographis paniculate (AP) in medicine and human diseases. The disease prevention using andrographolide (AGL) is the combined effects of its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-pyrogenic, and immunomodulatory properties. *SC = synthetic compound.

It enhances the production of naturally occurring killer cells and stimulates the secretion of several cytokines and chemokines, which are released during disease progression [28] . Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) identified as a target protein of AGL when bound together inhibited its GTPase activity, preventing neuronal damage and excessive mitochondrial fission during Parkinson's disease [29] . Today studies targeting diseasespecific molecular markers regulation using AGL need attention; e.g., Cordon-bleu protein like-1 (COBLL1) serves as a molecular marker for the patient's overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and its AGL-induced possible modulation might benefit CLL therapy [30] . The cytotoxic property of AGL against many cancerous cell lines was linked to its structural identity containing α-alkylidene γ-butyrolactone moiety and three hydroxyls at C-3, C-19, and C-14. It was found to upregulate HLJ1 proteins, which are known to suppress tumor cells, induce hepatocellular cancer cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and ROS-mediated cell death in HepG2 cell lines (hepatocellular carcinoma) [31] . Whereas inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation and induction of caspase-independent cell death was also reported.

In carcinogenic cells, AGL regulates the epidermal growth factors, transferrin, and interferes with the nuclear factor-κB binding to neutrophilic DNA [32] , thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis [8] . Among several properties of AGL, anti-inflammation targeting the expression inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene in monocyte cells activated by α-tumor necrosis factor is of great importance. Chen et al. [33] showed that the inflammatory response was associated with the decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) which induced intercellular adhesion mole- It enhances the production of naturally occurring killer cells and stimulates the secretion of several cytokines and chemokines, which are released during disease progression [28] . Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) identified as a target protein of AGL when bound together inhibited its GTPase activity, preventing neuronal damage and excessive mitochondrial fission during Parkinson's disease [29] . Today studies targeting diseasespecific molecular markers regulation using AGL need attention; e.g., Cordon-bleu protein like-1 (COBLL1) serves as a molecular marker for the patient's overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and its AGL-induced possible modulation might benefit CLL therapy [30] . The cytotoxic property of AGL against many cancerous cell lines was linked to its structural identity containing α-alkylidene γ-butyrolactone moiety and three hydroxyls at C-3, C-19, and C-14. It was found to upregulate HLJ1 proteins, which are known to suppress tumor cells, induce hepatocellular cancer cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and ROS-mediated cell death in HepG2 cell lines (hepatocellular carcinoma) [31] . Whereas inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation and induction of caspase-independent cell death was also reported.

In carcinogenic cells, AGL regulates the epidermal growth factors, transferrin, and interferes with the nuclear factor-κB binding to neutrophilic DNA [32] , thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis [8] . Among several properties of AGL, anti-inflammation targeting the expression inhibition of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene in monocyte cells activated by α-tumor necrosis factor is of great importance. Chen et al. [33] showed that the inflammatory response was associated with the decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) which induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and adhesion of HL-60 cells into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). AGL can modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses by regulating macrophage phenotypic polarization and Ag-specific antibody production where MAPK and P13K play an important role in macrophage activation and polarization. Such alteration through AGL can be achieved in different ways including the modulation of mRNA of inflammatory M1 macrophages, phenotypic alteration, functional alteration, and inducing the expression of alternative macrophages. This can cause a change in the expression of genes related to interleukins (IL4) and (IL13) which are involved in the macrophages metabolic pathways ( Figure 2 ). The modulation of IL4 and IL13 not only affects macrophage but also ultimately affects the surrounding cells and tissues and thereby influencing the host defense and immunity. In the pathways, AGL can increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and inhibit the RIP2/Caspase-1/NF-jB [34] . Andrographolide application significantly reduced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) symptoms in mice by impeding T-cell and antibody responses directed to myelin antigens ( Figure 2 ). Results suggested that AGL can block T-cell activation in vitro and might be useful in the modulation of detrimental T-cell responses [35] .

