key: cord-0720254-e56ry1x4 authors: Panyod, Suraphan; Ho, Chi-Tang; Sheen, Lee-Yan title: Dietary therapy and herbal medicine for COVID-19 prevention: A review and perspective date: 2020-05-30 journal: J Tradit Complement Med DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.004 sha: 0218c93a234c1d9ca517f704f7b421c4e4fbd219 doc_id: 720254 cord_uid: e56ry1x4 A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), transmitted from humans to humans, has rapidly become the pandemic responsible for the current global health crisis. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is said to be of zoonotic origin. This review describes the etiology and signs and symptoms as well as the current allopathic therapy for COVID-19. Additionally, findings of previous studies on the immunomodulatory effects and antiviral activities of particular foods and herbs on influenza virus and coronaviruses have been collated, with the aim of promoting the use of dietary therapy and herbal medicine as COVID-19 preventive therapies, while specific drugs and vaccines are yet to be discovered or are still under development. The volume of existing reports is irrefutable evidence that foods and herbs possess a potential antiviral ability against SARS-CoV-2 and can prevent COVID-19. Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients. Use as an air-disinfectant (essential oil) to stop aerosol transmission Using foods and herbs as diet or supplement to prevent infection and strengthen immunity ? Use as an anti-viral agent by coating on masks Use as a surface sanitizing agent to provide a disinfected environment ? ? ? humans, has rapidly become the pandemic responsible for the current global health 27 crisis. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 28 (SARS-CoV-2), which is said to be of zoonotic origin. This review describes the 29 etiology and signs and symptoms as well as the current allopathic therapy for 30 . Additionally, findings of previous studies on the immunomodulatory 31 effects and antiviral activities of particular foods and herbs on influenza virus and 32 coronaviruses have been collated, with the aim of promoting the use of dietary 33 therapy and herbal medicine as COVID-19 preventive therapies, while specific drugs 34 and vaccines are yet to be discovered or are still under development. The volume of 35 existing reports is irrefutable evidence that foods and herbs possess a potential 36 antiviral ability against SARS-CoV-2 and can prevent COVID-19. Foods and herbs 37 could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen 38 immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, 39 or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be 40 experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients. 41 At the end of December 2019, the coronavirus outbreak caused by severe 47 RNA-enveloped virus. 18 SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 share similar host-entry 114 mechanisms. It targets the cells by using the viral structural spike (S) protein bind 115 with angiotensin-converting enzymes 2 (ACE2) receptor forming endosomes which 116 enter the cells. TMPRSS2 is a host type 2 transmembrane serine protease helping 117 virus enter through S protein. After the virus enters the cell, it synthesizes viral 118 polyprotein, and RNA subsequently assembles and releases the new virus particles. 119 Inhibiting viral cell entry and replication and modulating the immune system could be 120 a potential target for drug therapy. 19 Current clinical tries on COVID-19 121 pharmacological treatments include hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. 122 Hydroxychloroquine, which reduces the viral load in COVID-19 patients, appears to 123 be more effective when used in combination with azithromycin. 20 Remdesivir proved 124 its potential against COVID-19 by displaying clinical improvement. 21 While many 125 clinical trials aimed at discovering a potential effective COVID-19 drug are ongoing, 126 using herbal medicines with well-known antiviral activity might be a complementary 127 SARS-CoV-2 preventive therapy. 128 129 Activities against Influenza, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 131 Coronavirus can be treated using nutrition; for instance, treating influenza 132 with very large amounts of vitamin C has been practiced for decades. The common 133 cold, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 fall under the same coronavirus family; hence, 134 are regarded as the same viral type. 22 Therefore, vitamin C may be effective against Eucalyptus essential oil is reported to improve the innate cell-mediated immune 149 response that can be used as an immunoregulatory agent against infectious diseases. 150 25, 26 Collectively, using these immunomodulatory foods and herbs could enhance the (Table 2) . [42] [43] [44] [45] Although some natural 182 products as baicalein and baicalin were proved as the inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, 46 183 there has been no published study on a single herb, its extract, and bioactive 184 compound against SARS-CoV-2. Ding et al. (2017) Traditional Chinese Medicine formula composed of a combination of 13 herbs (Table 186 3). 