key: cord-0738204-4bco5udc
authors: Allam, Mushal; Ismail, Arshad; Khumalo, Zamantungwa T. H.; Kwenda, Stanford; van Heusden, Peter; Cloete, Ruben; Wibmer, Constantinos Kurt; Mtshali, Phillip Senzo; Mnyameni, Florah; Mohale, Thabo; Subramoney, Kathleen; Walaza, Sibongile; Ngubane, Wendy; Govender, Nevashan; Motaze, Nkengafac V.; Bhiman, Jinal N.
title: Genome Sequencing of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Isolate Obtained from a South African Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019
date: 2020-07-02
journal: Microbiol Resour Announc
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00572-20
sha: 37d874fa9fa8d44032bcad0874f1a05ab44ae9f3
doc_id: 738204
cord_uid: 4bco5udc

As a contribution to the global efforts to track and trace the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, here we present the sequence, phylogenetic analysis, and modeling of nonsynonymous mutations for a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome that was detected in a South African patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

C oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Betacoronavirus (1), is spreading rapidly in South Africa (https:// sacoronavirus.co.za/), the rest of the African continent (https://africacdc.org/covid-19/), and the world (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019). We report here a complete genome sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 isolate obtained from a South African patient who had returned to South Africa after traveling to Italy.

Combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected, and total nucleic acid extraction was performed using the MagNA Pure 96 DNA and viral nucleic acid (NA) small-volume kit (Roche, Switzerland) as described by the manufacturer to confirm the presence of SARS-CoV-2 using the TIB Molbiol LightMix Sarbeco E-gene real-time PCR assay (2) . Ethical clearance was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee at University of the Witwatersand, Johannesburg, South Africa (protocol number M160667).

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing libraries were prepared from the viral RNA extracted from the samples. Total RNA quantity and integrity were assessed using a Qubit RNA assay kit (Invitrogen, USA) and a 4200 TapeStation instrument (Agilent Technologies, Germany). Host rRNA depletion was performed using a NEBNext rRNA depletion kit (New England Biolabs, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Approximately 2 g RNA was used for cDNA synthesis using a Maxima H minus double-stranded cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) primed with random hexamers. The paired-end libraries were prepared using the Nextera DNA Flex library preparation kit, followed by 2 ϫ 300-bp sequencing on a MiSeq system (Illumina, USA).

The obtained metagenomic sequences (9,406,678 reads) were quality trimmed (Q Ͼ 20) using Trim Galore v0.6.5 (https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/ trim_galore/), and subsequently, FastQ Screen v0.14.0 (https://www.bioinformatics .babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastq_screen/) was used to filter out human and PhiX reads based on prebuilt Bowtie2 indexes for the human reference genome (GRCh38; ftp://ftp.ccb.jhu.edu/pub/data/bowtie_indexes/) and PhiX NCBI reference sequences (GenBank accession number NC_001422.1). To generate the consensus sequence, the remaining reads (23,489 reads) were then mapped to the complete genome of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession number MN908947.3) using CLC Genomics Workbench v20. The complete genome size was 29,903 bp with a GC content of 38.00%. To identify the variants, the consensus sequence was combined with a collection of 965 SARS-CoV-2 genomes downloaded from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) (3), and a multiple sequence alignment was generated using MAFFT v7.042 (4) . From an initial list of 74 variants, 6 were confirmed by the evidence from mapped reads and retained. The average depth of coverage over the genome was 10 reads per fragment as determined by SAMtools v1.9 (5). Regions of high coverage (greater than 5 reads) were identified using covtobed v1.1.0 (6), and the resultant Browser Extensible Data (BED) file from covtobed was used to produce an interval tree (in Python), and the interval tree, in turn, was used to mask out variants in low-coverage regions (7) . This masking confirmed that the 6 previously mentioned high-quality variants were located within the 76% of the genome that was covered by reads to a depth of greater than 5 reads and where the allele frequency for the variant allele was Ͼ60% (Table 1) . The variants at 13,620 bp and 21,595 bp were not found in any other SARS-CoV-2 genome that was present in GISAID at the time that this report was drafted (1 April 2020). The impact of the spike protein D614G variant (Fig. 1A ) and the P322L variant on the nsp12 protein (Fig. 1B) were predicted by the DUET Web server (8) to have slightly destabilizing and stabilizing effects, respectively. Neither the receptor binding domain of the spike protein nor the points of contact between the nsp12 and the putative SARS-CoV-2 cofactors nsp7 and nsp8 were impacted by these variants, leading to the assumption that, overall, the variants will not have a substantial effect on protein structure or function. All tools were run with default parameters unless otherwise indicated. Data availability. This sequence has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number MT324062 and at the GISAID EpiCoV under the identifier EPI_ISL_417186. The accession numbers for the Illumina MiSeq sequence raw reads in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) are PRJNA624358 (BioProject), SRR11524818 and SRR11524819 (SRA), and SAMN14574670 and SAMN14574671 (BioSample).

We thank the SA-COVID-19 response team at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa, and the National Department of Health, South Africa. Special thanks go to Sandile Tshabalala, the head of the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, and his team for facilitating sample collection.

Work at SANBI-UWC was supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (64751 to Alan Christoffels, South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Capacity Development Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa) and the South African Medical Research Council.

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Detection of a novel human coronavirus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction

GISAID: global initiative on sharing all influenza data-from vision to reality

MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: improvements in performance and usability

The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools

covtobed: a simple and fast tool to extract coverage tracks from BAM files

Jupyter Notebooks: a publishing format for reproducible computational workflows

DUET: a server for predicting effects of mutations on protein stability using an integrated computational approach

SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes