key: cord-0714096-chhsyb55 authors: Chakraborty, Kajal; Joy, Minju title: High-value compounds from the molluscs of marine and estuarine ecosystems as prospective functional food ingredients: An overview date: 2020-08-31 journal: Food Res Int DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109637 sha: f02144eb56fff399a6321eb0de4f7e5266ddfb50 doc_id: 714096 cord_uid: chhsyb55 Extensive biodiversity and availability of marine and estuarine molluscs, along with their their wide-range of utilities as food and nutraceutical resources developed keen attention of the food technologists and dieticians, particularly during the recent years. The current review comprehensively summarized the nutritional qualities functional food attributes, and bioactive properties of these organisms. Among the phylum mollusca, Cephalopoda, Bivalvia, and Gastropoda were mostly reported for their nutraceutical applications and bioactive properties. The online search tools, like Scifinder/Science Direct/PubMed/Google Scholar/MarinLit database and marine natural product reports (1984-2019) were used to comprehend the information about the molluscs. More than 1334 secondary metabolites were reported from marine molluscs between the periods from 1984 to 2019. Among various classes of specialized metabolites, terpenes were occupied by 55 % in gastropods, whereas sterols occupied 41 % in bivalves. The marketed nutraceuticals, such as Cadalmin(TM) green mussel extract (Perna viridis) and Lyprinol® (Perna canaliculus) were endowed with potential anti-inflammatory activities, and were used against arthritis. Molluscan-derived therapeutics, for example, ziconotide was used as an analgesic, and elisidepsin was used in the treatment of cancer. Greater numbers of granted patents (30 %) during 2016-2019 recognized the increasing importance of bioactive compounds from molluscs. Consumption of molluscs as daily diets could be helpful in the enhancement of immunity, and reduce the risk of several ailments. The present review comprehended the high value compounds and functional food ingredients from marine and estuarine molluscs. The number of identified molluscan alkaloids was interestingly increased in the recent years due to 694 their promising biological activities. Alkaloids represented a structurally different class of secondary 695 metabolites, and the occurrence of nitrogen was attributed for their bioactivities (Netz & Opatz, 2015) . Several 696 alkaloids were isolated from O. rivularis, to treat tuberculosis, dizziness, and to reduce inflammation (Ouyang, 697 2006 ). Kigoshi, Imamura, Yoshikawa, & Yamada (1990) reported the alkaloids, named as neoaplaminone 698 sulfate, neoaplaminone, and aplaminone with cyctotoxic properties from the mollusc, A. kurodai. Two new 699 alkaloids, halgerdamine and C 2 -α-D-mannosylpyranosyl-L-tryptophan were described from Halgerda 700 aurantiomaculata (Fahey & Carroll, 2007 Isolation of scalarane-framework metabolites 118 and 119 from G. rufomarginata was reported 460 previously The sesquiterpenes (−)-tochuinyl acetate 123 462 and (−)-dihydrotochuinyl acetate 124 were identified from Tochuina tetraquetra Pyrone polypropionate, cyercene was reported by Vardaro et al. (1991) from the Mediterranean Cyerce 464 cristallina. Austrodoric acid 125 from Antarctic A Asymmetrical polypropionate derivatives named as placidenes C-F 466 126-129 were characterized by Cutignano et al., (2003) from Placida dendritica. Chemical investigation of 467 diterpenoid acylglycerol fraction from the Antarctic gastropod, A. kerguelenensis yielded acylglycerols peruvianus (pulmonate) along with cytotoxic polyhydroxylated steroids 137-138 Three polypropionate enclosed compounds Siphonaria grisea reported the presence of polypropionates, which were named as siphonarienolone 142 and 473 siphonarienedione 143 (Calter & Liao, 2002), and their stereochemistries were also established Siphonarin B 144 was reported from Siphonaria zelandica and S A novel malyngamide S derivative 145 was reported from the mollusc B. 476 leachii, and the compound was found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory activities Wide range of diterpene metabolites 146-149 and new sesquiterpenes 150-152 were 478 reported by Findlay & Guoqiang (2002) from the Sardinian Sea hare Aplysia punctata. The progesterone analog 479 153 was isolated by New sesquiterpenes, 486 puertitol-B acetate 161, caespitenone 162 and 8-acetyl-caespitol 163, along with diterpenoids, such as 487 dactylopyranoid 164 and isopinnatol B 165 with prospective bioactivity profiles were characterized from A Chemical investigation of the organic extract of muricid gastropod mollusc, C. ramosus 510 reported the presence of cembrane-type diterpenoid 201 with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties 511 (Chakraborty, Salas, &Joy, 2020). An antioxidative drimane-type sesquiterpenoid, ramosane 202, which 512 attenuated the carbolytic and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, was isolated from C. ramosus (Chakraborty & Salas, 513 2019a). A 16-membered polyether macrocyclic lactone 203 with previously undescribed framework with 514 anti-lipoxygenase and antioxidative potentials were reported from the organic extract of Babylonidae 515 gastropod Bivalves occupied a highest share in the hierarchy of total edible molluscs, although they were not 526 extensively recognized for their pharmaceutical and biomedical properties Earlier reports demonstrated that the bivalves possessed numerous compounds (Figs. 10-11, S11-15) with 528 wide-range of bioactive properties (Benkendorff The hard clam, M. lusoria 531 (Taiwan), which was reported with two epidioxysterols 217-218 with anticancer properties, was the primary 532 resource of the Chinese antidote for hepatitis and liver illness 2′]-bipyridyldiium salt 222, which was acknowledged for the first time from a natural resource An arsenic-enclosed sugar sulphate 224 was 540 isolated from T. maxima, and was characterized by X-ray crystallography A new antioxidative pigment, chlorophyllone A 225 was isolated from the short-necked clam Peridininol-5, 8-furanoxide 228, 7,8-didehydro-β-cryptoxanthin 229, peridinin 230, pyrrhoxanthin 546 5,8-furanoxide 231, pyrrhoxanthinol-5, 8-furanoxide 232 and lutein 233 were the main carotenoids found in 547 molluscs The 6-epiheteroxanthin 234, corbiculaxanthin-3′-acetate 235 and corbiculaxanthin 236 isolated from these 549 species were not reported previously from other shellfishes Chinese surf clam The bivalve mollusc, Codakia orbicularis was found to be the 555 source of spiro-indolothiazine orbicularisine Chemical 562 investigations of organic extract of P. malabarica was reported the presence of two 2H-pyranoids, in which, 563 one was found to be C18 sesquiterpenoid with prenylated irregular farnesene framework 255, and another was a 564 C21 prenylated bisabolene-type meroterpenoid The pyranoids 263-264 and isochromenyl 265-266 class of compounds along with oxygenated heterocyclics were classified as O-spirocyclic ether derivatives 574 267-268, and an irregular meroterpenoid derivative 269 were reported from V. cyprinoides with antioxidative 575 and anti-inflammatory functionalities An 579 antimicrobial peptide, mytilin-A was purified from the bivalve M. edulis, and the peptide analog exhibited 580 potential bioctivity towards marine Vibrio, yeasts, and fungi The macrolides, spirolides B-C 289-290 were 590 isolated from M. edilis (Hu et al., 1995), and the mycosporine derivatives, such as mytilin A 291 and B 292 were 591 acquired from M. galloprovincialis (Chioccara Two dodecahydro-phenanthrenone derivatives 298-299, 596 benzo[h]naphtho[1,2-c]chromene derivatives 300-301, and two sterol analogs 302-303 were isolated from the 597 Asian green mussel, P. viridis. Among these, the compounds with chromene-16-carbaldehyde and 598 chromen-12-one 300-301 functionalities displayed potential anti Ostrerine A 304 was reported from O. rivularis, and was used as foodstuff and conventional Chinese 601 medication (Ouyang Metabolites of fucoxanthin, 605 crasssostreaxanthin A 313 and crassostreaxanthin B 314 Chemical investigations of the solvent extract of C. madrasensis reported two 610 phenylacetyloxy-trimethylpicene-23-carboxylate 316-317 derivatives with potential anti-inflammatory and 611 antioxidant activities Chemical classification of secondary metabolites from molluscs of marine and estuarine origin Marine and estuarine molluscs were endowed with varying classes of organic compounds classified 619 under different categories, particularly as sterols, terpenes, alkaloids, peptides, polypropionates, fatty acids etc. 620 with potential pharmacological properties The comparison of chemical diversity of the major types of 623 secondary metabolites from the bivalves and gastropods were shown in Fig However, the sterols were found to occupy the major share of about 41 % in bivalves, whereas the terpenes were 626 found to be least reported of about 5 % (Benkendorff, 2010) Greater number of sterols in the bivalve molluscs might be due to the 629 biochemical changes in their reproductive pathways (Benkendorff, 2010) Marine and estuarine molluscs were described to produce a wide array of variants of intereseting 637 terpenoid metabolites, which were mainly classified under chamigrene, amphilectane, cembrane with unusual 638 functionalities, including groups like isothiocyanates, dichloroimines, isonitriles, isocyanates, halogens (Gross 639 & Konig, 2006) In most of the cases, the chemical defenses by utilizing the terpenoids might be failed to prevent the 643 feeding by certain predators (Gross & Konig, 2006). The mollusc, A. dactylomela was known to produce 644 different structural types of terpenes The studies demonstrated that the mollusc produces terpenes not 647 only from their diet, but also by the de novo biosynthesis, which includes the degraded sesterterpenes from the 648 mevalonic acid pathway The strucrtures were unique for these opisthobranch 653 molluscs, even though the basic skeletons of these drimane and ent-pallescensin were also reported from 654 sponge and the anti-inflammatory oxygenated terpenoids classified under