key: cord-0699174-unvho33d
authors: Farias, Maria Eduarda; Santana, Monique Freire; Ferreira, Luiz; Borba, Mayla; Silva-Neto, João; Brito-Sousa, José Diego; Baía-da-Silva, Djane Clarys; João, Guilherme Pivoto; Val, Fernando; Simão, Mariana; Souza, João Vicente; Naveca, Felipe; Melo, Gisely; Monteiro, Wuelton; Lacerda, Marcus
title: COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a Series of Complete Autopsies from the Brazilian Amazon
date: 2022-01-07
journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1009
sha: 68f13cc29dea73606fb435ad5018e91b3fd86766
doc_id: 699174
cord_uid: unvho33d

Between April and July 2020, and, therefore, prior to the broad recommendation of corticosteroids for severe COVID-19, a total of 50 full autopsies were performed in Manaus. We confirmed two invasive cases of aspergillosis through histopathology and gene sequencing (4%) in our autopsy series. The confirmed invasive aspergillosis incidence seems much lower than expected based on the “probable and possible” definitions, and an individualized approach should be considered for each country scenario. Interestingly, a prolonged length of stay in the intensive care unit was not observed in any of the cases. Timely diagnosis and treatment of fungal infection can reduce mortality rates.

Abstract. Between April and July 2020, and, therefore, prior to the broad recommendation of corticosteroids for severe COVID-19, a total of 50 full autopsies were performed in Manaus. We confirmed two invasive cases of aspergillosis through histopathology and gene sequencing (4%) in our autopsy series. The confirmed invasive aspergillosis incidence seems much lower than expected based on the "probable and possible" definitions, and an individualized approach should be considered for each country scenario. Interestingly, a prolonged length of stay in the intensive care unit was not observed in any of the cases. Timely diagnosis and treatment of fungal infection can reduce mortality rates.

Secondary infections reported in severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients, such as invasive mold disease (IMD), have been well documented in influenza patients, in whom they lead to clinical deterioration and mortality, and require intensive care. 1 However, there is uncertainty in the literature about whether COVID-19 predisposes to such invasive fungal diseases. 2 The attempt to estimate the frequency of IMD using the gold standard method (i.e., postmortem examination) showed an IMD worldwide average of 2%, with a predominance of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), in a systematic review of autopsies performed in COVID-19 deceased patients. 3 However, CIs were obviously wide because of the limited number of autopsies performed and varying regional incidence.

That review only included two collated studies from Latin America, with 16 minimally invasive autopsies from southern Brazil, in which no IMD was reported. 4, 5 In Manaus, one of the first Brazilian capitals to experience the health system collapse triggered by the first wave of COVID-19, in April 2020, a series of complete diagnostic autopsies were performed in a referral unit. Informed consent was signed by legal representatives. The identification of species through molecular methodologies was carried out according to a previously described methodology. 6 Between April and July 2020, and, therefore, prior to the broad recommendation of corticosteroids for severe COVID-19, 50 complete autopsies were performed (unpublished data). All autopsies presented a clinical picture of severe respiratory distress. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 39 (78%) by reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and in 11 (22%) by positive IgM. Of the 50 autopsies, one COVID-19 patient identified with Aspergillus penicillioides was reported elsewhere 6 (case 1). We also report a second case in which Aspergillus sp. was identified (case 2). Therefore, we have confirmed two invasive CAPA cases through histopathology and gene sequencing (2 of 50, 4%) in our autopsy series. Clinical characteristics are presented in Table 1 . In Figure 1 , the histopathology of both patients' lungs is shown. Both patients also tested positive for galactomannan antigen in the serum. No fungal extrapulmonary lesions were seen. Systematic sampling of macroscopic pulmonary lesions during cleavage was performed. No mucormycosis was diagnosed in this series, although this complication was reported in a patient with COVID-19 from Manaus. 7 None of the patients used corticosteroids, tocilizumab, or any other immunomodulator, nor antifungal drugs.

