key: cord-0737569-35bt29we
authors: Kuliukas, Lesley; Hauck, Yvonne; Sweet, Linda; Vasilevski, Vidanka; Homer, Caroline; Wynter, Karen; Wilson, Alyce; Szabo, Rebecca; Bradfield, Zoe
title: A Cross Sectional Study of Midwifery Students’ Experiences of COVID-19: Uncertainty and Expendability
date: 2021-02-09
journal: Nurse Educ Pract
DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.102988
sha: 003bb67952423a80571fd7f10b4ca9705384c4f7
doc_id: 737569
cord_uid: 35bt29we

The impact of COVID-19 on midwifery students is anticipated to be multi-faceted. Our aim was to explore Australian midwifery students’ experiences of providing maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a cross-sectional study 147 students were recruited through social media. Data were collected through an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Surveys were analysed using descriptive statistics; interviews and open text responses were interpreted through qualitative analysis. Findings revealed students found communication from hospitals and universities to be confusing, inconsistent and they relied on mass media and each other to remain updated. Moving to online learning and being isolated from peers made learning difficult. During clinical placements, students felt expendable in terms of their value and contribution, reflected in essential equipment such as personal protective equipment not always being available to them. Witnessing perceived compromised midwifery care increased students’ emotional burden, while personal household responsibilities and financial concerns were problematic. One silver lining witnessed was women’s appreciation of an improved ‘babymoon’, with fewer visitors, allowing uninterrupted time to establish breastfeeding and connection with their baby. Findings may guide management of midwifery education during future pandemics or health crises for universities and hospitals..

were collected through an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Surveys were analysed using descriptive statistics; interviews and open text responses were interpreted through qualitative analysis. Findings revealed students found communication from hospitals and universities to be confusing, inconsistent and they relied on mass media and each other to remain updated. Moving to online learning and being isolated from peers made learning difficult. During clinical placements, students felt expendable in terms of their value and contribution, reflected in essential equipment such as personal protective equipment not always being available to them.

Witnessing perceived compromised midwifery care increased students' emotional burden, while personal household responsibilities and financial concerns were problematic. One silver lining witnessed was women's appreciation of an improved 'babymoon', with fewer visitors, allowing uninterrupted time to establish breastfeeding and connection with their baby. Findings may guide management of midwifery education during future pandemics or health crises for universities and hospitals.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged from Wuhan City, China in December 2019 (Dotters-Katz and Hughes, 2020) and rapidly spread around the world. Lives have been greatly impacted by health and economic outcomes (Das et al., 2020) , with healthcare workers (HCW) being particularly vulnerable because of longer working hours, the risk of exposure, concern about infecting family, and shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) (Pfefferbaum and North, 2020) . Reports of a sense of danger and uncertainty amongst HCW have demonstrated a negative emotional impact (Xiang et al., 2020) ; in addition a lack of support from employers has been reported to have further increased anxiety .

Enrolment in entry to practice midwifery programs is recognised as stressful with the demands of study and clinical expectations being challenging to some midwifery students (Eaves and Payne, 2019) , with the main stressors being clinical, academic, and financial issues (McCarthy et al., 2018) . All three stressors could be exacerbated in the context of COVID-19, with students possibly being required to find capacity to deal with additional concerns. All Australian courses are approved by the Australian Nurses and Midwives Accreditation Council (ANMAC) to meet accreditation standards (ANMAC, 2014) . These standards require that students meet a minimum number of clinical practice experiences including 100 antenatal and 100 postnatal episodes of care, 40 labour and birth experiences and 20 neonatal assessments. Students must also complete their continuity of care experiences (CCE) over the duration of the course, by following and providing care for at least ten women across their whole childbirth continuum, providing the opportunity for students to fully engage in the woman: midwife partnership. Understanding the value of this relationship and the level of midwifery care it provides, gives students insight to the benefits of models of continuity of midwifery care.

The effect of COVID-19 on the student-woman relationship, known to be of significant value for students , and the women they care for (Jefford et al., 2018) , must be considered. Students invest much time and emotion into the women they partner with during their CCE which facilitates understanding of a woman-centred philosophy (Tierney et al., 2017) . The relationship and identification with women may render students vulnerable to increased concern and intensified emotions in traumatic situations that impact the women they care for (Davies and Coldridge, 2015) , including women being adversely affected by the COVID-19 situation (Cameron et al., 2020) .

