key: cord-0731815-raaazyke
authors: Prakash, Om; Solanki, Bhavin; Sheth, Jay K; Shah, Tejas; Kadam, Mina; Vyas, Sheetal; Shukla, Aparajita; Pethani, Jayshree; Tiwari, Hemant
title: Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin-G Antibody Among Confirm Cases of COVID-19
date: 2021-09-14
journal: Cureus
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17956
sha: cf88c9ea1b423beb8f0ed0feb2102035fe2f0527
doc_id: 731815
cord_uid: raaazyke

Background Sero-surveillance to find the presence of IgG antibodies among COVID-19 cases helps in the better understanding of the immune response after COVID-19 infection. Objectives To estimate seropositivity among confirmed COVID-19 cases and to correlate the seropositivity with various factors affecting seropositivity. Methods Population-based sero-surveillance among COVID-19 cases was carried out during the second half of August 2020 in Ahmedabad using the COVID KAVACH, Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) Antibody Detection Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Seropositivity among cases was measured and compared with various other factors to understand the immunity status among COVID-19 cases. Results With 1073 positive for IgG antibodies from 1720 samples, the seropositivity among COVID-19 cases is 62.38% [95%CI 60.07-64.64%]. The difference in seropositivity based on gender was statistically not significant (Z=0.26, P=0.79). Children have the highest seropositivity (94.44%) and from young adults, to the elderly, the proportion of positivity among cases shows an increasing trend. Time gap analysis from the date of diagnosis shows that the proportion of cases with IgG antibodies increases gradually reaching its peak at around 10 weeks (third month) and then declines gradually. Conclusion Seropositivity among COVID-19 cases is 62.38%. The proportion of cases with IgG antibodies reaches its peak at around 10 weeks (third month) after diagnosis and then declines gradually. This fall indicates that the detected antibodies may not be long-lasting and may become undetectable/absent over a period of time. The reason for seronegative results in COVID-19 cases needs further in-depth scientific research.

Starting from early 2020, the pandemic of COVID-19 affected the entire world [1, 2] . In view of a large number of asymptomatic cases, as also suggested by WHO, the indirect estimation of actual cases is crucial in assessing the true extent of the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV2) [3, 4] . Sero-surveillance uncovers the asymptomatic, subclinical infection and helps in understanding the disease dynamics in a better way for planning an appropriate public health response [5, 6] . Multiple serosurveillance studies conducted during the pandemic have focused on antibodies against SARS-CoV2 in the general population [7, 8] . Sero-surveillance studies among COVID-19 cases can give scientific insight. Comparison of seropositivity among cases can add additional values in the scientific knowledge & help in formulating valid predictions regarding immunity status in the post-covid period.

Ahmedabad, a city with approximately 7 million people was one of the earliest cities to witness the high caseload in the initial months of the pandemic in India. A population-based sero-surveillance was carried out during the second half of August 2020. COVID-19 cases, contacts of cases, and health care workers (HCWs) were also included as additional categories along with the general population. This article describes the sero-surveillance findings among cases of COVID-19. The primary objective was to estimate the seroprevalence among cases. The study also tried to check any association of the seropositivity with available factors like age, gender, duration from COVID-19 infection among others.

To monitor the pandemic and understand the proportion of the population already exposed to SARS-CoV2, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) issued directives to all the state governments for conducting repeated sero-surveillance studies. Health Department of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) planned and conducted a population-based sero-survey. The methodological details of the study are as per the following:

This study was designed as a cross-sectional sero-surveillance study in Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India. The study population included confirmed cases of COVID-19 [based on the case definition of COVID-19, given by the World Health Organization (WHO)] [9] . The enrollment and sample collection for the study were carried out during the second half of August 2020.

The population-based stratified sampling was used to calculate the required minimum sample size for the general population category for each of the Urban Primary Health Centre (UPHC). The earlier serosurveillance study carried out by us in Ahmedabad showed that some of the Urban Primary Health Centre (UPHC) had nearly 50% seroprevalence [10] . Considering this, in a population of 7 million, we calculated the minimum required sample size with a 95% confidence level and a 1% margin of error. Along with the general population, COVID-19 cases, the study participants for the present study, were also enrolled separately and their sample size was kept as a minimum of 10% of the general population sample. This also ensured that the case selection is also based on the population proportion.

Ahmedabad city has 75 UPHCs spread across 48 wards and seven zones. Since the UPHCs are functional units for the COVID-19 case management, these 75 UPHCs have the details of all the reported cases from their area. To enroll a sufficient number of cases from different time periods since the pandemic, UPHC medical officers were advised to enroll cases registered during different months since the beginning of the pandemic. COVID-19 cases of either gender diagnosed at any point of time, who gave informed written consent, were enrolled as a 'case' through convenience sampling. However, as far as possible, an effort was specifically made to cover a wide variety of people of different age-group (with at least 10% of cases from < 18 years and > 60 years age) from different localities within the field area of the UPHC.