In the overall series of 50 autopsied patients, no Histoplasma capsulatum was seen, and one patient evolved with candidemia. Of the 50 patients, 43 were hospitalized in the intensive care unit ICU from 1 to 30 days (average ICU stay, 9.8 days) . Surprisingly, both patients with CAPA stayed in the ICU only 3 and 7 days.

The difficulty in diagnosing associated pulmonary diseases in COVID-19 patients because of biosafety reasons complicates the management of critically ill patients. This was particularly the case in the first half of 2020, when not much was known about the new SARS-CoV-2 infection, and health systems were collapsing. 8 Bronchoscopy and serological biomarker-based diagnosis (such as galactomannan), proposed by the European Confederation for Medical Mycology and the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology 2020 consensus, 9 even under the best biosafety practices, are burdensome and not feasible in most low-income countries, affecting possible diagnoses and leading to the underestimation of CAPA incidence.

On the other hand, even before these guidelines were published, the use of the Clinical Algorithm to Diagnose Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients-the putative diagnosis and extrapolated definitions for influenza-related invasive aspergillosis 10 -could result in overestimating CAPA incidence as a result of the difficulty in distinguishing colonization from infection. Studies have reported worldwide incidences ranging from 8% to 34% in samples from patients under mechanical ventilation. 10 A meta-analysis reported that CAPA presented with a fatality rate of 54.9% in the ICU. 10 Brazil, with a vast continental territory, has diverse epidemiological scenarios. The finding of a 4% CAPA incidence in our autopsy series may reflect a better sensitivity of full autopsy analysis, because scattered Aspergillus-related lesions may challenge diagnoses when a minimally invasive autopsy is performed. Alternatively, there may be a local higher CAPA incidence in the Amazon compared with southern Brazilian states.

Our finding (4% CAPA incidence) seems to be in the same CI of the meta-analysis published elsewhere (2%). 3 However, this relatively low incidence should not discourage Aspergillus clinical/radiological suspicion in critically ill COVID-19 patients, because coinfection may lead to increased fatality rates. We do not believe that CAPA was a key contributor to the high fatality rates seen in Manaus, which were probably a mere reflex of the lack of preparedness. CAPA incidence confirmed by autopsies seems much lower than expected based on the "probable and possible" definitions, and an individualized approach should be considered for each country scenario. Timely diagnosis and treatment of fungal infection can reduce mortality rates, especially in older patients with underlying diseases. Universal presumptive treatment is still a matter of debate.

This study was funded by Coordenac¸ão de Aper-feic¸oamento de Pessoal de N ıvel Superior; Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia/Minist erio da Sa ud; Minist erio da Ciência

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient ıfico e Tecnol ogico

Fundac¸ão de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Programa de P os-Graduac¸ão em Medicina Tropical; and Pr o-Estado public calls

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient ıfico e Tecnol ogico fellows

Jos e Diego Brito-Sousa, Fernando Val, Gisely Melo, and Wuelton Monteiro, Instituto de Pesquisa Cl ınica Carlos Borborema, Fundac¸ão de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil, and Programa de P os-Graduac¸ão em Medicina Tropical

Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study

Prevalence of opportunistic invasive aspergillosis in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia

Invasive mould disease in fatal COVID-19: a systematic review of autopsies

Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID-19 patients assessed with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy

Endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19: brief report

Confirmed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and COVID-19: the value of postmortem findings to support antemortem management

Fatal rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis infection associated with diabetic ketoacidosis post-COVID-19

Diagnostic dilemma in COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis

Prevalence of putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19

Incidence and mortality of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Acknowledgments: We thank the staff of the Pathology Department of Universidade Federal do Amazonas and Hospital e Pronto-Socorro Delphina Rinaldi Abdel Aziz. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene has waived the Open Access fee for this article due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and has assisted with publication expenses.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.