furano-norditerpenoid, 657 sesquiterpenoid and diterpenoid were reported from U. duvaucelii Diverse structural 667 skeletons of steroids were found to exhibit interesting therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory, 668 inhibition of DNA synthesis Among different types of steroids, such as polyoxygenated 674 tetracyclic nucleus with various degrees of unsaturation, steroids with spiro A/B ring system, steroidal 675 alkaloids, atypical side chain substitution, 3β-cholestane esters, steroid-amino acid conjugates, seco-steroids, 676 and bicyclo Ketosteroids were isolated from a marine prosobranch mollusc Onchidiopsis variegate and an anti-inflammatory lactonic steroid with 1, 10:8, 681 9-disecoergostane framework was described from B. spirata )-abeo-(5Z)-3-hydroxy-24-isopropyl 683 cholesteno-26, 23-lactone from C. ramosus A variety 688 of uncommon Δ 8 unsaturated methyl and dimethyl sterols were obtained from the Japanese limpet C. grata and 689 C. toreuma (Blunt et al DOPA-(2-amino-3-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid) derived pyrrole 706 alkaloids, lamellarins were first isolated from the mollusc, Lamellaria sp The 3,4-diarylated pyrrole 2-carboxylic acid ester or amide 709 functionality was found to be major structural subunit of lamellarins polycitrins, polycitones, storniamides, and ningalins possess a common structural subunit, and were 711 predominantly isolated from the marine prosobranch molluscs These secondary metabolites were reported to exhibit potential bioactivities, such as cytotoxicity reversal of multidrug resistance Most of the marine polypropionates were 720 reported for their pharmacological potentials, such as cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antifungal, antibiotic and 721 antiviral properties (Davies-Coleman & Garson, 1998). However, there were other polypropionates that were 722 interrelated with their ecological systems, with no pharmacological effects The acyclic polypropionates, siphonarienal (aldehyde) (Norte, Fernandez, 725 & Padilla, 1994), siphonarienone, siphonarienedione, and siphonarienolone An acyclic polypropionate, aglajne-1 was isolated from B. occidentalis, which was regarded as 729 chemical-taxonomic marker for marine molluscs in the genus Bulla. This compound was reported to exhibit 730 significant antibacterial potentials against Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus and 731 Pseudomona aeruginosa Two families of ascoglossan molluscs, 733 Stiligeridae and Polybranchiidae were reported as potential sources of polypropionates The 2-pyrone polypropionates were reported from Cyerce nigricans A. depicta (aglajne-3), and Navanax inermis The 4-pyrone polypropionates were reported from 737 ascoglossan molluscs, C. nigricans, C. cristallina and Ercolania funerea, in which cyercenes A-B were isolated 738 from C. cristallina (Vardaro 7-methyl-12-norcyercene B were reported from E. funera (Vardaro, Di Marzo Hemiacetal ring enclosed marine polypropionates were reported from Siphonaria australis (Sundram & Albizati, 1992) and S. denticulata (compounds named as denticulatins A-B) (Hochlowski The 744 polypropionates isolated from the skin of P. membranaceus along with the acid secretion were found to bear 745 significant functional role in their chemical defense strategies Overall, the polypropionates exhibited pronounced pharmacological potencies along with their ecological 747 effects Molluscs were occupied with a predominant share in the 752 production of peptides with bioactive pluralities (Cheung, Ng, & Wong, 2015) exhibiting cardioprotective, 753 antiviral, anticancer, antioxidative, antimicrobial, analgesic Therefore, this class of chemistry attracted the attention in functional food and pharmaceutical fields for use 755 against several diseases An important amino acid peptide, ziconotide (25 amino acid peptide with three disulfide 758 bonds) from C. magus was reported to possess potential analgesic property, which was found to be 1000 times 759 potent than morphine in the animal models of nociceptic pain (Olivera, 2000) The cyclic hexapeptide keenamide A, and dehydroamino-butyric 766 acid-containing peptide, kahalalide possessing potential antitumor activities F were reported These were considered as the significant sources of pharmaceutical medications and 772 nutraceuticals with multiple bio-potentials, such as antitumor, antibacterial and antimalarial etc Stereochemistry of macrocyclic metabolite, ulapualide A from H. sanguineus was recognized 781 by total synthesis as predicted by molecular mechanistic analyses of the metal chelate (Faulkner, 1992) dioxecine with cardioprotective properties DHA and EPA were the predominant fatty acids, which were provided by the dinoflagellates and 793 diatoms, respectively, were ubiquitous in the molluscs of marine origin. The diet components and feeding 794 mechanism were the key factors to cause changes in the type, and amount of fatty acid production in molluscs 795 Previous reports suggested that palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids 806 from molluscs possessed potential antimicrobial properties against the human pathogens Overall, the fatty acids might contribute towards the cell membrane maintenance, 808 antimicrobial activity along with the reproductive cycle of molluscs C15-halogenated compounds, and dihydrocaulerpenynes from A. dactylomela and E. expansa, 822 respectively were classified herein (Faulkner, 1998). The polyol, durinskiol A from Chelidonura fulvipunctata, 823 mycosporine-like amino acids, aplysiapalythine A-C from A. californica, cytotoxic isonitrile-containing lipid, 824 actisonitrile from A. papillatus, phorboxazole related metabolites from the Indian nudibranch, Aldisa andersoni 825 were also classified as miscellaneous 2017b) and pyranoids/isochromenoids/spirocyclic ethers from V. cyprinoides (Joy & 2018b) with anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antihyperglycemic potentials were Pharmacodynamic studies and therapeutic applications of marine and estuarine molluscs 833 The unfavorable living conditions and the defensive mechanisms of the marine or estuarine molluscs retrieved from the GoogleScholar excluding citations and patents, 839 accessed on 12/10/2019) were illustrated in Fig It was stated that the presence of 848 hydrophilic/lipophilic antioxidant components like polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids and carotenoids 849 were accountable for the functional food and therapeutic potentials of the molluscs Studies on bivalve mollusc, P. viridis highlighted the potential antioxidant activities related to the free radical 856 inhibition, and lipid peroxidation, and thus suggested its utilities as prospective health food The enzymatically obtained gelatin hydrolysate of flying 858 squid displayed potent antioxidant ability through 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical quenching 859 mechanism at the concentrations of 16 and 12 mg/mL. This inhibotry activity was found to superior than the 860 synthetic antioxidants like butylated hydroxyanisole and α-tocopherol. This was found to contain antioxidant 861 amino acids, such as histidine, proline, tyrosine, leucine and alanine In vitro antioxidant property of P. viridis was ascribed to the 867 presence of phenolic compounds that could act as hydrogen or electron donors. The abilities to delocalize the 868 unpaired electrons, and the chelation of metal ions were attributed by their antioxidant potentials The antioxidant potencies of the crude extracts of cephalopods Potential radical 875 scavenging activities of C. indicus and S. inermis might be due to the presence of substituted oligosaccharide 876 fractions with hydroxyl groups and unsaturations. These could effectively donate the protons to the free radical 877 by hydrogen atom transfer mechanism studied 886 the effect of natural additives on fatty acid signatures of P. viridis in time-dependent accelerated shelf-life 887 study, and studied the antioxidative status of a nutrient enriched formulation through a shelf-life study 888 Extract of the Australian muricid gastropod, D. orbita was found to exhibit nutraceutical 892 functionalities and anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), tumor necrosis 893 factor alpha (TNFα), and nuclear factor kappa-β Ink extract of S. officinalis displayed anti-inflammatory potentials Anti-inflammatory activity of mussel, Coelatura aegyptiaca was evaluated by Fahmy & Earlier studies of 899 freeze-dried extract of New Zealand green-lipped mussel P. canaliculus exhibited the capacity to prevent the 900 induced inflammation. It could act as dual inhibitors of membrane arachidonic acid oxygenation by 901 cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenase mechanisms, thereby decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandin, and 902 leukotriene along with the down-regulation of inflammatory pathways EPA and DHA were regarded as the precursors of anti-inflammatory resolvins wherein the role of green mussel extract supplemented with natural antioxidant 908 additives on inflammatory prostaglandins, PGE 2 /PGF 2α and C20 n-6 fatty acid were studied through accelerated 909 shelf-life study. This study highlighted the use of PGE 2 and PGF 2α analyses as an index of lipid peroxidation, 910 and antioxidant potentials The Okinawan 914 mollusc, Pinna muricata was reported for Ca 2+ channel activation, and was found to possesses 915 anti-inflammatory properties mg/mL), when compared to the standards, sodium salicylate (IC 50 1.75 mg/mL) and ibuprofen The 1H-benzochromenone compound from C. ramosus exhibited 919 greater inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase enzyme (IC 50 2.12 mM), when compared to the standard 920 A 923 polygalactosamino-glucopyranosyl fucopyranose isolated from C. madrasensis exhibited prospective 924 anti-inflammatory activities against pro-inflammatory enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction displayed that the polygalacatan suppressed the mRNA of 926 nuclear factor-κB and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages Consumption of molluscs and its related products were reported with a