COVID KAVACH -an Anti-SARS-CoV2 Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) Antibody Detection capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit developed and manufactured by Zydus Diagnostics, India was used in the present study. The National Institute of Virology, Pune, India has validated the kits and the ICMR has approved their use. These kits have a sensitivity of 92.37% and a specificity of 97.9% as per the validation reports [11] . Its manufacturer claims to have no cross-reactivity with other serum samples from reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed patients of various other infections. The manufacturer's instructions were completely followed for the purpose of testing. To avoid sample rejection, Serum Separating Tubes (SST)-Gel Vacutee were used for the blood sample collection. Sample testing was carried out by laboratories with national-level accreditation & state of the art facilities.

The Institutional Ethics Committee of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Medical Education Trust (MET) Medical College, Ahmedabad approved the study protocol. Written informed consent was collected from all the consenting participants before enrolment. In the case of children < 18 years, an assent with the informed written consent of their parent/guardian was taken for the purpose of the study. Confidentiality was maintained as needed for the ethical conduct of the study.

Microsoft Excel and Epi-Info were used for data analysis and data management. Our data analysis was focused on the seropositivity among cases and its correlation with available variables. Simple proportions were calculated and appropriate statistical tests were applied as necessary.

Serum samples from a total of 1722 cases (715 female & 1007 male) were collected. Out of these, two samples were rejected for insufficient quantity, one from each of the gender groups. The 1720 samples, on testing, gave negative results in 616 (35.81%), and indeterminate in 31 (1.80%) samples. The remaining 1073 results were positive for the IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 with positivity of 62.38% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60.07-64.64%].

An analysis of 1720 cases ( The age of cases when grouped for 10 years period, (Figure 1) shows that 20-29 years had the lowest positivity of 50.76%. Children have the highest seropositivity (94.44%) for the 0 to nine years age group. From young adults to the elderly the seropositivity gradually increases from around 50% to around 85%. On both the extremes of age range, i.e., in children as well as the elderly, the seropositivity is high as compared to the young adults. The group data based on gender showed an almost similar trend with minor variations.

Zone-wise seropositivity ranged from 50.13% to 83.26% with the highest positivity of 83.26% in the North Zone, followed by 80.12% in the Central Zone. North Zone has more recent infections whereas Central Zone was the first and earliest zone to be affected by the pandemic.

Since the seropositivity was not 100% among the cases, it was important to analyze the reasons for the same. We tried to analyze the time gap between the antibody testing and the date on which the diagnostic test for COVID-19 gave positive result. While comparing the time since diagnosis in weeks with the seropositivity (Figure 2) , IgG antibodies were detected in 43.33% of cases at the first week and 56.25% at two weeks. These antibodies beyond a period of two weeks increase slowly and remain in the range of 50-80%, reaching their peak at 81.82% at around 10 weeks. The proportion of cases with IgG antibodies then gradually decreases beyond 10 weeks. The proportion of seropositive cases when compared with time since diagnosis in months ( Figure 3) shows that the seropositivity among cases during the first month is 59.72%. This increases during the next two months reaching its peak of 75.11% and then falls over gradually to 33.33% over the subsequent three months.

Immune response after any viral infection is generally known. However, the immune response to SARS-CoV2 infection is still largely evolving [12, 13] . The present study on the seropositivity among cases is probably one of the first few serological studies from India, exclusively covering the COVID-19 cases with a large sample size. Those COVID-19 cases who demonstrate the presence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV2 after the infection are seropositive cases. The seroprevalence in cases indicates the proportion of people who have acquired antibodies and it also indirectly indicates the proportion of cases who did not demonstrate IgG antibodies in spite of having a confirmed infection status in the past. "Should we consider this group as susceptible again for any re-infection?" is a major scientific question in the current pandemic situation. The present study also tries to highlight the proportion of cases with IgG antibodies and its correlation with the time since diagnosis, if any.

As cases are the individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV2 in the past, one might expect all of them to have developed antibodies and expect them to be "seropositive". However, based on our findings with the average seropositivity of 62.38% [95%CI 60.07-64.64%] among cases, it can be said that the majority of the cases demonstrate the presence of IgG antibodies after the infection with SARS-CoV2. However, it also implies that the remaining 37.62% have either not developed the antibodies, have antibodies but in undetectable proportion, or the antibodies have disappeared, after their development, during the post-covid period. Further in-depth scientific research is required for the proportion of cases that did not demonstrate the presence of IgG antibodies.

The difference in seropositivity according to gender (female cases 62.75%, male cases 62.13%) was statistically not significant (Z=0.26, P=0.79). This finding clarifies equitable risk between both the gender groups and similar findings were recorded in other studies as well [14, 15] . Analysis of the age of the cases shows mean > median > mode and it indicates that the distribution of cases in our sample had many young adults as compared to the elderly and the mean is deviated on the right due to higher values of a comparatively small number of elderly cases with age more than double of the mean age.

Cases were selected randomly from UPHC/Ward through convenience sampling & it was based on population proportion and not on the reported number of cases from the respective area, So, the seropositivity among cases should not differ much. However, there is wide variation, which indicates that there may be multiple other factors affecting positivity in COVID-19 cases.