thelial cells (HUVEC). AGL can modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses by regulating macrophage phenotypic polarization and Ag-specific antibody production where MAPK and P13K play an important role in macrophage activation and polarization. Such alteration through AGL can be achieved in different ways including the modulation of mRNA of inflammatory M1 macrophages, phenotypic alteration, functional alteration, and inducing the expression of alternative macrophages. This can cause a change in the expression of genes related to interleukins (IL4) and (IL13) which are involved in the macrophages metabolic pathways ( Figure 2 ). The modulation of IL4 and IL13 not only affects macrophage but also ultimately affects the surrounding cells and tissues and thereby influencing the host defense and immunity. In the pathways, AGL can increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and inhibit the RIP2/Caspase-1/NF-jB [34] . Andrographolide application significantly reduced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) symptoms in mice by impeding T-cell and antibody responses directed to myelin antigens ( Figure 2 ). Results suggested that AGL can block T-cell activation in vitro and might be useful in the modulation of detrimental T-cell responses [35] . Exploring the beneficial effect of AGL on diabetes considering its worldwide propagation has always been of key priority. Diabetes-oriented research study showed that AGL scavenges the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces the phenotypes of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in high glucose cultured MES-13 cells by intracellularly regulating the signal transduction pathway. Zhang et al. [36] showed that the application of AGL prevented the development of diabetes in autoimmune diabetic mice via strengthening its immune tolerance. Recently, a very interesting study by Su et al. [37] stated that AGL lowered the glucose effect via strengthening the function of the intestinal barrier, increased the A. muciniphila microbial species and prevented diabetes-type 2 (T2D). Studies with mice model helped explore AGL regulated glucose mechanism enormously [38] . Exploring the beneficial effect of AGL on diabetes considering its worldwide propagation has always been of key priority. Diabetes-oriented research study showed that AGL scavenges the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces the phenotypes of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in high glucose cultured MES-13 cells by intracellularly regulating the signal transduction pathway. Zhang et al. [36] showed that the application of AGL prevented the development of diabetes in autoimmune diabetic mice via strengthening its immune tolerance. Recently, a very interesting study by Su et al. [37] stated that AGL lowered the glucose effect via strengthening the function of the intestinal barrier, increased the A. muciniphila microbial species and prevented diabetes-type 2 (T2D). Studies with mice model helped explore AGL regulated glucose mechanism enormously [38] .

With the advancement of therapeutic technologies, AGL nanoparticles (ANPs) are being in limelight today with their extraordinary adaptability, compatibility, bioavailability, and surprising loading capacity of the drugs. Undergoing constant modifications in their generation they were found to possess hepato-protective, anti-bacterial anti-malarial (antiplasmodial), and anti-viral properties [39, 40] . The increased anticancer efficiency of ANPs was found by Roy et al. [41] in mice model MCF-7 cells bearing experimentally induced Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Sanati et al. [42] reported successful inhibition of neuroblastoma and cervical cancer cells by nano-encapsulation of the rich extracts of AGL. Further, AGLloaded solid lipid nanoparticles inhibited head and neck cancer [43] . Andrographolide-loaded nanocochleates were assessed for their physiochemical properties to be used as an oral delivery alternative for clinical trials in cancer therapy [44] . In addition, AGL nanoparticles were also tested and established to protect against cigarette smoking-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [45] . It controlled aggressive asthma, where the pulmonary administration was reported to be more effective than oral administration [46] . Therefore, abovementioned functional prospects of AGL and its nanoparticles could be a boon to modern therapeutic practice with the possibility to participate in being a future herbal-chemo drug.

Andrographolide sulfonate (Andro-S) one of the derivatives of AGL is used in the treatments of inflammation-related diseases, however, Andro-S is effective in reducing acute lung injury (ALI). It was analyzed using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach and by immunohistochemistry analysis [26] . The bioinformatic analysis of Gao et al. [26] revealed the inhibitory effects of Andro-S on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI using potential targets as neutrophil elastase (ELANE), cathepsin G (CTSG), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and other three neutrophil-derived proteases. In this study, they assumed that the possible mechanism was by attenuating the expression of neutrophilderived proteases, which may play a crucial role in the recovery of ALI. Such studies support a similar protective effect of Andro-S in reducing the ALI effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) known to primarily target the respiratory tract.

Recent pandemics with SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 accelerated studies targeting human immunity and defense against constantly emerging novel viruses. The severity of such pandemic accelerated grant funds from the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Union (EU), various governmental and research organizations supporting scientific research to develop effective drugs and vaccines capable of reducing worldwide infections and fatalities (October 2021, 4.96 M).