Although the impact of COVID-19 has been explored with nursing students (Savitsky et al., 2020; Hayter and Jackson, 2020) , no research has examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on midwifery students. Addressing this knowledge gap is important to understand the effects of a global pandemic and better prepare for similar major disruptions to student education and practice, for a future in which pandemics are "increasing and… inevitable" (Dodds, 2019, p. 31) .

The aim of the study was to explore midwifery students' experiences of providing maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.

A cross sectional design incorporating an online survey and a qualitative interview component was chosen to provide insight and understanding (Woolley, 2009) into the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic on midwifery students in Australia. Using quantitative and qualitative research methods provided the opportunity to comprehensively understand the phenomenon under study (Polit and Beck, 2014) , with data from both statistical information and in-depth description (Halcomb and Hickman, 2015) . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Current midwifery students across Australia, who had provided care during the COVID-19 pandemic were invited to participate through social media (Facebook) to complete an online survey between May 13, 2020 and June 24, 2020 and share experiences through an individual interview. Ethical approval was obtained by Curtin University (HRE2020-0210) with reciprocal approval issued through Deakin University (2020-175) and The University of Melbourne.

Participants were current students from midwifery courses leading to registration across Australia, which comprise undergraduate Bachelor (Midwifery or dual degree Midwifery and Nursing) or postgraduate (Graduate Diploma or Master) options, and range in duration from 12 months to 4 years. All Australian courses are approved by the Australian Nurses and Midwives Accreditation Council (ANMAC) to meet accreditation standards (ANMAC, 2014) . In addition to the requirements that students fulfil of the individual experiences (as above), students complete a specified number of clinical placement hours and a matched number of theoretical hours, individualised to each course.

An online survey was designed for students to record their demographic details and individual experiences with a total of 35 question items (see Table 1 .) Responses to the questions were collected through Likert scales, yes/no or open-ended responses. The development of the survey was an iterative process whereby the research team (with expertise in midwifery education and tool development) discussed and refined the questions over several meetings and then piloted the final version to check for clarity and understanding with two students and five educators outside of the team. The online survey was advertised through social media with links provided directly to the survey and the participant information sheet. Submitting the online survey was considered implied consent. Was there anxiety about the (potential) impact of COVID-19 on the wellbeing of the fetuses/ neonates? 5. Were changes to the way maternity care is/was delivered at the health service during COVID-19 satisfactory? 6. Were professional expectations of providing maternity care during COVID-19 met? 7. Were timely and clear answers to questions about the impact of COVID-19 on women and their families being provided in a timely fashion? 8. Did social distancing measures required due to COVID-19 cause any feelings of isolation from women and their families? 9. Was there satisfaction with the quality of care provided to women and their partners during COVID-19? 10. Did the health service manage the risk of COVID-19 well? 11. Compared with expectations, did some care experiences with women turn out better than they might have during COVID-19? 12. Which 3 words best describe experiences of providing maternity care during the COVID-19 pandemic? 13. Please add any further comments that you would like to share about your experiences of providing maternity care during the COVID-19 Pandemic. One statement within the survey invited students to indicate interest in participating in an interview. All twelve students who expressed interest were sent an information sheet outlining the need for a study during the rapid changes to healthcare provision during COVID-19, to gain understanding of the impact and provide information on how to manage future health crises.

Students who stated they understood the information and agreed to be were 'met' by teleconference software or telephone. Semi-structured audio-recorded interviews were J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f conducted with consent by experienced midwifery academics unknown to students. Interview times ranged from 15 to 45 minutes, and began with the opening question: "Please describe your experiences of providing care as a student to women during COVID-19". Additional prompts were used if required, (Table 2) .

1. What changes have you seen in the way midwifery care and services have been provided to women during COVID-19? 2. What has been your experience of these changes? 3. How has this impacted the care you can give as a student? 4. What challenges have you experienced as a student caring for women during COVID-19? 5. Has your home life affected how you have felt about attending women during COVID-19? 6. Have there been any silver linings for midwifery students as a result of the changes to the way midwifery care is provided? Table 2 . Additional interview prompt questions.

Audio files were transcribed verbatim by a professional secretariat and then checked for accuracy.

Interview transcripts were stored on a password protected computer in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, 2015) Guidelines.

Quantitative data SPSS statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used for analysis. Exploratory analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics for continuous data and frequency distributions for categorical data.