47 Lianhuaqingwen suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication, reduced pro-187 inflammatory cytokine production, and changed the morphology of SARS-CoV-2 188 cells. 48 Table 1 . A novel coronavirus outbreak of 287 global health concern 290 for the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future 295 perspectives: a narrative review Traditional Chinese medicine in 301 the treatment of patients infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): 302 A review and perspective Antiviral herbs-present and future A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory 308 disease in China Genomic 313 characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for 314 virus origins and receptor binding Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 316 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak Are pangolins the intermediate host of the 2019 novel coronavirus 320 (SARS-CoV-2)? SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins SARS-CoV-2 genomes Aerodynamic 329 characteristics and rna concentration of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol in wuhan 330 hospitals during COVID-19 outbreak Epidemiological and clinical 333 characteristics of 99 cases of China: A descriptive study Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan Loss of smell and taste in combination with other symptoms is a strong 343 predictor of COVID-19 infection Information for clinicians on investigational therapeutics for patients 345 with COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is 350 blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor Pharmacologic 353 treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: Results 359 of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial Compassionate use of 370 remdesivir for patients with severe Nutritional treatment of coronavirus 377 24. Tan BKH, Vanitha J. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some 378 traditional chinese medicinal herbs: A review Stimulatory effect of eucalyptus essential oil 382 on innate cell-mediated immune response Immune-modifying and antimicrobial effects of 384 eucalyptus oil and simple inhalation devices Chinese medicine be used for prevention of Corona Virus Disease COVID-19)? a review of historical classics, research evidence and current 389 prevention programs Anti-avian influenza virus H9N2 activity of 392 aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinalis (ginger) and allium sativum (garlic) in 393 chick embryos Antiviral activity of garlic extract 395 on influenza virus Ginseng and salviae herbs play a 397 role as immune activators and modulate immune responses during influenza 398 virus infection Antiviral activity of 400 tea tree and eucalyptus oil aerosol and vapour Inactivation of 402 airborne influenza virus by tea tree and eucalyptus oils Anti-influenza a (H1N1) viral and cytotoxic sesquiterpenes from carpesium 406 abrotanoides Antiviral activity of Portulaca 408 against influenza a viruses Houttuynia cordata attenuate H1N1-induced acute lung injury in mice via 411 inhibition of influenza virus and toll-like receptor signalling Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide alleviated intestinal injury and modulated 415 intestinal microbiota in h1n1 virus infected Anti-pandemic 418 influenza a (H1N1) virus potential of catechin and gallic acid Geniposide demonstrates H1N1) influenza virus infection in vitro and in vivo Antiviral activity 425 of fritillaria thunbergii extract against human influenza virus H1N1 Anti-influenza virus activity of essential oils and 428 vapors Protective 430 essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in mdck 431 cells Toona sinensis roem tender leaf extract inhibits SARS coronavirus 434 replication Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid derivatives 437 against sars-coronavirus Identification of natural compounds with 440 antiviral activities against sars-associated coronavirus Traditional Chinese medicine herbal extracts of Cibotium barometz Cassia tora, and Taxillus chinensis 445 inhibit SARS-CoV replication Discovery of baicalin and baicalein as novel, natural product inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease in vitro The Chinese prescription 452 lianhuaqingwen capsule exerts anti-influenza activity through the inhibition of 453 viral propagation and impacts immune function Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-458 inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Face masks for 463 the public during the COVID-19 crisis Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: 465 people need guidance Aromatherapy: A systematic review Antimicrobial properties of plant 469 essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: an updated 470 review. Evid-Based Compl Alt Med None of the authors has any conflict of interest.