number of health benefits, 931 particularly as antihypertensive agents. For example, noteworthy reductions in the pathophysiologies related to active peptides A macrocyclic lactone with furo[1,4,8]trioxacyclohexadecine-12,19-dione from A. 941 neglectus was reported to exhibit potent in vitro ACE inhibition with IC 50 of 1.12 mM, wherein its ex-vivo 942 analyses revealed its protecting effects against angiotensin A noteworthy reduction of about 86.8 % in cellular size 946 of H9C2 cells upon macrocyclic lactone treatment, appropriately confirmed its potentials to inhibit ACE-II 947 induced cardiac hypertrophy (Prathapan, Vineetha, Abhilash, & Raghu, 2013) The muscle protein hydrolysates of mollusc were reported for antihypertensive potentials against A sulfated N-acetylglucosamino 955 glucuronopyranosyl-arabinopyranan isolated from seafood Amphioctopus neglectus displayed potential 956 angiotensin converting enzyme attenuation properties. This sulfated polysaccharide was reported to attenuate 957 angiotensin-II induced cardiac hypertrophy of the cardiomyoblast cells Previous reports of literature described that the antidiabetic potencies of the cephalopod molluscs were 961 greater than those exhibited by the gastropods and bivalves indicus extract was particularly due to its dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory property Organic extract of C. indicus inhibited the degradation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic 964 polypeptide and glucagon-like peptides (incretins) to enhance the generation, and the release of insulin from 965 pancreatic β-cells Methanol extract of Cerithidea obtuse (snail) was composed of alkaloids, terpenoids, and 971 flavonoids with potential antidiabetic property (IC 50 value of 36.40 mg/mL) (Cahyani, Purwaningsih, & Fitria, 972 2015). An isochromenyl derivative isolated from S. inermis exhibited efficient inhibition of carbolytic Marine and estuarine molluscs were identified as untapped resources of several antimicrobial 980 compounds, including indole alkaloids, chlorinated acetylenes, peptides, and glycol proteins These 984 species used their innate immunity to get along with the invading microbial pathogens due to the lack of a 985 well-defined defensive system. To date, an approximate number of 69 peptides with antimicrobial properties 986 were described from the bivalves and gastropods It was reported that 991 the steroids extracted from mollusc, M. meretrix displayed potential inhibition of cell growth, along with 992 induction of G1-phase cell cycle arrest in the hepatoma cells Arenas et al. (2009) 996 described the antifungal activity of polyproline-type antimicrobial peptides (47 residues) from the Chilean 997 scallop, Argopecten purpuratus against Fusarium oxisporum and Saprolegnia parasitic Antimicrobial activities of gill extract from the bivalve, P. viridis (Chandran, Rameshkumar, & 1004 Ravichandran, 2009) and crude solvent fractions of marine clam, Anadara granosa and M. casta against 1005 pathogenic bacteria were reported (Ramasamy & Balasubramanian Antiviral properties of the marine and estuarine molluscs were attributed to 1015 RNA interference Peptides and glycoproteins extracted from the molluscs were the predominant compounds 1017 responsible for their antiviral properties Defensin and mytilin isolated from M. galloprovincialis possessed activity against human 1020 immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and white spot syndrome virus, respectively These compounds were found to interact with the invading virus, and 1023 prevent their binding with target cells or inhibit its replication and transcription Hemocyanin 1 and 2 (glycosylated functional part) extracted from Rapana thomasiana exhibited antiviral 1025 activity against both herpes simplex virus type-1 and Epstein-Barr virus by inhibiting the replication at 200 Extracts from P. viridis, C. madrasensis, C. gryphoides, M. casta, V. cyprinoides, and 1029 Polymesoda erosa were found to possess prospective antiviral activities against influenza virus type-A and 1030 type-B The 1039 reason behind the selection of mollusc-derived anticancer drug candidates were due to their ability to target the 1040 biological characteristics of cancer cells, and their potency, selectivity, mechanisms of action along with 1041 alimentary behaviour The cephalopod 1051 species, Paraoctopus limaculatus (octopus) was studied for their antimutagenic and antiproliferative effects 1052 The gastropod snail, abalone was recommended for physically weak patients Recent pharmacological studies on secretions of C. aspersa were described for their skin 1064 regenerative pluralities through anti-oxidant activity, stimulation of fibroblast proliferation along with 1065 metalloproteinase regulation potencies C-type hemolytic lectin was purified from V. cyprinoides with activity against myocardial infarction Hard protective shell of Onchidiacea mollusc species secreted viscous fluid that could prevent 1072 it from predation. The lipid soluble extract, Onchidal TM was found to be the major product of Onchidella 1073 binneyi that could inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme Turbotoxin A from Turbo marmorata (gastropod) was active against 1075 acetylcholinesterase enzyme (IC 50 28 mM), and the compound was not found to interfere with the peripheral 1076 nervous system Molluscan pharmaceuticals: a modern pipeline perspective 1083 Natural products from the marine and estuarine molluscs were regarded as the backbone of modern 1084 therapeutics and pharmaceuticals. Recently, wide-range of bioactive natural products isolated from the 1085 molluscs were used in the formulation of pharmaceutical drugs The molluscan derived drug, ziconotide was approved by the Food and Drug Cytarabine and vidarabine were the first two marine natural 1088 products, which were added into the "pharmacopoeia" in 1974, for treating the human diseases. Following that, 1089 it has been taken through 30 years, for the identification and approval of the mollusc derived ziconotide, and it 1090 was added to the "pharmacopeia and 1093 ES-285 from bivalve, Mactromeris polynyma completed the phase-I clinical trials Different subtypes of voltage-gated calcium 1101 channels were identified in the nervous system. Ziconotide could reversibly block the N-type calcium channels 1102 situated on the primary nociceptive afferent nerves in superficial layers of dorsal horn of spinal cord. Binding of 1103 ziconotide to the presynaptic N-type calcium channels could reduce the generation of excitatory 1104 neurotransmitters from primary afferent nerves (McGivern, 2006) The pharmacophore agent successfully completed 1118 phase-II clinical trials with antitumor activities in the wide variety of cancer cells, including lung, breast, 1119 pancreas, colon, and prostate. Its primary mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated, even though it was 1120 reported that this compound could induce oncolytic rather than apoptotic cell death. It inhibited the expression 1121 of certain genes involved in the DNA replication, and cell proliferation, and thus, it inhibited the tumor 1122 spreading and growth It was found to bind the guanines in the selected 1128 DNA triplets, and then the DNA adducts gradually could give rise to the double-strand breaks, S-phase arrest, 1129 and finally apoptosis in the cancer cells. The preclinical in vivo studies described its potent antitumor activities 1130 in the prostate Lesser synthetic yield and water solubility 1141 along with the structural complexity of dolastatins were the barriers for their wider clinical evaluations (Poncet, 1142 1999). Synthetically, various analogs of dolastatin-10 were prepared, among these the drug named as TZT-1027 1143 with antivascular activity was identified. TZT-1027 was found to possess in vivo antiangiogenic activity in the 1144 chorioallantoic membrane embryo, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. However, it didn't exhibit 1145 anticancer activity in phase-II clinical trials 1147 (tasidotin) were formulated as anticancer drugs for the clinical studies LU-103793 could complete the phase-I clinical trial for curing of cancer, but the phase-II trial was interrupted ILX-651 could complete the phase-I clinical trial, and the phase-II trial was suggested due to no 1150 cardiotoxicities It is a cyclic hexapeptide isolated from the mollusc Pleurobranchus forskalii, and exhibited antitumor 1155 activities against the cancer cell lines, like MEL-20, A-549, P-388, and HT29 through unidentified mechanisms 1156 The cyclic depsipeptide, kulokekahilide-2 was a potent aurilide-type of compound, which was firstly 1160 isolated from Philinopsis speciose. Structural similarities with aurilides confirmed that it was biosynthesized by 1161 the marine cyanobacteria, and it exhibited anticancer activities against various cell lines, such as P388 The compound was found to be a potent antiproliferative alkyl amino alcoholic compound, and was 1166 identified from Spisula polynyma by the Spanish Pharmamar group. Spisulosine exhibited an intriguing 1167 mechanism of action, and the molecular target of this molluscan alkyl group was The compound was undergoing phase-I clinical trials as an antiproliferative agent These reviews included the structures of new secondary metabolites and their revisions. The increased 1175 numbers of publications with respect to the marine molluscan natural products described the significance of the 1176 organisms. The natural product reports on "marine natural products" of molluscan origin described more than 1177 604 publications between and more than 683 publications between the period spanning between The keyword "keenamide A" 1192 retrieved 2 publications, whereas the "kulokekahilide-2 or aurilide" retrieved 11 publications, and "spisulosine 1193 ES-285" was reported by a total number of 32 publications in the PubMed search (PubMed, accessed on 1194 24/09/2019). A recent search was carried out on the pharmacological activities, such as "antioxidant, 1195 anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer It was described that, 1199 around 23 % of publications were related