Thematic analysis of the 41 responses from open-ended questions in the survey and 12 transcribed interviews was carried out by two members of the research team using the Braun and Clarke six stage process (Braun et al., 2014) . The steps, which were followed independently by the researchers, included familiarisation with the data, initial coding, searching for themes within the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f initial coding, review of the themes, defining themes and writing up the findings. A meeting was then held to discuss, clarify, and agree on the findings. Data saturation was achieved.

A total of 151 students responded but 4 did not complete the survey beyond the first two questions and their data were not included. Results are presented for 147 students (Table 3) . A total of 146 (99.3%) students were female. All Australian states and territories were represented aside from Tasmania and the Northern Territory. The most frequent age bracket was 18-25 years (47.9%). The majority spoke English at home (95.9%) and were born in Australia (88.4%).

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander students represented 4.1% of respondents. The most common course represented was the Bachelor of Midwifery (50.7%) with 24.3% Graduate Diploma students, 22.2% dual degree (Midwifery/Nursing) and 2.8% Master of Midwifery students. Most students (75%) were based in urban settings with 46.5% employed in a contract with a health service and 31.7% employed as a healthcare professional (e.g. nurse) outside of maternity care.

Participants were asked to respond to a series of items regarding their observations and experiences of caring for women during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. They reported their main source of information about COVID-19 was their maternity service (28.3%) followed by mainstream media (21.4%). Fewer than one in five (18%) of respondents reported having undergone COVID-19 testing themselves, with no one declaring a positive test result.

Although the majority of respondents reported that women were able to have a support person with them for labour and birth (84.1%) and on postnatal wards (71%) through the COVID-19 pandemic, numbers of support people were limited compared to pre-pandemic levels. Regarding CCE attendance, most students (71.1%) were unable to attend women's episodes of care without some form of restriction from health service providers. Similarly, most students (65.8%) were J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f further impacted by the CCE women restricting their attendance, possibly due to women fearing exposure to another health care worker who potentially could spread the virus. Clinical placements were affected by the pandemic for a minority of students, with most being able to attend (79.5%). Most of the students (70.1%) felt that clinical staff were accepting of them during placement and CCE attendance. The majority were concerned about completion of their clinical requirements and skills (90.3%) and were fearful they would not graduate on time (84.7%). Table 3 . Survey findings.

The qualitative analysis revealed rich descriptions that offer insight into the student journey during the early months of the pandemic in Australia. Five themes were identified from the qualitative data: 1) Being expendable; 2) Bearing witness; 3) Uncertainty; 4) Connection with women; 5) Personal anxiety. These themes illustrate the rapid change of circumstances that students experienced, and are described with supporting quotations in italics from a survey response (SR) or in-depth interview participant (P1 to P12).

Students described being excluded from clinical situations and although they understood the reasons for this, it confirmed that they felt dispensable: cost of being expendable also took its toll, with students reporting that they carried the cost of parking fees and petrol by attending planned appointments, only to find that they could not be admitted to participate.

The second theme arose from descriptions of students witnessing, understanding, and coming to terms with events caused by COVID-19 that caused upset and distress to women. Restrictions negatively impacted women's experiences which also distressed students. One student explained:

with them… there's been lots of FaceTiming and lots of tears (P5). Antenatal care was also J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f affected, with students witnessing changes to care and the impact of reduced or minimalised care: In contrast, students were also witness to silver linings for women and babies with the benefits of restricted visitors on the postnatal ward and in the home, as described here: Women…were seeing a silver lining of isolation… no social expectations and being freed of visitors (SR) and It's been nicer for the women to have that alone time with their baby and facilitate that bonding and attachment (P3) . Several students noted a positive impact on breastfeeding related to visitor restrictions: I'd guess that breastfeeding rates and experiences will be improved as a result (SR).

Many changes took place during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic which caused confusion and uncertainty for students, reflected by a lack of consistency between advice from universities and health care facilities. Some clinical placements were cancelled, students lost faceto-face contact with CCE women and there was concern that they may not fulfil requirements to we're allowed to be involved.

Perceived lack of advice from universities caused concern with students relying on each other to keep informed: Initially when this all started… we had no communication from the uni [university] or hospitals at all. So… as students we were all just messaging each other (P8) and watching the news like crazy and doing our own research (P3). One student revealed that their university relied on feedback from students to be kept abreast of the latest practices in the hospitals: 

The relationship between women and students altered due to reduced face-to-face time.