Development of new experimental methodologies is also in progress, where Chen et al. [47] constructed and validated SARS-CoV-2 drug target protein microarray and hypothesized it as a useful tool for pharmacological study. Khanit et al. [48] demonstrated AGL-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity using Calu-3-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 plaque assay, where the effectiveness of AGL in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 cells of lung epithelial tissues was determined and AGL application significantly inhibited the production of infectious virions (0.034 µM; IC50-0.036 µg/mL). Researchers also advanced using molecular modeling and docking tool focusing on modulation of the immune system by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 virus interaction with cellular receptors and thereover blocking NFKB1 and TNF pathway and restricting the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm responsible for the organ damage and mortality [49] . One such study showed that AGL exhibits binding affinity toward spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor and therefore should be functionally explored as a therapeutic, prophylactic agent for restricting viral and host cell interactions [50] . Interestingly, Shi et al. [51] reported inhibition of main 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV-2 proteases by covalent linkage with the application of AGL and its fluorescent derivatives.

With the background of 3D complex structure, SARS-CoV-2 S protein ectodomain binding to human ACE2 peptidase domain focusing on ACE2 inhibitors showed that AGL induced ACE2 receptor inhibition and its binding with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 [52] . While Alazmi and Motwalli [53] proposed two natural origin S protein inhibitors (AGL and Pterostilbene) displaying better ACE-2 receptor and SARS-CoV-2 S protein binding potential thereon proving its beneficial property in attenuating the viral outbreaks. Further, Rajagopal et al. [54] through in silico approach explored the binding modes of AGL with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Li et al. [55] using network bioinformatics analysis based on clinical knowledge prioritized AGL (among 30 candidates) as a potentially effective COVID-19 repurposable drug. Interestingly, Zhang et al. [56] in his clinical trial showed that injection with Xiyanping (XYP), a Chinese herbal compound (composed of 9-dehydro-17-hydro-andrographolide and sodium 9-dehydro-17-hydro-andrographolide-19-yl sulfate) improves and recovers COVID-19 patients having mild and moderate symptoms. Today, advancement with the laboratory and pharmacological studies focusing on AGL as a herbal bio-active compound has accelerated huge verified data with scientific outputs establishing its potential immune protective role in combating such viral outbreaks.

Bioengineering of active phyto-molecules and their components for human health benefits are the most emerging concept in the development of a herbal-chemo drug. Purposefully, the core structure of AGL was targeted and modified at various parts with emerging trends i.e., new structural features fitted to the receptors, the substitution of metabolically active compounds i.e., lipoic acid increasing the ability of the designed analog to reach the targets and induce selective biological activities thus, acting as pro-drugs. These modified analogs and derivatives were further in vitro tested for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of viral infections having mentioned below.

AGL and its constituents has been intensively investigated and established for antiviral activities against multiple viruses causing diseases including COVID viruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and flaviviruses [57] [58] [59] . 14-DDA, the most prominent analog of AGL was found to be active against several viral infections [60, 61] . With modifications at C-3 by substituting OH to NOH and amides, a higher therapeutic index (TI) with moderate activity was recorded in comparison to the parent compound. 13,14-dihydroandrographolide alteration with g-lactone to N-methyl-g-lactam was highly effective against HIV, giving almost half activity of AGL with twice increase in the TI. Interestingly, the potency was found to be lost with the removal of N-methyl on the g-lactam. Whereas the best tested analog for anti-HIV activity was 3,19-di (acetoxy-benzyl)-isoandrographolide having TI more than 51 [62] .

Many other constituents of AGL were found to be effective as an anti-viral and in prevention of the pre-infection like 12 and 14-acetylandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11, 14-acetyl-3,19-isopropylidenyl andrographolide, and 3,14,19-triacetyl andrographolide etc., [63, 64] . Some of the AGL analogs and its derivatives with their activity level (CC 50 , EC 50 , SI/TI) on selective cell lines against the target viruses are shown in Table 1 . Values with (±) represents the mean ± SD of three determinations. CC 50 represents the minimum cytotoxic concentration that caused the reduction of viable cells by 50-80%. EC 50 represents the minimum inhibitory concentration that reduced the cytopathic effect by 50%.