to the pharmacological activities of H. discus followed by P. viridis 1200 (20 %), M. meretrix (15 %) and H. diversicolor (12 %). The emerging trends in the numbers of publications in 1201 the field of molluscan research Comparative study of the granted patents in this area from 1985 to 2019 were carried out, which 1207 includes the cultivation, harvesting, preservation of molluscs, along with its therapeutic and nutraceutical 1208 utilities Commercialized nutraceutical 1217 supplement, Cadalmin TM green mussel extract containing 100% natural marine bioactive anti-inflammatory 1218 ingredients extracted from the Asian green mussel P. viridis for use against rhumatoid arthritis pain was 1219 patented mg/kg body weight of the animal subjects that indicate the safety of the product The patent document, WO2006122296 described the identification of four 1227 novel cerebroside compounds, named as turbostatin 1-4 from the marine mollusc, Turbo stenogyrus. These 1228 compounds exhibited significant cancer cell growth inhibition against murine and human cancer cells, and were 1229 found to be useful against various neoplastic ailments The anticancer agent, 1234 kahalalide F isolated from E. rufescens was patented for anticancer activities against colon, breast, ovarian, and 1235 lung cancer, and particularly against androgen-independent prostate cancer (Patent Number US 1236 Trachyostracous 1246 mussel extract was patented for the use in the preparations of anti-SARS (anti-severe acute respiratory 1247 syndrome), anti-influenza, and immunomodulatory drugs (Chinese patent number CN100467030C According to the chemical 1255 structure, the biotoxin were classified as azaspiracid, brevetoxin, okadaic acid, pectenotoxin, saxitoxin, cyclic 1256 imine and yessotoxin. These biotoxins were attracted the attention of researchers owing to their potent 1257 biological activities, and as candidates for drug developments and biological probes for physiological analyses 1258 galloprovincialis, and were found to be responsible for DSP poisoning The molluscs, such as M. edulis, Siliqua patula, Mya arenaria and P. 1270 magellanicus were reported for the production of domic acid Another bivalve, P. muricata was reported for its acute toxicity 1272 in mice due to the production of pinnatoxins, pinnamine, and pinnaic acid (Takada Even though This review revealed that the marine and estuarine 1290 molluscs could be utilized as valuable bioresources to develop new therapeutic and high-value constituents with 1291 wide-range of pharmacological activities. The percentage of granted patents from 2016 to 2019 in the area of 1292 molluscan research was increased to more than 30 %, which recognized the significance of the molluscan 1293 phylum to develop high value compounds of pharmaceutical significance. Notably, more than 1334 secondary 1294 metabolites with potent bioactive properties were isolated and identified from the marine molluscs between the 1295 periods of 1984 to 2017. In particular, the studies on scaphopoda and polyplacophora class of molluscs would 1296 be regarded as valuable for further studies due to their availability and reasonably larger size, along with the 1297 knowledge of their traditional uses. Due to the promising pharmacological profiles of the molluscs, further 1298 studies are warranted to develop medications and nutraceutical products to alleviate several life-thretening 1299 ailments. The bioactive compounds from the molluscs of marine and estuarine origin could also be utilized in 1300 the development of potential therapeutic templates and functional food products. 1301 1302 Funding 1303 This work was funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research The authors thank the Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and the Head, Marine 1309 Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute for facilitating the research activities Detection and identification of spirolides in Norwegian shellfish and plankton. Chemical Research in 1320 Toxicology Review of anti-inflammatory, 1322 immune-modulatory and wound healing properties of molluscs Brominated indoles from a marine mollusc inhibit inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury Kahalalide 1328 compounds. Patent Number PL356800A1 Long-term supplementation of dietary 1330 omega-6/omega-3 ratios alters bone marrow fatty acid and biomarkers of bone metabolism in growing 1331 rabbits A new 1333 sulfated beta-galactan from clams with anti-HIV activity Skin chemistry of nudibranchs from the west coast of 1335 Molluscs. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular 1336 Metabolites of the marine 1338 prosobranch mollusk Lamellaria sp ceramide derivatives from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent invertebrate 1341 mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophiles Antibacterial activities of green mussel 1343 (Perna viridis) and edible oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) Antioxidant composition comprising enzymatic hydrolysates of Mytilus coruscus Novel tryptophan-derived dipeptides and bioactive 1348 metabolites from the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela A new biologically active malyngamide 1350 from a New Zealand collection of the sea hare Bursatella leachii A novel antifungal peptide 1353 designed from the primary structure of a natural antimicrobial peptide purified from Argopecten 1354 purpuratus hemocytes Company profile and product specification. www.aromanz.com/Accessed on Isolation, characterization and antibacterial activity of aglajne-1: Polypropionate 1359 isolated from the marine mollusk Bulla occidentalis Kahalalide derivatives from the Indian sacoglossan mollusk 1362 Comparison of mineral and trace element 1364 concentrations in two mollusks from the Strait of Magellan (Chile) Molluscan natural products as biological models: Chemical ecology, histology, and laboratory 1367 culture Defensive role and origin of its natural products Fatty acid and amino acid compositions of the gastropods Tonna dolium (Linnaeus, 1758) and Phalium glaucum (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Gulf of Mannar, 1373 Southeast coast of India Anti-infectious immune effectors in marine invertebrates: Potential tools for disease control 1375 in larviculture Nine novel 1377 angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) muscle 1378 protein hydrolysates and antihypertensive effect of the potent active peptide in spontaneously 1379 hypertensive rats Seasonal patterns in the biochemical constituents and body component 1381 indexes of the muricid gastropod, Thais haemastoma Molluskan biological and chemical diversity: Secondary metabolites and medicinal 1383 resources produced by marine molluscs Chemical diversity in molluscan communities: From natural products to chemical 1386 ecology Free fatty acids and sterols in the benthic 1389 spawn of aquatic molluscs, and their associated antimicrobial properties Are the traditional medical uses of muricidae molluscs substantiated by their pharmacological 1393 properties and bioactive compounds Indian freshwater edible snail Bellamya bengalensis lipid extract prevents T cell mediated 1396 hypersensitivity and inhibits LPS induced macrophage activation Mussels treat humans and animals Improvement of arthritic signs in dogs fed green lipped mussel (Perna 1401 canaliculus) Drugs from slugs-past, present and future perspectives 1403 of ω-conotoxin research Skin treatment benefits of Helix aspersa Muller glycoconjugates Marine natural 1407 products Marine natural 1409 products Marine natural 1411 products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum 1440 (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia) Total syntheses of ningalin A, 1442 lamellarin O, lukianol A, and permethylstorniamide A utilizing heterocyclic azadiene Diels-Alder 1443 reactions Acute toxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition 1445 in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed to the 1446 organophosphate dichlorvos: Laboratory and field studies. Archives of Environmental Contamination 1447 and Toxicology Helix and drugs: Snails for western health care from antiquity to the 1449 present Antimicrobial and antioxidant 1451 activities of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Littorina littorea and Galatea paradoxa First total 1454 synthesis and assignment of the stereochemistry of crispatenine Studies of Australian soft corals. XXI. A new sesquiterpene 1457 from Nephthea chabrolii and an investigation of the common clam Tridacna maxima Spatial and temporal 1460 variation of the fatty acid composition of Patella spp. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) soft bodies and 1461 gonads Molecular basis for the regenerative properties of a secretion of the mollusk Cryptomphalus aspersa Aplysiadiol from Aplysia dactylomela 1466 suggested a key intermediate for a unified biogenesis of regular and irregular marine algal 1467 bisabolene-type metabolites Beyond Polygodial: New drimane sesquiterpenes from a southern 1469 Australian marine sponge, Dysidea sp Anti-diabetic potential and secondary metabolites 1471 screening of mangrove gastropod Cerithidea obtusa First total synthesis of a natural product containing a chiral, β-diketone: 1473 Synthesis and stereochemical reassignment of siphonarienedione and siphonarienolone Cutaneous rejuvenating and healing product, method for its 1476 manufacture and uses thereof. Fortune Base Management Ltd Handbook of anticancer drugs from 1478 marine origin Marine terpenoid diacylguanidines: Structure, synthesis, and biological evaluation 1481 of naturally occurring actinofide and synthetic analogues Extending the record of bis-γ-pyrone polypropionates from marine pulmonate mollusks A new cytotoxic tambjamine alkaloid from the 1487 Structure and cytotoxicity of Phidianidines A and B: First finding of 1490 1,2,4-oxadiazole system in a marine natural product Evaluation of 1492 antiviral activity in hemolymph from oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae and Crassostrea gigas Studies of Australian ascidians. 