Telehealth antenatal visits resulted in lost time in clinics where the student and woman could chat and build a connection, for example: It's less personable… not being able to have those longer, more comfortable conversations (P5), also supported by P9: I felt like it was really hard to build a rapport with a mum when you're… quickly getting everything done and not being able to talk to them about… the other little things that you talk about to get to know someone. Students were advised to telephone women following their appointments which created challenges, as described by P11: She would leave an appointment, and she would have questions that I couldn't answer because I hadn't been in the appointment.

Connecting with women was adversely affected by wearing PPE: Supporting a woman in labour whilst donned in full PPE has been a challenge, woman and partners look to you for a reassuring smile or nod, and they can't see that (SR). Awareness of the woman's perspective was voiced by P3: I think it was quite intimidating actually, especially with labour care… having four bright yellow apron gowns and face masks and then goggles. The loss of physical connection between students and women was also noted: The other thing… not being allowed to touch people… if a woman wanted to, you know give you a hug (P1) and reinforced by P2: Really disappointed and very, very sad. I think midwifery is such heart work, you put in so much time and effort with women and you hold space for them and to just suddenly not be able to do that.

The final theme came from students' personal distress and anxiety for themselves and their families. Many revealed financial concerns and worries about children, elderly parents, and day to J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Students who struggled to juggle their lives in normal circumstances had increased difficulties which sometimes impacted their health and their continuation of the course: The added stress was phenomenal … it has been at the expense of my mental health, I am feeling really anxious (P7).

One student shared her perception of a moral dilemma: I chose to defer [working in a neonatal nursery] … due to my concern of potential risk while working in SCN and to new mothers and newborns. Morally I felt I couldn't continue as a student during this time (SR).

This Australian study incorporated online survey responses and interviews to explore current midwifery students' experience of providing maternity care during COVID-19. Incorporating J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f quantitative and qualitative data enabled comprehensive analysis (Woolley, 2009 ) that revealed the holistic impact of COVID-19 on students' education and their personal life.

Whilst a small minority were positive about the information from their university and maternity care providers, most participants reported difficulty in finding reliable information and turned to a variety of sources to discover the latest advice. There was inconsistent guidance and misinformation, which has been previously found to increase confusion and cause stress in the public health arena (Bhatia, 2020) . It was challenging for students to stay ahead of changing individual policies from different hospitals regarding attending clinical placement and CCE with women. Changing policy through the COVID-19 pandemic has been acknowledged across the spectrum of health care (Karligkiotis et al., 2020; Kiong et al., 2020; Desai et al., 2020) , and the need for universal policy identified (Bhangu et al., 2020) . However, the changing patterns and waves of COVID-19 infections over different maternity areas has made consistency of instruction problematic. Responding students in this study (who did not represent every university in Australia) understood these challenges, but described a need for an easily accessible conduit of official information so that they were not relying on rumours and social media posts. It is recommended that in times of unfolding crises, universities provide resources that are illuminated and frequently updated, with advice regarding all spheres that affect students; clinical placement, continuity of care, registering body, professional body and university, so that students have a onestop information station.

A similar cause of confusion for students was the potential change to midwifery courses and requirements to graduate. It became apparent early in the COVID-19 pandemic that clinical placements were going to be disrupted, but students were unable to confirm whether there would be any change to the expectations for their graduation requirements. Although the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council started the process of determining requirement J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f changes early in the COVID-19 situation, students found the wait for confirmation stressful. Given this study covered the first three months of the pandemic, further longitudinal or follow up studies are recommended to determine the full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on midwifery education.

An additional effect of COVID-19 on some midwifery courses was conversion of the theoretical component of content delivery to online formats, with students reporting that this form of learning was not as robust and accessible as face-to-face learning. While it is known that there can be value to online learning experiences (D'Agustino, 2016) , it was challenging for participants in this study, often due to technical issues with online platforms. Improved and tested learning management systems are required to reduce student frustration, together with assistance for students who do not have adequate internet band-width to be to fully access real-time online workshops. Some students also experienced a feeling of isolation, affecting mental health wellbeing; Croft et al. (2010) propose creating an online community and improving tutor-student contact as ways to improve the student experience when learning online.

