key: cord-0734498-wxdtxfo2
authors: Mahajan, Niraj N.; Gajbhiye, Rahul K.; Kuppusamy, Periyasamy; Bahirat, Shubhada; Lokhande, Pradip D.
title: Association of blood type A with increased risk of severe COVID-19 in healthcare workers
date: 2021-08-22
journal: Ann Hematol
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04641-6
sha: 303a7aeaf54f287150a29936f874bff056ca1b68
doc_id: 734498
cord_uid: wxdtxfo2

nan

We have read with great interest the article by Latz et al. [1] reporting no association of blood type with risk of progression to severe COVID-19 requiring intubation or causing death. Maharashtra is among the worst affected states in India during the ongoing second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The second wave of the COVID-19 outbreak has been ongoing in Mumbai since February 2021, with 30-40 newly confirmed moderate to severe cases reported per day at BYL Nair Charitable Hospital (NH), a dedicated COVID-19 hospital in Mumbai, India. The exponential rise of COVID-19 cases and higher deaths could be due to the new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617) which is now classified as variant of concern [2] . For combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection, healthcare workers (HCWs) have been on the forefront making them vulnerable for a higher risk of contagious SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Identification of risk factors for increased susceptibility for COVID-19 in healthcare workers is urgently required especially during the devastating second wave to reduce the mortality and also plan the policies for HCWs. Toward this, ABO gene has been reported as one of the risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality and morbidity with emerging evidence on blood type having a role in COVID-19 susceptibility. 2 Some of the studies reported the association of ABO blood group polymorphism linked with COVID-19 susceptibility and adverse clinical outcomes [3, 4] . However, the results of these studies were contradictory suggesting more evidence from different populations and healthcare settings to be generated. Considering this urgent need, we studied the relationship of severity and virus clearance (VC) of COVID-19 with blood type among HCWs. The data was captured from the medical case records and interviews of HCWs with COVID-19 from 6 April to 31 October 2020. VC was calculated from testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection to two successive negative swabs 48-72 h once patient became asymptomatic.

There was a notable difference among HCWs with SARS-CoV-2 infection when their ABO blood groups were compared with frequency in Indian population [5] . Of the 491 HCWs with COVID-19, ABO blood type was available for 367 HCWs. The frequency of HCWs who had SARS-CoV-2 infection with type A and AB group was significantly higher than that in the general population (type A: 0.038; type B: p = 0.002), while the frequency of HCWs with type O type was significantly lower than the general population (p < 0.001) ( Tables 1 and 2 ). VC analysis was done for 357 HCWs with available blood type. There was no significant difference in VC among the different blood types among HCWs (p = 0.792) ( Table 1) .

Our results demonstrate the effect of ABO blood group on SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity in HCWs in India. We observed that HCWs with blood groups A and AB had an increased risk for COVID-19 similar to other studies [3, 4] and blood type O was associated with a reduced risk similar to the studies reported in the literature [3, 4] . All the HCWs recruited in this study represent the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. We did not look at the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 virus strain and blood group which is a limitation of our study. SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain's preference of recognizing and attachment to the blood type A antigen was found in the respiratory epithelial cells [4] of HCWs that may provide a greater insight into the potential link between blood group A and COVID-19 disease. Therefore, we recommend that HCWs with blood type A should take utmost precautions while working in high-risk exposure areas of SARS-CoV-2.

Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Categorical variables are represented as number (percentage) and compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables are represented as median (interquartile range) and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test a Represents reference blood type of Indian population (Agarwal et al.) [5] b Each blood type compared to all other blood types of HCWs with COVD-19 controlled with reference blood type of Indian population * Comparison was made with reference blood type of Indian population # Comparison was made between mild vs moderate and severe 

Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19

Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19

Relationship between ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain preferentially recognizes blood group A

ABO and Rh (D) group distribution and gene frequency; the first multicentric study in India