The corresponding oxime of 3-keto derivative, andrographolic acid amide derivatives, and 12-ester of 12-hydroxy-14-deoxy-13,14-dehydroandrographolide were tested against HIV with positive results [69] . Some modified analogs like 14-a-Lipoylandrographolide were effective against H9N2, H5N1, and HINI influenza as it inhibited viral adsorption into red blood cells by blocking cellular receptor bindings and interfering with viral haemagglutinin [17] . Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was successfully treated with the esterified derivative of 14-DDA at C-19 with pyridinecarboxylic acid or 2-thiophenic and furoic acid by inhibiting DNA replication, HBsAg and HBeAg antigens [15] . During the anti-influenza virus study against H3N2, the benzyl amino derivative, 19-dihydroxyl-17-(N-benzylamino)-7, 13-ent-labdadien-15, 16-olide showed the greatest potency being 1.5-fold more potent than the parent AGL [69] . When tested for anti-HBV activity with the structure-activity relationship the conjugated double bonds between C-11 and C-14 or C-12 and C-15, heterocyclic aromatic moieties and the free -OH was highly effective [15] . Genes and proteins responsible for viral replications were found to be influenced by 3,19-isopropylidenyl andrographolide, which is probably due to the structural similarity with an anti-DNA replication compound 1,3-dioxolane [70] . Esterification of 11,12-didehydroandrographolide with succinic acid improved the activity against hepatitis C and H5N1 infections [71] . Today, AGL and its constituents are tremendously examined and getting established as semi-synthetic antiviral compounds with potential therapeutic effects.

The future of advanced pharmacological research should be confined to designing herbal supplemented synthetic chemo-therapeutic agents, which may prove not only immunosuppressive but also be combo-safe and can enhance molecular bioavailability and efficacy for better therapeutic outputs. Therefore, the identification of drug targets for AGL and its bioengineered components are of prime interest. Moreover, drug determination in biological samples is crucial to determine safer dose limits during effective drug development and discovery. Today the methods of separation, quantitative estimation of andrographolide (AGL) from a various herbal, complex mixture, and biological sources are established using spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence, electroanalytical and chromatography techniques [72] and being helpful in accurate detection and determination of its functional impact ( Table 2) . 3.91 ng/mL (LOQ) [92] Human plasma determination of four major active diterpenoids from A. paniculata Gradient: water (A) acetonitrile(B) 0.5 mL/min, Kinetex column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 2.6 µm) 2.50 ng/mL (LOQ) [93] Several pharma companies used herbal substances (e.g., curcuma, asafoetida, AGL) for drug product development, manufacturing, and executing the clinical trial development for various formulations. In this regard many Chinese formulas containing AP, AGL have been developed and patented as medicines with various formulations and drug dosages against the active viruses (www.cnki.net, accessed on 20 November 2021). Moreover, modulation of the immune response of these combo's (herbal-synthetic agents) and their interaction with specific receptors and cellular components are being actively studied, monitored, and the data reveal the addition of their beneficial application [94] . Drugs like Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Captopril, Nafamostat in combination with AGL constituents are established to have a good antiviral activity targeting ACE-2 receptor and spike protein complex, RdRp, PL pro , 3CL pro , N-protein RNA-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 [95] [96] [97] [98] .

AGL with its therapeutic potential proves to be the most fitted herbal-chemo drug candidate having most of the therapeutic indices in various disease treatments. Previously, Basak et al. [99] , showed the role of a new combination of drugs using the AGL-derived natural product "Restomune" in HIV management. Restomune, a natural product was approved by Health Protection Branch (HPB), Govt. of Canada (DIN 00774448) for the relief of colic/gastrointestinal gas disorder. The case report says that in some HIV cases Restomune as an alternative medicine boosted up the immune system by restricting the HIV reproduction and in combination with multiple RT-inhibitor such as AZT (Zidovudine or Retrovir from Glaxo Wellcome) or DDI (Didanosine, Videx from Bristol-Meyers Squibb), antioxidants, vitamins, which are much affective in the modulation of CD4 (+) T lymphocytes by viruses and finally preventing oxidative stress organ damage. It was also reported to promote CD4 (+) T-cell growth, which may compensate for the loss of CD4 (+) T cells at the time of fatal viral infection. In addition, the drug Restomune was also tested with a combination of other HIV-specific drugs and resulted in the rapid recovery of CD4 (+) T-cell counts. This combo-drug Restomune acts as an immune drug and significantly reduces and enhances the immune system and SARS-CoV-2 [94, 96] . Additionally, the examples of AP-based drugs and their active principles being successfully marketed are listed in Table 3 . These combo multitargeted drugs benefit human health by relieving seasonal cold, fever, strengthening immunity, liver ailment, respiratory support, cardiovascular support, etc. 

In general, this review summarizes the therapeutic role of andrographolide (AGL) in boosting human immunity and treating diseases. The protective role of this multitarget bioactive herbal compound has long been established for treating microbial infections, fatal diseases like cancer, diabetes, acute respiratory tract infections, etc. AGL's bioengineered analogs and derivatives with improved solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic index (TI) is constantly synthesized and scrutinized providing directions for future therapeutic benefits. During the current global COVID-19 pandemic a lot of AGL-based productive research is on the go, yet a lot awaits to be explored at its target molecules having immune-modulatory and anti-viral properties which is crucial for drug designing. Sensitive technological advancements in AGL quantification methods from various commercial and biological sources may serve as the key factor in the effective dose assessment during drug development and disease therapy. This review article proposes that AGL and its constituents have a future for combo herbal-synthetic drug and may facilitate the pharmaceutical industry to design, validate, and produce AGL-based synthetic drugs targeting biological pathways for multiple therapeutic choices thereby increasing vitality and immunity. 

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its major constituent Andrographolide as potential antiviral agents

Andrographolide and Its derivatives: Current Achievements and future perspectives

Computational Investigation on phytochemicals to evaluate their potency against SARS-CoV-2 in Comparison to known antiviral compounds in drug trials

Activity of andrographolide and its derivatives on HPV16 pseudovirus infection and viral Oncogene expression in cervical carcinoma cells

Combination of System biology to probe the anti-viral activity of andrographolide and its derivative against COVID-19

Modifications of Andrographolide to increase some biological activities: A patent review

Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian)

Stage of Action of naturally occurring andrographolides and Their semisynthetic analogues against herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro

Synthesis and Biological evaluation of andrographolide Derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents

Anti-HIV Activity of semisynthetic Derivatives of andrographolide and computational study of HIV-1 gp120 protein binding

Synthesis and discovery of andrographolide derivatives against zika virus infection

Synergistic effects of acyclovir and 3, 19-Isopropylideneandrographolide on herpes simplex virus wild types and drug-resistant strains

The Semi-synthesis of novel andrographolide analogues and Anti-Influenza Virus activity evaluation of their derivatives

Andrographolide prevents EV-D68 replication by inhibiting the acidification of virus-containing endocytic vesicles

14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza A(H5N1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity

Andrographolide: A review of analytical methods

Development and validation of analytical method for determination of andrographolide in Bulk powder

Spectrophotometric determination of andrographolides in Andrographis Paniculata nees and its formulation

Employment of ATR-FTIR and HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of andrographolide

A Validated Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method for quantification of total lactones in inula racemosa and andrographis paniculata

A novel flow-injection chemiluminescence method for determination of andrographolide in andrographis tablets

A Green method using a micellar system for determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in human plasma

Novel electroanalyical method for the determination of andrographolide from andrographis paniculata extract and urine samples

Simultaneous determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in andrographis paniculata and Chinese medicinal preparations by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

Determination of andrographolide, deoxyandrographolide and neoandrographolide in the Chinese herb andrographis paniculata by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Separation of andrographolide and neoandrographolide from the leaves of andrographis Paniculata using high-speed counter-current chromatography

High-performance thin layer chromatography method for estimation of andrographolide in herbal extract and polyherbal formulations

Development and validation of HPTLC method to detect curcumin and gallic acid in polyherbal microencapsulated formulation

Stability-indicating TLC-image analysis method for determination of andrographolide in bulk drug and andrographis paniculata formulations

Validation of a simple HPLC-UV method for the quantification of andrographolide in self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (Snedds) for dissolution study

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of andrographolide, phyllanthin, and hypophyllanthin from herbal hepatoprotective formulation

Validated RP-HPLC method for the quantification of andrographolide in toxiroak premix, a polyherbal mycotoxin inhibitor

HPLC Determination of Andrographolide in Rat Whole Blood: Study on the pharmacokinetics of andrographolide incorporated in liposomes and tablets

Chromatogram profiles of andrographolide in A23187-induced New Zealand rabbit's urine and faeces

Rapid quantitative analysis of multi-components in andrographis paniculata using UPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS: Application to soil sodicity and organic farming

Pharmacokinetic analysis and tissue distribution of andrographolide in rat by a validated LC-MS/MS method

A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of four major active diterpenoids from andrographis paniculata in human plasma and its application to a pilot study

Traditional herbal medicine candidates as complementary treatments for COVID-19: A review of their mechanisms, pros and cons

) wall. ex nees, andrographolide, and andrographolide analogues as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals? A rapid review

Comparison of clinically approved molecules on SARS-CoV-2 drug target proteins: A molecular docking study

Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2

Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods

A new combination drugs using andrographolide derived natural prod-559 uct restomune for management of HIV. Case Rep