A source of emotional upheaval for the students in this study was from witnessing the upset to women. As maternal depression and anxiety appear to be elevated in the context of the COVID-19

pandemic, compared to previously reported population norms (Cameron et al., 2020) , students witnessing adverse maternal emotions may be affected and promoting positive mental health is essential for students to reduce negative emotional consequences. Resilience building has been previously identified as a way for midwifery students to navigate their way through intensive midwifery courses (Williams, 2016) ; the COVID-19 pandemic has magnified the need for this. Clohessy et al. (2019) advise that exposure to adversity can actually trigger the growth of resilience, an ability to move forward and appears to play an important role in student success. Crombie et al. (2013) suggest that educational strategies, such as the integration and accessibility J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of peer group support in both the clinical and academic environment can strengthen resilience in individuals.

Reduced student connection with women also increased the feeling of disconnect when they were unable to attend women for appointments and labour and birth. The impact of losing the relationship with women paradoxically demonstrated to students the benefits of continuity of care experiences. The essential CCE component of Australian midwifery courses, highly valued by students (Sidebotham, 2014; Tierney et al., 2017) , provides much appreciated authentic learning experiences and a woman-centred philosophy of midwifery care (Kuliukas et al., 2020) in preparation for post-graduation practice (Griffiths et al., 2019) .

Healthcare workers are primarily women (Miyamoto, 2020) , and it is well known that the duty of unpaid family responsibilities generally falls on the woman of the household (Sharma et al., 2016) .

The feminist movement has increased awareness of the disparity but the Australian patriarchal society continues to be noticeable, with Australian women spending up to three times longer on household duties than men (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). Female participants in this

Australian study expressed an increase in this already high burden of balancing household activities, child care and elderly parents, all of which have been found to add stressors for female healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (Miyamoto, 2020) . Paradoxically the opposite was true in the clinical area where students felt expendable, as they were not included in hospital policy discussions, training and practices and in some instances were the last to receive PPE. As Crombie (2013) discussed, the student status can induce feelings of worthlessness and insignificance, with behaviours from supervising staff in the clinical area being one of the main causes for student course withdrawal. There is work to be done to improve the practice of supervising staff, however responsibilities also lie with maternity care providers to ensure there J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f are clear communication channels, adequate equipment and staffing levels to allow stress-free time for the supervision of midwifery students.

In addition to the increase in unpaid family responsibilities, an increase in financial strain was also described by students. There were lost casual jobs in affected industries like hospitality or retail, and some had to give up work as nurses due to the fear of cross contamination. Such economic difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to an increase in rates of mental health problems. Midwifery students are known to find midwifery courses challenging and stressful (Power and Grzelak, 2016; Green and Baird, 2009 ). The additional stressors of the COVID-19 pandemic have taken their toll, and additional measures are required to ensure students are able to navigate these unusual circumstances. Das et al. (2020) advise that provision of basic psychological support may help to combat long term psychological adversities.

When asked about silver linings of the COVID-19 pandemic students talked of enhanced 'babymooning', a term coined by Sheila Kitzinger (1996) , to refer to the immediate postpartum period, where women spend uninterrupted time with their newborns. During the COVID-19

pandemic, students reported that visitor restrictions provided more rest opportunities and seemed to improve breastfeeding success. In her newspaper article reporting on this phenomenon, Douglas (2002 para 31) interviewed women, with one stating: "The early days with a newborn are precious… it's almost like you're on your own little planet. And that's how it should be, a special time just for you and your new family… Don't let anyone else get in the way of that beautiful bond".

Recruitment for the study was through social media and therefore could have attracted students who were more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The snowball effect of recruitment may have further condensed this, with impacted students sharing the social media link with similarly J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 22 affected students. In addition, those who engaged in the interview process could have been more stressed, therefore potentially biasing the findings.

This study was conducted in Australia in the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic and findings are specific to the experiences of students enrolled in undergraduate and postgraduate courses within this country. Transferability cannot be assumed across different courses internationally; however, rich description of this Australian setting was offered for the reader to assess potential transferability of our findings to other contexts.

Findings from this study demonstrate that students found the COVID-19 pandemic added challenges to their midwifery student journey. Inconsistent communication created confusion and time-wasting for students. Online learning and isolation limited learning engagement. Students were concerned about the impact of reduced or changed care for women, increasing their own emotional burden. The increase of household responsibilities and financial concerns added to the student load and altogether these challenges created a need for greater support, better communication channels and improved information for students from universities, health services and professional bodies.

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