Looking at the seropositivity based on age-group-wise (Figure 1) , children have the highest seropositivity. It is a scientifically documented fact that most children and young adolescents have a mild clinical illness which may be due to their strong immune response which leads to the development of IgG antibodies in this age group. On the other hand, the seropositivity of about 50% in young adults indicates that just around half of the cases from the young adult age group demonstrate IgG antibodies in the post coronavirus period. It also shows that the positivity has increasing trend as the age group increases from young adults to elderly.

The documented scientific observations also show that the elderly people are more likely to have symptoms, have more severe symptoms and the symptomatic period stays for a longer duration as compared to the young adults [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . This difference in clinical symptomatology may be the reason behind the higher seropositivity among the elderly as compared to young adults. The seroconversion among the asymptomatic cases is also documented to be quite low [21, 22] . However, in the absence of data on clinical severity in our study, we could not check this association.

It has been documented that the onset of symptoms should be preferred rather than the date of diagnosis for consideration of this time gap [23] . However, due to the higher reliability of data, we preferred comparing the date of diagnosis rather than the onset of symptoms. Research findings to date have shown that the antibodies need some time for development after an infection, approximately one to three weeks, with an average of two weeks (14 days) [24] [25] [26] . Comparing the proportion of seropositive cases with time since diagnosis (in weeks) (Figure 2) , we observed that 43.33% cases demonstrated IgG antibodies before two weeks. The seropositivity from two weeks onwards increases and reaches its peak at around 10 weeks and then gradually declines. This highlights that not every case develops IgG antibodies by two weeks and it may also take a longer time & that the detected antibodies may not stay forever; they may become undetectable/absent over a period of time. Comparison of seropositive in cases with the time since diagnosis (in months) (Figure 3) , shows that the seropositivity slowly rises from 59.72% at 0 completed months to its peak of 75.11% at two completed months (61-90 days) and then slowly decline up to 33.33% over the next few months.

Both these time-gap analysis shows that IgG antibodies levels reaches its peak at 10 weeks or during the third month & then declines gradually over the next few weeks/months. This has also been documented by other studies [27] [28] [29] . This fall in the proportion of positive cases with IgG antibodies indicates that these antibodies may not be long-lasting. On the other hand, these numbers also suggest that the antibodies may still be completely absent (or undetectable) in COVID-19 cases.

Seropositivity of 62.38% among COVID-19 cases suggest that all the cases may not have IgG antibodies. Among the seronegative cases, the antibodies are not developed, are undetectable, or have disappeared during the post coronavirus period. The difference in seropositivity based on gender is statistically not significant. Children have the highest seropositivity and from young adults, to the elderly, the proportion of positivity shows an increasing trend. Time gap analysis from the date of diagnosis shows that the proportion of cases with IgG antibodies increases gradually reaching its peak at around 10 weeks (third month) and then declines gradually. The reason for the seronegative results in COVID-19 cases needs further in-depth scientific research. In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

A novel coronavirus emerging in Chinakey questions for impact assessment

Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia

An evaluation of COVID-19 serological assays informs future diagnostics and exposure assessment

Population-based age-stratified seroepidemiological investigation protocol for COVID19 virus infection

Snowball sampling study design for serosurveys in the early COVID19 pandemic

Unprecedented nationwide blood studies seek to track U.S. coronavirus spread

Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: findings from the national serosurvey

Public health surveillance for COVID-19: interim guidance

Assessing seropositivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Ahmedabad city of India: a crosssectional study

Development of indigenous IgG ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG

SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in recovered COVID-19 cases and the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in recovered COVID-19 cases and close contacts

The role of close contacts of COVID-19 patients in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission: an emphasis on the percentage of nonevaluated positivity in Mexico

Serology for SARS-CoV-2: apprehensions, opportunities, and the path forward

SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study

Neutralizing antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in coronavirus disease 2019 inpatients and convalescent patients

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease patients

The dynamics of humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for reinfection

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19

Asymptomatic SARS coronavirus 2 infection: invisible yet invincible

Different longitudinal patterns of nucleic acid and serology testing results based on disease severity of COVID-19 patients

SARS-CoV-2-IgG response is different

COVID-19 outpatients and asymptomatic contact persons

Antibody profiles according to mild or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

COVID 19 diagnostic multiplicity and its role in community surveillance and control

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019

A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans

Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2

Serological signatures of SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for antibody-based diagnostics

Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

We are extremely thankful to respected Dr. Rajiv Kumar Gupta, IAS (Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Gujarat) and Mr. Mukesh Kumar, IAS (Municipal Commissioner, Ahmedabad) for their whole hearted support. We acknowledge the full support from the field level health care workers who put in great efforts to perform their duties as well as sample collection after informed written consent particularly in a covid19 pandemic situation. All the Deputy Health Officers, Assistant Health Officers, Medical officers of the UPHCs and all the paramedical staff extended full support in conducting the serosurveillance. Finally, we are indebted to all the participants whose willingness and support has generated the much-desired data for the study.