1. Six new lamellarin-class 1495 alkaloids from a colonial Ascidian, Didemnum sp Marine natural products Comparative study on 1499 biochemical composition of some edible marine molluscs at Canakkale coasts Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of commonly available 1533 (Crassostrea madrasensis L.) from the southwest coast of India Nutritional and 1536 antioxidative attributes of green mussel (Perna viridis L.) from the southwestern coast of India A process to concentrate antiinflammatory principles from green mussel Perna 1539 viridis L. and a product incorporating these ingredients. Indian Council of Agricultural Research A product containing anti-inflammatory principles from green mussel Perna 1542 viridis L. and a process thereof Effect of natural additives on the fatty acid 1544 signatures of green mussel Perna viridis L. in a time-dependent accelerated shelf life study Toxicity profile of a nutraceutical formulation 1547 derived from green mussel Perna viridis Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory secondary 1550 metabolites from the Asian green mussel Perna viridis First report of a lactonic disecosteroid from the buccinid 1552 gastropod Babylonia spirata Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory 1556 activities of common edible cephalopods and their antioxidative effects using different in vitro models Macrocyclic lactones from seafood Amphioctopus neglectus: 1559 Newly described natural leads to attenuate angiotensin-II induced cardiac hypertrophy Antioxidative oxygenated terpenoids with bioactivities 1562 against pro-inflammatory inducible enzymes from Indian squid An unreported bis-abeo cembrane-type diterpenoid with 1565 antioxidative and anti-lipoxygenase activities from the muricid gastropod mollusc Chicoreus ramosus Isolation and total synthesis of two novel metabolites from the fissurellid 1568 mollusc Scutus antipodes Antimicrobial activity from the gill extraction of 1570 Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) Isolation of several 1572 cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusc, Mytilus edulis Indian 1575 marine bivalves: Potential source of antiviral drugs Antioxidant activity and 1577 molecular weight distribution of in vitro gastrointestinal digestive hydrolysate from flying squid 1578 (Ommastrephes batramii) skin-gelatin Anti-inflammatory and burn injury wound healing properties of the shell of Haliotis diversicolor Vascular mechanisms in osteoarthritis: Rationale for treatment 1583 with a marine-based complementary medicine Marine peptides: Bioactivities and applications. Marine 1585 Drugs Antifungal and antiviral 1589 products of marine organisms Trachyostracous mussel extract and its preparation and use. Patent Number 1593 aminoacids, mytilins A and B in the edible mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Biofunctional properties of enzymatic squid meat hydrolysate Pinnaic acid and 1598 tauropinnaic acid: Two novel fatty acids composing a 6-azaspiro[4.5]decane unit from the Okinawan 1599 bivalve Pinna muricata Chemistry of two distinct Aeolid Spurilla species: Ecological implications New 1604 caulerpenyne-derived metabolites of an Elysia sacoglossan from the south Indian coast Marine mollusk-derived agents with antiproliferative activity as promising anticancer 1608 agents to overcome chemotherapy resistance Tritoniopsins A-D, cladiellane-based diterpenes from the South China Sea 1611 nudibranch Tritoniopsis elegans and its prey Cladiella krempfi Aplysiopsenes: An additional example of marine polyketides with a mixed 1615 acetate/propionate pathway Membrenones: New polypropionates from the 1617 skin of the mediterranean mollusc Pleurobranchus membranaceus Two new labdane aldehydes from the skin of 1619 the notaspidean Plevrobranchaea meckelii Desulfoyessotoxins from Adriatic mussels: A new problem for seafood safety 1622 control Stereostructural determination by a 1625 synthetic and NMR-based approach of three oxazinins isolated from Adriatic mussels A new cytotoxic polychlorinated sulfolipid from contaminated Adriatic mussels Structure and stereochemistry of a new cytotoxic polychlorinated sulfolipid from Adriatic 1632 shellfish and -3 -A novel toxic compound and its analogues from the digestive glands of Mytilus 1635 galloprovincialis Oxazinins from toxic mussels: Isolation of a novel oxazinin 1638 and reassignment of the C-2 configuration of oxazinin-1 and -2 on the basis of synthetic models Molluscs: Progress in molecular and subcellular biology subseries marine 1641 molecular biochemistry New propionate-derived metabolites from Aglaja depicta and 1643 from its prey Bulla striata (opisthobranch mollusks) Ecology-and bioassay-guided drug discovery for treatments of tropical parasitic disease: 1646 5α,8α-Epidioxycholest-6-en-3β-ol isolated from the mollusc Dolabrifera dolabrifera shows significant 1647 activity against Leishmania donovani Systematic review of a marine nutriceutical supplement in clinical trials for 1650 arthritis: The effectiveness of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus Marine organisms as a source of new 1653 pharmaceuticals, history and perspectives Two polypropionate 1655 metabolites from the cephalaspidean mollusc Philinopsis speciosa The 1657 marine compound spisulosine and inhibitor of cell proliferation promotes the disassembly of actin stress 1658 fibres Elysiapyrones from Elysia diomedea Do such metabolites evidence an enzymatically assisted electrocyclization cascade for the biosynthesis 1661 of their bicyclo Anti-viral nutraceutical Fusaripyrones, novel 1665 polypropionates from the Mediterranean mollusc Haminoea fusari Polypropionates from Bulla 1667 occidentalis: Chemical markers and trophic relationships in cephalaspidean molluscs Placidenes C-F, novel alpha-pyrone propionates 1670 from the Mediterranean sacoglossan Placida dendritica Granuloside, a unique linear homosesterterpene from 1672 the Antarctic nudibranch Charcotia granulosa In vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the 1674 abalone Haliotis laevigata Ansellone A, a sesterterpenoid isolated from the nudibranch Cadlina luteromarginata and the sponge 1677 Phorbas sp., activates the cAMP signaling pathway Marine polypropionates Use of an antimicrobial composition Detection and partial characterisation of an antimicrobial 1682 peptide (littorein) from the marine gastropod Littorina littorea Pharmaceutical development of a parenteral lyophilized formulation of the investigational anticancer 1686 agent ES-285 Cytotoxic sesquiterpenes from Aplysia 1688 dactylomela New 1690 polyhydroxylated steroids from the marine pulmonate Trimusculus peruvianus. Archive for Organic 1691 Chemistry Labdane diterpenes with a new oxidation pattern from the marine pulmonate Trimusculus peruvianus Palmadorins A-C, 1696 diterpene glycerides from the Antarctic nudibranch Austrodoris kerguelenensis Antimicrobial activity of molluscan hemocyanins from helix and rapana snails A synthetic antibacterial peptide from Mytilus 1702 galloprovincialis reduces mortality due to white spot syndrome virus in palaemonid shrimp Isolation and crystal structure of an 1705 arsenic-containing sugar sulphate from the kidney of the giant clam, Tridacna maxima. X-ray crystal 1706 structure of (2S)-3-[5-deoxy-5-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-D-ribofuranosyloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl hydrogen 1707 sulphate Mollusca: Nudibranchia) and their ecological and evolutionary implications In vitro antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activities of Sepia 1712 officinalis ink and Coelatura aegyptiaca extracts Kahalalide F and ES285: Potent anticancer agents from marine molluscs Lamellarins and related pyrrole-derived alkaloids from 1718 marine organisms Phycotoxins in marine 1720 shellfish: Origin, occurrence and effects on humans Marine natural products: Metabolites of marine invertebrates Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Marine natural products Structure and 1737 absolute configuration of a new rearranged chamigrane-type sesquiterpenoid from the sea hare Aplysia 1738 sp Novel terpenoids from the sea hare Aplysia punctata Terpene 1742 biosynthesis in the nudibranch Doriopsilla areolata Studies of the 1744 biogenesis of verrucosins The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: Contributing 1747 to food security and nutrition for all. Rome Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 -Meeting 1750 the sustainable development goals Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020, 1752 Sustainability in action Spongian-16-one diterpenes and their anatomical distribution in the Australian nudibranch 1755 Goniobranchus collingwoodi An arsenic-containing nucleoside from the kidney of 1757 the giant clam, Tridacna maxima New polypropionate pyrones from the Philippine sacoglossan 1760 mollusc Placobranchus ocellatus Cytotoxic lissoclimide-type 1762 diterpenes from the molluscs Pleurobranchus albiguttatus and Pleurobranchus forskalii Crassostreaxanthins A and B: Novel marine 1765 carotenoids from the oyster Crassostrea gigas The antitumoral compound kahalalide F acts on cell 1767 lysosomes Pelseneeriol-1 and -2: 1769 New furanosesquiterpene alcohols from porostome nudibranch Doriopsilla pelseneeri Further chemical studies on the Antarctic 1772 nudibranch Austrodoris kerguelenensis: New terpenoid acylglycerols and revision of the previous 1773 stereochemistry Austrodoral and austrodoric acid: 1775 Nor-sesquiterpenes with a new carbon skeleton from the Antarctic nudibranch Austrodoris 1776 kerguelenensis First chemical study of 1778 anaspidean Syphonota geographica: Structure of degraded sterols aplykurodinone-1 and -2 Chemical studies of Caribbean 1781 sacoglossans: Dietary relationships with green algae and ecological implications Can molluscs 1784 biosynthesize typical sponge metabolites? The case of the nudibranch Doriopsilla areolata A novel dietary 1787 sesquiterpene from the marine sacoglossan Tridachia crispata A new γ-dihydropyrone-propionate from the 1789 Caribbean sacoglossan Tridachia crispata Scalarane metabolites of the 1791 nudibranch Glossodoris rufomarginata and its dietary sponge from the South