key: cord-0729427-1t0pcov3 authors: Kokubun, K. title: Teamwork in the manufacturing workplace may hinder social distance date: 2020-08-25 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.22.20179994 sha: 0cfc1fbedd0c46c18061fb6e5b99f8569f70dd3b doc_id: 729427 cord_uid: 1t0pcov3 The spread of new coronavirus (COVID-19) infections show no signs of stopping. Therefore, if the era of With-Colona will continue for a while, we must consider how to deal with this disaster well. The practice of social distance is one of the powerful tools for that purpose. In previous research, analysis of the factors that influence social distance has also been carried out using information from the US occupation information site O*NET. However, they targeted all industries, not specific industries. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the factors that influence Physical Proximity in the manufacturing industry, which has a large impact on the economy given the scale of employment. As the method, first, exploratory factor analysis is performed using O*NET information, and the extracted 7 variables, Sitting Work, Adverse Conditions, Information Processing, Bridging Work, Teamwork, Response to Aggression, and Intelligent Work, are used in the regression analysis. As a result, it was shown that Teamwork is the biggest factor that influences Physical Proximity. Also, Adverse Conditions and Response to Aggression showed a positive correlation and Sitting Work showed a negative correlation. By job type, Maintenance, Installation & Repair tended to have higher Physical Proximity than Manufacturing Production Process Development, Production & Quality Assurance. largely overlap those of Kokubun (2020b) . By the way, Physical Proximity is not included in any of these variables because the second factor analysis did not show loading of 0.4 or more for any factor. Of the seven factors, Bridging Work, Teamwork, and Response to Aggression are factors that include relationships with people and are expected to require Physical Proximity. Indeed, it is stated, "physical proximity has a tremendous impact on the ability to work together" (Kiesler & Cummings, 2002, p.57) . Besides, Adverse Conditions does not generally require closeness to people, but it is expected that some people will be required to have closeness if the job requires more than one person in case of an unexpected situation. From this, the following hypotheses are derived. On the other hand, Sitting Work, Information Processing, and Intelligent Work are considered to be jobs that do not require physical contact with people so often. From this, the following hypotheses are All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted August 25, 2020. What has the strongest correlation with Physical Proximity? Sitting Work, Information Processing, and Intelligent Work are elements that do not require Physical Proximity strongly, and at the same time, they are not elements that actively distance Physical Proximity. Therefore, it is expected that any of the Adverse Conditions, Bridging Work, Teamwork, and Response to Aggression, which express relationships with people, is most strongly correlated with Physical Proximity. Of these, Adverse Conditions does not necessarily need to have multiple people if it is manual work. Bridging Work is also not difficult to implement remotely even in manufacturing enterprises if the information is enriched and clarified investing in information and communication technology (Swierczek & Kisperska-Moron, 2016; Townsend et al., 1998) . Response to Aggression was the most important factor affecting Physical Proximity in the Kokubun (2020b) research targeting all industries. However, the manufacturing industry is less likely to deal with such people than the service industry, so the impact on Physical Proximity may not be so large. In this respect, Teamwork is an element required in many manufacturing industries. For instance, a previous study shows that team proximity in software development correlates with teamwork quality (Hoegl & Proserpio, 2004) . Therefore, the following hypothesis is derived. H3: Teamwork has the strongest positive correlation with Physical Proximity. and Response to Aggression (r=0.309) showed a statistically significant positive correlation with Physical Proximity at the 1% level. However, the remaining Sitting Work, Information Processing, Bridging Work, and Intelligent Work did not show a significant correlation with Physical Proximity even at the 5% level. Table 3 shows the differences between industries. It is shown that there are differences among industries in 6 variables excluding Response to Aggression. The results of the Posthoc Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) Test in the rightmost column show that there are significant differences in the values of these 6 variables between two or three industries. Therefore, in the following multiple regression analysis, we decided to use these industries after converting them into dichotomous values. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted August 25, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.22.20179994 doi: medRxiv preprint level. Comparing the adjusted R-squared, Teamwork was the largest at 0.149, followed by Response to Aggression at 0.090 and Adverse Conditions at 0.081. This shows that Teamwork has the greatest influence on social distance, and it can be said that this is the result of supporting H3. Industrial variables, MPPD (Manufacturing Production Process Development) and PQA (Production & Quality Assurance), did not become significant at the 5% level. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted August 25, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.22.20179994 doi: medRxiv preprint Aggression did not become significant at the 5% level. Comparing the coefficient of determination, 0.041, 0.217, 0.270 from the left, the model at the right end, the combination model of industrial-type variables and seven main variables, is the highest. Cohen (1998) uses "effect size" criterion of 0.02 (small), 0.13 (medium), and 0.26 (large) for the scores of adjusted R-squared. Therefore, comparing the results in the third column, the adjusted R-squared shown by the model in this paper is large, and the adjusted R-squared All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted August 25, 2020 . . https://doi.org/10.1101 when the all-industry model of Kokubun (2020b) is applied to the manufacturing industry is medium. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in In this paper, we analyzed the factors that influence Physical Proximity in the manufacturing industry by creating variables based on exploratory factor analysis and multivariate analysis using the information on questionnaire results recorded in O*NET, a job information website in the United States. As a result, it was shown that Teamwork showed the highest correlation with Physical Proximity. Also, the results showed that the job that is difficult to perform by Sitting Work and the job of Maintenance, Installation & Repair also require Physical Proximity. Teamwork has been found indispensable to the innovation (e.g., Montes et al., 2005) and employee commitment (e.g., Kokubun, All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted August 25, 2020. perpetuity. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted August 25, 2020 . . https://doi.org/10.1101 Social capital may mediate the relationship between social distance and COVID-19 prevalence Aggression in the workplace makes social distance difficult Social capital and resilience make an employee cooperate for coronavirus measures and lower his/her turnover intention Business disruptions from social distancing Influence of support leadership and teamwork cohesion on organizational learning, innovation and performance: an empirical examination Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences The role and attributes of manufacturing companies in virtual supply chains The use of Cronbach's alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education Virtual teams: Technology and the workplace of the future Employment by major industry sector (Last Modified Date Global patterns in students' views of science and interest in science World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public