key: cord-0726987-ema9kjv4
authors: Wong, Kalai; Ullah, Irfan; Taseer, Anab Rehan; Irfan, Muhammad; Almas, Talal; Musa, Shuaibu Saidu
title: Dual Tension: Lassa fever and COVID-19 in Nigeria
date: 2021-06-17
journal: Ethics Med Public Health
DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100697
sha: 37164b3077cf68153db2f71249d25baf964aad50
doc_id: 726987
cord_uid: ema9kjv4

nan

Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic, zoonotic disease that is a continuous health issue in West African countries such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Nigeria [1] . Ingestion and inhalation are the most common ways of transmission of Lassa fever. Patients generally get infected due to an exposure to food or household items which are contaminated with urine or droppings of infected Mastomys rodents. Lassa fever was first discovered in Lassa town, Borno State in Nigeria. It causes around 1000,000 -300,000 infections each year with approximately 5,000 deaths in Nigeria [1] . In 2020, 70 deaths have been reported in 26 Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory. Among all those cases, 75% were from Edo, Ondo, and Ebonyi [2] . As of May 2020, Nigeria has recorded 991 confirmed cases and 191 deaths with case fatality ratio of 19.3% [3] . To prevent and mitigate the negative impact of Lassa Fever, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC) has formed an interdisciplinary, multi-partner technical team to control outbreaks in affected Nigerian states.

With the newly formed team, confirmed cases of Lassa fever in the first 15 weeks of 2021 decreased as compared to the same period in 2020. According to NCDC, there were 4386 suspected cases and 973 confirmed case in 27 Nigerian states from week 1-15 in 2020, while there were only 1592 suspected cases and 247 confirmed cases in 14 Nigerian states from week 1-15 in 2021 [4] . 4 This indicates a 4-fold decrease in confirmed Lassa fever cases. In week 15, there were only 6 confirmed cases in 2 states (Edo and Benue) [4] . Deaths due to Lassa fever also decreased from 188 to 50 when compared to the same period in 2020 (week 1-15). Based on the demographic of the report, the age group that is most affected is 21-30 years old. Also, gender isn't a risk factor [4] . the COVID-19 pandemic. Nigeria recorded the first case on February 27, 2020 and a multisectorial national Emergency Operation Center (EOC) was activated to oversee the nation's response to COVID-19 [5] . They initially faced difficulties in country lockdown as it affected people's livelihood, especially those who are daily income earners, and in turn caused lockdowninduced poverty and unemployment [5] . As of April 23, 2021, Nigeria has 164, 756 confirmed cases and 2,062 deaths [6] . A new COVID-19 variant was also detected in December 2020 which lead to a second wave of infections. While Lassa fever is generally asymptomatic, severe cases require hospitalization [3] . Since COVID-19 and Lassa fever share the same clinical and laboratory facilities, management of Lassa fever becomes more difficult during the pandemic.

In fact, there are a lot of untested cases in Nigeria since there are only five modulator laboratories for Lassa fever testing and they are all located in either southern or central parts of the country [7] . This makes transportation a challenge during the pandemic. A lack of physicians is another main challenge. With 40,000 doctors in the whole country, which gives a doctor-topatient ratio of 4:1 [7] , the health system is not strong enough to face the two epidemics at the same time. Similar symptoms such as fever and headache in COVID-19 and Lassa fever, as well as other common tropical illnesses, complicates diagnosis which delays initiation of therapy [8] as patients may try self-medicating before seeking medical attention.

While there is no evidence that COVID-19 increases the risk of getting Lassa fever, there are reports of dengue-endemic countries with increased COVID-dengue co-infections in countries Page 4 of 6 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 4 such as Bangladesh, Columbia, and Ecuador [8] . To better control Lassa fever outbreaks during COVID-19 in Nigeria, community engagement and disease preparedness are required. There is currently no preventive medication or vaccines against Lassa fever; however, nonpharmacological interventions may help decrease risk. Specifically, health education in the community is important. One possible strategy is to educate people about hygiene practices which include washing hands with soap and water, or alcohol sanitizer. Another potential strategy is to store food in rodent-proof containers and dispose garbage in proper place [9] . In regard to diagnostic testing, a combination of clinical presentation with serological and molecular assays is recommended for more accurate diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making [10] . In preventing infectious disease, availability and accessibility, as well as proper use of personal protective equipment plays a crucial role [11] . In general, a stronger health system is require for health emergency preparedness. Study showed that strong public health is a potential first line of defense and the foundation of the health system. For example, countries should strengthen the core capacities regardless of resources. Reviewing the public health law frame, supporting evidence-based practice, and strengthening public health infrastructure and capabilities are other strategies [12] . A community program to control rat population will also be helpful. For example, blockage of holes around houses, removal suspected sources that attract rats, and use of rodenticides [13] .

Overall, Nigeria continues to face COVID-19 and Lassa fever epidemic. While the numbers of confirmed cases have decreased, further actions and plans are needed to control and mitigate their negative impacts in Nigerians. This requires citizens, healthcare workers, and government

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