China Sea Structure and synthesis of a 1794 progesterone homologue from the skin of the dorid nudibranch Aldisa smaragdina The effect of a lipid extract of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel in three cases of 1797 arthritis Analysis of sterols. Blackie Academic and Professional Marine natural products Oyster Plus TM . Dedicated 1802 website Mussel 6000 Orbicularisine: A spiro-indolothiazine 1808 isolated from gills of the tropical bivalve Codakia orbicularis Bioactive potential of some economically 1811 important marine gastropods along the Gulf of Mannar region, southeast coast of India Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific 1814 oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against subsequent challenge with ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1 μvar). Fish 1815 and Shellfish Immunology Terpenoids from marine organisms: Unique structures and their 1817 pharmacological potential Natural chemical cues for settlement and metamorphosis of marine 1819 invertebrate larvae Anti-inflammatory effects of a stabilized lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (Lyprinol) Conus venoms-A rich source of peptide-based 1824 therapeutics Invertebrate animals as a component 1827 of the traditional medicine trade in Novel metabolites of four Siphonaria species Norrisolide, a novel diterpene from 1832 the dorid nudibranch Chromodoris norrisi The denticulatins, two 1834 polypropionate metabolites from the pulmonate Siphonaria denticulate Indian green mussel (Perna viridis) as a source of anti-HIV activity An enumeration of Chinese materia medica Characterization of biologically inactive 1840 spirolides E and F: Identification of the spirolide pharmacophore Spirolides B and D, two novel macrocycles isolated from the digestive glands of shellfish Antioxidant responses in Meretrix 1845 meretrix exposed to environmentally relevant doses of tributyltin Cytotoxic constituents of the Vietnamese sea snail Monodonta labio (Linnaeus, 1758) Natural product chemistry and cancer drug discovery Cancer drug design and discovery L-amino acid oxidase activity of an antineoplastic factor of a 1853 marine mollusk and its relationship to cytotoxicity Metabolites from the sea hare Aplysia 1856 fasciata Brevetoxin B5, a 1858 new brevetoxin analog isolated from cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi in New Zealand, the marker for 1859 monitoring shellfish neurotoxicity Cardioactive peptides isolated from the brain of a Japanese 1861 octopus, Octopus minor Detection of five new hydroxyl 1863 analogues of azaspiracids in shellfish using multiple tandem mass spectrometry Occurrence, biological activity and synthesis of drimane 1866 sesquiterpenoids Effect of feeding 1868 cuttlefish liver oil on immune function, inflammatory response and platelet aggregation in rats Anti-inflammatory effects of extract from Haliotis discus hannai fermented with Cordyceps 1872 militaris mycelia in RAW 264.7 macrophages through TRIF-dependent signaling pathway. Fish and 1873 Shellfish Immunology Nutritional qualities of the low-value bivalve mollusks Paphia malabarica 1875 and Villorita cyprinoides at the estuarine waters of the southwestern coast of India First report of two new antioxidative meroterpeno 2H-pyranoids from 1878 short-necked yellow-foot clam Paphia malabarica (family: Veneridae) with bioactivity against 1879 pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenase An unprecedented antioxidative isopimarane norditerpenoid from bivalve 1881 clam, Paphia malabarica with anti-cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase potential Previously undescribed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory chromenyls 1884 bearing 3H-isochromenone and furanyl-2H-chromenyl skeletons from the venerid clam, Paphia 1885 malabarica Biogenic antioxidative and anti-inflammatory aryl polyketides from the 1887 venerid bivalve clam Paphia malabarica Previously undisclosed bioactive sterols from corbiculid bivalve clam 1889 Villorita cyprinoides with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory pyranoids and isochromenyl 1891 analogues from Corbiculid bivalve clam, Villorita cyprinoides Specialized oxygenated heterocyclics from Villorita cyprinoides with 1893 cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory properties Comparative bioactive properties of bivalve clams against 1896 different disease molecular targets New sterols with anti-inflammatory potentials against 1898 cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase from Paphia malabarica Inhibition of effects of leukemogenic viruses in mice by extracts of Mercenaria 1901 mercenaria Complete 1 H and 13 C NMR assignments of chamigrenes 1903 from Aplysia dactilomela Isolation and structural 1905 elucidation of novel mycosporine-like amino acids as alarm cues in the defensive ink secretion of the sea 1906 hare Aplysia californica Therapeutic properties and biological benefits of 1908 marine-derived anticancer peptides Anticancer principles from salivary gland extract of Octopus ageina Distribution of unusual cholesterol precursors, 4-methyl and 1913 4,4-dimethylsterols with δ8 unsaturation in gonads of marine archaeogastropods Marine mollusks: Food with benefits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science 1916 and Food Safety Three new cyctotoxic alkaloids, aplaminone, 1918 neoaplaminone and neoaplaminone sulfate from the marine molluscs Aplysia kurodai Stereoselective synthesis of pinnamine, an alkaloidal marine 1921 toxin from Pinna muricata Discovery of DA-1229: A potent, long acting dipeptidyl 1925 peptidase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes In vitro anti-hypertensive, antioxidant and anticoagulant activities of extracts from Haliotis 1929 discus Hannai Medicinal uses of marine animals: Current state and prospects Introduction to seafood science Antioxidant composition comprising enzymatic hydrolysates of Mytilus coruscus New lamellarin alkaloids from the 1937 Indian ascidian Didemnum obscurum and their antioxidant properties Functional properties of ethyl acetate-methanol extract of commonly 1940 edible molluscs First report of anti-inflammatory chromenyl derivatives from 1942 the spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis. Natural Products Research, published online ahead of print First report of chromenyl derivatives from spineless marine 1945 cuttlefish Sepiella inermis: Prospective antihyperglycemic agents attenuate serine protease dipeptidyl 1946 peptidase-IV Nutritional profiling of selected species of edible 1948 marine molluscs from the south-west coast of India Purification and 1950 characterization of an antibacterial factor from snail mucus Birtschenko Nikolaj A 10369 BERLIN DE Internationales 1954 Innovations-Centrum O-1100 Berlin De GmbH Investigation of nutritional 1956 properties of three species of marine turban snails for human consumption Burn remedial composition using natural materials and its production method. US Patent No Antiviral activity of a fraction of abalone juice. Society for Molluscan antimicrobial peptides, a 1963 review from activity-based evidences to computer-assisted sequences Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of 1966 polysaccharides from Chinese surf clam (Mactra chinensis) Synthesis and structure 1968 determination of kahalalide F (1, 2) Antioxidant activities and antioxidative components 1970 in the surf clam, Mactra veneriformis Carbohydrate-binding proteins of marine invertebrates Dolabellol A, a new halogenated diterpene 1975 isolated from the opisthobranch Dolabella auricularia Lipid extract of mussels and method for preparation thereof Novel marine-derived anticancer agents: A phase I clinical, pharmacological and 1980 pharmacodynamic study of dolastatin 10 (NSC 376128) in patients with advanced solid tumors Diterpenes from the marine pulmonate Trimusculus reticulatus Isocyanide terpene 1985 metabolites of Phyllidiella pustulosa, a nudibranch from the South China Sea New γ-pyrone 1988 propionates from the Indian Ocean sacoglossan Placobranchus ocellatus Structure and absolute stereochemistry of novel C-15 halogenated acetogenins from 1992 the anaspidean mollusc Aplysia dactylomela Aplysiols A and B, squalene-derived polyethers from the mantle of the sea hare Aplysia 1995 dactylomela Chemistry of Glossodoris nudibranchs: Specific occurrence of 1998 12-keto scalaranes A new rare asteriscane sesquiterpene and other 2000 related derivatives from the Hainan aeolid nudibranch Phyllodesmium magnum A new apocarotenoid from marine shellfish Mytilus coruscus Carotenoids in clams, Ruditapes 2005 philippinarum and Meretrix petechialis A new C 37 -skeletal carotenoid 2007 from the clam, Paphia amabillis A series of 19ʹ-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin 2009 derivatives from the sea mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, grown in the Black Sea Carotenoids in three species of corbicula 2012 clams, Corbicula japonica, Corbicula sandai, and Corbicula sp Structure of new carotenoids with a 2015 3,4-dihydroxy-β-end group from the oyster Crassostrea gigas Characterization of fucoxanthin and 2018 fucoxanthinol esters in the Chinese surf clam, Mactra chinensis Structures of five new carotenoids from the 2021 oyster Crassostrea gigas Comparative biochemical studies of carotenoids in nine species of 2023 cephalopoda Bioactive marine metabolites. 25. Further kabiramides and halichondramides, cytotoxic macrolides 2027 embracing trisoxazole, from the Hexabranchus egg masses The odyssey of marine pharmaceuticals: A current pipeline 2031 perspective Identification of pinnatoxins 2033 and discovery of their fatty acid ester metabolites in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from eastern Canada Marine chemical ecology Pharmaceutical preparations with gastroprotective action. US Patent No Targeting N-type and T-type calcium channels for the treatment of pain (3Z)-Bromofucin from a South African sea hare Sequestered chemistry of the Arminacean 2044 nudibranch Leminda millecra in Algoa Bay, South Africa Anti-cyclooxygenase effects of lipid extracts from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna 2047 canaliculus Fatty acid composition of 2050 the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, in relation to rearing temperature and body weight Extract of Indian green mussel, Perna viridis (L.) shows inhibition of blood capillary formation 2054 in vitro Dorisenones, cytotoxic 2056 spongian diterpenoids, from the nudibranch Chromodoris obsolete On condition index and percentage edibility of the shortneck 2058 clam Paphia malabarica (Chemnitz) from estuarine regions of Ratnagiri Total antioxidant capacity in the black mussel (Mytilus 2062 galloprovincialis) from Black Sea coasts Natural cholinesterase inhibitors 2064 from marine organisms Global nutraceuticals market-growth, trends and forecasts Bioactive lipidic extracts from octopus Evidance-based Complementary and Alternative 2072 Isolation and structure of a new 2074 brevetoxin analog, brevetoxin B2, from greenshell mussels from New Zealand Lipid, FA, and sterol 2077 composition of New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and Tasmanian blue mussel 2078 In vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of 2080 mollusks (Loligo duvauceli and Donax strateus) from India Kulokekahilide-2, a cytotoxic depsipeptide from a cephalaspidean mollusc Philinopsis speciosa Induction of 2086 polyploidization by jaspamide in HL-60 cells Antiviral activity of hemocyanin isolated from marine snail Rapana venosa Marine indole alkaloids Water-soluble and lipid-soluble arsenic Japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus Mass spectrometric identification of novel 2096 arsinothioyl-sugars in marine bivalves and algae New metabolites from the 2098 marine mollusc Siphonaria grisea Isolation and synthesis of siphonarienal a new polypropionate 2100 from Siphonaria grisea Kahalalide F formulation. Patent Number US 2102 The antioxidant potential of the 2104 New Zealand surf clams Nutritional and functional properties of squid and cuttlefsh Cooperative Association of Squid Processors, 35 th Anniversary Commemorative Publication ω-Conotoxin MVIIA: From marine snail venom to analgesic drug Drugs from the Sea Nutritional and commercial quality of the striped Venus clam, Chamelea gallina, from the Adriatic Sea. 2112 Food Chemistry Inhibition mechanisms of HIV-1 AMV reverse transcriptases by Kelletinin A from Buccinulum corneum A new adenosyl-alkaloid from Ostrea rivularis Seasonal changes of fatty acids of cuttlefish Sepia 2118 offcinalis L. (mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the north eastern Mediterranean Sea Storniamides A-D: Alkaloids from a Patagonian 2121 sponge Cliona sp Apoptotic-inducing epidioxysterols 2123 identified in hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) Hexabranchus sanguineus egg mass Dolastatin-10 induces 2127 polyploidy, telomeric associations and apoptosis in a murine melanoma cell line New polypropionates from Siphonaria Protective role of edible clam Paphia malabarica 2132 (Chemnitz) against lipid peroxidation and free radicals Anti-inflammatory capacity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells involves iNOS modulation Antimicrobial activities of the tissue extracts of 2137 Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Thazhanguda, southeast coast of India Isolation and structure of turbostatns 1-4. Patent Isolation and structure of the cell growth inhibitory depsipeptides dolastatins 11 2143 and 12 Antineoplastic agents 337. Synthesis of dolastatin 10 structural 2146 modifications A review of 2150 cephalopod-environment interactions in European seas Synthesis 2152 and structure-activity relationship study of potent cytotoxic analogues of the marine alkaloid lamellarin 2153 The dolastatins, a family of promising antineoplastic agents Boerhaavia diffusa L. attenuates 2157 angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells via modulating oxidative stress and 2158 down-regulating NF-kβ and transforming growth factor β1 Chemical studies of paolin II, an antiviral substance from 2161 oysters Zinconotide: A new option for refractory pain. Drug Today (Barc The chemistry of adenochrome(S). Marine Natural Products Chemistry Nato Conference Series Dotofide, a guanidine-interrupted 2166 terpenoid from the marine slug Doto pinnatifida (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia) Purification of anti-HIV protein from purple fluid of 2169 the sea hare Bursatella leachii de Blainville Identification of bioactive compounds and antimicrobial 2171 activity of marine clam Anadara granosa (Linn.) Study on antimicrobial activity of marine of bivalves Meretrix 2174 casta (Chemnitz) and Anadara granosa (Linn) from Muthupet and Tutcorin Southeast Nutritive value of Chicoreus ramosus. A status report. Tropical Marine 2177 Molecular Program Intrathecal ziconotide for 2179 neuropathic pain: A review New lamellarin alkaloids from an 2181 unidentified ascidian from the Arabian Sea A 2183 phase 2 study of TZT1027, administered weekly to patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer 2184 following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy Antimicrobial peptides derived from molluscs NMR structure of mussel mytilin, and 2188 antiviral-antibacterial activities of derived synthetic peptides Muamvatin, a novel tricyclic spiro ketal 2191 from the Fijian mollusk Siphonaria normalis Polypeptide fraction isolated from the haemolymph of the common mussel for use as 2194 an antiviral medicine Secondary metabolites of the chemically rich 2196 ascoglossan Cyerce nigricans A novel metabolite from the Chilean mollusk Siphonaria lessoni Bioactive compound(s) from marine gastropod mollusc (Telescopium telescopium) 2200 as potential anticancer/antiproliferative agents Toxicity of 2202 melanin-free ink of Sepia officinalis to transformed cell lines: Identification of the active factor as 2203 tyrosinase Hemagglutinating and antibacterial activity in hemolymph of Octopus 2205 vulgaris Bivalve culture optimisation of three autochthonous species (Ruditapes decussatus, Mytilus 2207 galloprovincialis and Ostrea edulis) in a central-western Mediterranean lagoon Identification of novel n-4 series polyunsaturated fatty acids in a deep-sea clam, Calyptogena 2210 phaseoliformis Characteristics of lipid and fatty acid of marine gastropod Turbo cornutus: High 2212 levels of arachidonic and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid Chlorophyllone-a, a new 2214 pheophorbide-a related compound isolated from Ruditapes philippinarum as an antioxidative compound Towards the biosynthesis of the aromatic products of the Mediterranean mollusc 2218 Scaphander lignarius: Isolation and synthesis of analogues of lignarenones Functional properties of the marine gastropod molluscs Chicoreus 2221 ramosus and Babylonia spirata collected from the southern coast of India An unreported polyether macrocyclic lactone with antioxidative and 2224 anti-lipoxygenase activities from the Babylonidae gastropod mollusc Babylonia spirata First report of bioactive sterols from the muricid gastropod Chicoreus 2227 ramosus Family: Muricidae) Ketosteroids 2232 from the far-east marine prosobranch mollusk Onchidiopsis variegata Identification and characterization of pectenotoxin (PTX) 2235 4 and PTX7 as spiroketal stereoisomers of two previously reported pectenotoxins. The Journal of 2236 Organic Chemistry Mercenene: In vivo effects of mollusk extracts on the sarcoma 180 Chemistry and biology of the tetrahydroisoquinoline antitumor 2240 antibiotics Isolation, structural determination and acute toxicity of pinnatoxins E, F and G Anticancer property of purified fraction C2 of cuttlefish 2245 (Sepia pharaonis) ink on cervical cancer cells Purification of a novel arthropod defensin from 2248 the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Conopeptides: From deadly venoms to novel therapeutics Total synthesis and structural elucidation 2253 of two unusual non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids in ovaries of the limpet Cellana toreuma Four new chamigrane sesquiterpenoids from the opistobranch mollusk Aplysia 2257 dactylomela Sterols from some molluscs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative 2259 Marine natural products as 2261 anticancer drugs Omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: Biological effects. World Review of 2263 Nutrition and Dietetics Habitat-associations of Turban snails on intertidal and subtidal rocky reefs Anti-neoplastic activities of Sepia officinalis ink and Coelatura aegyptiaca extracts against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice Isolation of thuridillins D-F, diterpene 2271 metabolites from the Australian sacoglossan mollusk Thuridilla splendens: Relative configuration of the 2272 epoxylactone ring Predator-prey relationship between Navanax inermis and 2274 Bulla gouldiana: A chemical approach Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ethyl acetate extract 2276 of the Indian green mussel Perna viridis Anti-inflammatory activities of 2279 aqueous/ethanol and methanol extracts of Perna viridis Linn. in mice A randomized double-blind 2282 placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel green-lipped mussel 2283 extract-BioLex ® -for managing pain in moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the hip and knee Shellfish handling and primary processing Bioactive peptides and 2288 depsipeptides with anticancer potential: Sources from marine animals Structures and anatomical distribution of oxygenated 2290 diterpenes in the Australian nudibranch Chromodoris reticulata Purification and characterization of a novel C-type haemolytic lectin 2293 for clot lysis from the fresh water clam Villorita cyprinoides: A possible natural thrombolytic agent 2294 against myocardial infarction In vitro anti-inflammatory 2296 activities of blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) in RAW 264 Steroids: A diverse class of secondary metabolites Synthesis and absolute configuration of polypropionate metabolites 2301 of Siphonaria australis Hectochlorin and morpholine 2303 derivatives from the Thai sea hare, Bursatella leachii Malyngamide X: The first (7R)-lyngbic 2305 acid that connects to a new tripeptide backbone from the Thai sea hare Bursatella leachii Chemical compositions and nutritional 2308 value of Asian hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) from the coast of Andaman Sea Pinnamine, an alkaloidal marine toxin, isolated 2311 from Pinna muricata Isolation and structures 2313 of attenols A and B. Novel bicyclic triols from the Chinese bivalve Pinna attenuata N-methyl-D-glutamate 2316 and N-methyl-L-glutamate in Scapharca broughtonii (Mollusca) and other invertebrates Lyprinol (stabilized lipid New Zealand green-lipped mussel): A potential preventative treatment modality for inflammatory bowel 2320 disease Prevalence, variability and bioconcentration of 2322 saxitoxin-group in different marine species present in the food chain Tandem mass spectrometry of kahalalides: Identification of two new cyclic 2324 depsipeptides, kahalalide R and S from Elysia grandifolia Search for anti-hyperglycemic activity in few marine flora and fauna Trachyostracous mussel extract and its preparation and use. Patent Number 2329 CN100467030C Novel 2331 anti-inflammatory omega-3 PUFAs from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel ACE inhibitory peptides identified from the muscle protein 2334 hydrolysate of hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) New cytotoxic and antibacterial compounds isolated from the 2336 sea hare, Aplysia kurodai Neuroprotective and cardioprotective 2338 conopeptides: An emerging class of drug leads. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development Deoxymanoalides from the nudibranch Chromodoris willani Pinnatoxin A: 2344 A toxic amphoteric macrocycle from the Okinawan bivalve Pinna muricata Antimicrobial activity in the haemolymph of Haliotis laevigata and the 2378 effects of a dietary immunostimulant Abalone Aquaculture Subprogram, Fisheries Research and 2380 Development Corporation New isocopalane 2382 diterpene diester from a sub-Antarctic marine nudibranch. Archive for Organic Chemistry Cyercenes, novel polypropionate pyrones 2385 from the autotomizing mediterranean mollusc Cyerce cristallina Mediterranean ascoglossan mollusc Ercolania funerea Method of producing protein hydrolysate from zebra mussel Furan fatty 2392 acid as an anti-inflammatory component from the green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus Ergot alkaloid from the sea slug Pleurobranchus forskalii Pharmaceutical composition useful for inhibition of 2397 osteoclast formation and a process for the extraction of mussel hudrolysate from Indian green mussel Isolation and characterization of a phenolic antioxidant from the pacific oyster 2401 (Crassostrea gigas) Overview on anticancer agents from Meretrix meretrix. 2403 Food Drug Filler forming hardenable paste with water used to fill tooth cavity-contains dry mixture of flat 2405 or hollow bone material, gelatin and opt. mollusk shell flour New natural product isolation and comparison of the 2407 secondary metabolite content of three distinct samples of the sea hare Aplysia dactylomela from Tenerife Keenamide A, a bioactive cyclic peptide from the marine mollusc 2410 Pleurobranchus forskalii Catalyst-controlled stereoselective synthesis secures the structure of 2414 the antimalarial isocyanoterpene pustulosaisonitrile-1 Anti-inflammatory activity of a lipid fraction (Lyprinol) from the NZ green-lipped mussel Neurotoxic alkaloids: 2420 Saxitoxin and its analogs Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from marine resources: 2422 Prospects in the pharmaceutical industry Global production of marine bivalves. Trends 2424 and challenges Terpenoid metabolites from skin extracts of the dendronotid 2427 nudibranch Tochuina tetraquetra Ziconotide: An update and review Preparation of ACE inhibitory peptides from Mytilus 2431 coruscus hydrolysate using uniform design Inhibition 2434 of cell growth and induction of G1-phase cell cycle arrest in hepatoma Arca subcrenata on cancer-related inflammation in human cervical cancer HeLa cells Meretrix meretrix: Activity components and 2440 their bioactivities Aplyronine A, a potent 2442 antitumor substance and the congeners aplyronines B and C isolated from the sea hare Aplysia kurodai Chlorophyllonic acid and 2445 methyl ester Antitumor and antimicrobial glycoproteins from sea hare Handbook of Chinese herbal formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine Identification and 2452 molecular docking study of a novel angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from 2453 enzymatic hydrolysates of Cyclina sinensis Anti-EBV 2455 activity of hemocyanin isolated from Helix lucorum Nutrient composition of the 2457 marine snail (Hexaplex trunculus) from the Tunisian Mediterranean coasts Terpenoid metabolites 2460 of the nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus from the South China Sea The preliminary studies on the lectin from sea clam (Meretrix meretrix) Antitumor peptides 2464 from marine organisms A novel cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide from the 2466 mucus of the snail of Achatina fulica Protective effects of 2468 squid ink extract towards hemopoietic injuries induced by cyclophosphamine Bioactivities of six sterols isolated 2470 from marine invertebrates Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and 2472 protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of three Mediterranean cephalopods Kerala) cephalopods (B) Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvaucelii (collected from the 2482 harbors of Thoppumpadi, Kerala), and bivalves (C) Perna viridis D) Paphia malabarica (collected from the Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala), (E) Crassostrea 2484 madrasensis (collected from the Sathara Island, Cochin, Kerala), (F) Villorita cyprinodes Percentage share of the major molluscan species produced in world aquaculture monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids along with 2492 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents of major molluscs, such as 2493 abalone, snail, mussel, oyster, scallop, clam, octopus, squid and cuttle fish based on the statistics of 2494 the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Numbers of taxa in different classes of molluscs (particularly, gastropods, cephalopods and 2499 traditional Indian medicine, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals) (Benkendorff, 2010). No record of 2500 medicinal applications with regard to the molluscan classes Caudofoveata and Polyplacophora was available Aggregate numbers of reported secondary metabolites and papers published (after Faulkner Macrocyclic lactones, 10-13 Chromenyl derivatives, 14 Sterol derivative Structures of compounds isolated from gastropod molluscs. 19 Homosesterterpene, granuloside Polypropionate derivatives, niuhinone A-C, 32 Guanidine-bound terpene derivative 38-39 Diterpenoids, 40-41 Chromoculatimine A-B, 42 Tambjamine K 57 Secomanoalide, 58 Ketosteroid derivatives, 59-60 Cyclic 2516 depsipeptides, 61 Crispatenine, 62 Pyrone compound, 63-67 Lignarenones, 68-69 Fusaripyrones 79 Isocopalane diester, 80 Scalarane, 81-82 Labdane, 83 Siphonarienolone Caulerpenyne metabolites, 86-87 Kahalalide R-S, 88-91 Bisabolene typed sesquiterpenes 99 Trans-decalin, 100-102 Sesquiterpene derivatives C15-halogenated derivatives, 105 (3Z)-bromofucin, 106 Laurinterol, 107 Debromolaurinterol, 2523 108-109 Degraded sterols. of compounds isolated from gastropod molluscs. 110 (+)-Austrodoral 113 Norrisolide, 114 Dorisenone C, 115-116 Haterumaimides, 117 2527 3β-Hydroxychlorolissoclimide, 118-119 Scalarane metabolites, 120-122 Sesquiterpenes, 123 2528 (−)-Tochuinyl acetate, 124 (−)-Dihydrotochuinyl acetate, 125 Austrodoric acid Labdane diterpenes Diterpene metabolites Tryptophan-based 2533 dipeptides, 159 Auriculol, 160 Non-halogenated sesquiterpene, 161 Puertitol-B acetate Caespitenone, 163 8-Acetyl-caespitol, 164 Dactylopyranoid, 165 Isopinnatol B 168-170 Tridachiapyrones G-J, 171-172 Tridachiahydro pyrones B-C, 173 174-175 Scutinin B, 176-177 Tetrahydropyran monodontins A and B 2538 Farnesol derivative, 184 Diterpene spurillin B, 185 Methylsarcoateanalog, 186 2R Secogorgosterol, 2539 187 Bisepoxide Cembrane-type diterpenoid, 202 Sesquiterpenoid Ramosane, 203 Polyether macrocyclic lactone, 2542 204 Lactonic steroid, 205-206 Unusual ∆ 5 sterols 210 Drimane ester. 2544 2545 Fig. 10. Structures of compounds isolated from bivalve clams. 211-216 n-4 PUFAs 219-220 Thioarsenosugars, 221 N-methyl-D-glutamic acid Germacrene-C, 224 Arsenic-enclosed sugar sulfate 226 5′-Deoxy-5′-dimethylarsinyl-adenosine, 227 Chlorophyllonic acid A methyl 2549 ester 2553 23-Gem-dimethylcholestaenol, 251 Methyl-dihomocholest-5, 22-dienol -268 O-spirocyclic ether derivatives, 269 Irregular meroterpenoid derivative Structures of compounds isolated from bivalve mussels and oysters. 270-272 Carotenoids 17-Eicosatetraenoic acid Azaspiracid analogs, 283 Polychlorinated sulfolipid, 284-285 Attenols 2564 294 Pinnaic acid, 295 Tauropinnaic acid 304 Ostrerine A, 305-312 Carotenoids, 313-314 Crasssostreaxanthin A-B, 315 3, 2567 5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzylalcohol, 316-317 Phenylacetyloxy-trimethylpicene-23-carboxylate 2568 derivatives, 318 Spirolide B, 319 Spirolide D, 320 Pectenol, 321 Pectenolone Relative proportion of the various chemical classes of secondary metabolites isolated from (A) 2572 gastropods and (B) bivalves over the period Comparison of number of reports on various pharmacological properties of major mollusc species 2576 (retrieved from GoogleScholar excluding citations and patents Comparison of granted patents from 1985 to 2019 in the area of molluscan research Table 1. Comparison of ten major cultured molluscan species by their value and production in 2015 according 2582 to FAO 2596 SFA -Saturated fatty acid; MUFA -Monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA -Polyunsaturated fatty acid; AA -Amino 2597 acid; EAA -Essential amino acid; NEAA -non-essential amino acid In vitro anti-inflammatory activities against COX-2, 5-LOX, antihypercho against HMGCR, anti-hypertensive activity against ACE-1, antidiabetic e α-amylase, α-glucosidase, DPP-4, free radical inhibition