key: cord-0696296-gzoxk89i authors: Mishra, Abhishek; Meenakshi,; Das, Trupti R.; Saren, Pupulata; Bhattacherjee, Prama; Thakur, Nitika; Tripathi, Sunil Kumar; Upadhaya, Shashank; Kim, Heui-Soo; Murugan, Arul Natarajan; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Patra, Santanu; Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar; Mishra, Anshuman; Shukla, Sudheesh K.; Joshi, Girish M. title: Sustainable Chemical Preventive Models in COVID-19: Understanding, Innovation, Adaptations, and Impact date: 2021-09-15 journal: Journal of the Indian Chemical Society DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100164 sha: ebe256951ce0a7a909589c3690c9e03c8ee96148 doc_id: 696296 cord_uid: gzoxk89i COVID-19 is considered as a major public health problem caused by the SARS CoV-2. This Viral infection is known to induce worldwide pandemic in short period of time. Emerging evidence suggested that the transmission control and drug therapy may influence the preventive measures extensively as the host surrounding environment and pathogenic mechanism may contribute to the pandemic condition earlier in COVID-19 disease. Although, several animals identified as reservoir to date, however human-to-human transmission is well documented. Human beings are sustaining the virus in the communities and act as an amplifier of the virus. Human activities i.e., living with the patient, touching patient waste etc. in the surrounding of active patients or asymptomatic persons cause significant risk factors for transmission. On the other hand, drug target and mechanism to destroy the virus or virus inhibition is depends on diversified approaches of drugs and different target for virus life cycle. This article describes the sustainable chemical preventive models understanding, requirements, technology adaptation and the implementation strategies in these pandemic-like situations. As the outbreak progresses, healthcare models focused on transmission control through disinfections and sanitization based on risk calculations. Identification of the most suitable target of drugs and regional control model of transmission are of high priority. In the early stages of an outbreak, availability of epidemiological information is important to encourage preventive measures efforts by public health authorities and provide robust evidence to guide interventions. Here, we have discussed the level of adaptations in technology that research professionals display toward their public health preventive models. We should compile a representative data set of adaptations that humans can consider for transmission control and adopt for viruses and their hosts. Overall, there are many aspects of the chemical science and technology in virus preventive measures. Herein, the most recent advances in this context are discussed, and the possible reasons behind the sustainable preventive model are presented. This kind of sustainable preventive model having adaptation and implementation with green chemistry system will reduce the shedding of the virus into the community by eco-friendly methods, and thus the risk of transmission and infection progression can be mitigated. infected nearly a more than 10 million people across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is a spherical surrounded particle containing nucleoprotein-associated single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA inside a capsid consisting of a matrix protein, where the envelope bears club-shaped glycoprotein projections [ Fig. 1 ] [1] . Some of the corona viruses are with hemagglutinin-esterase protein. In the membrane of corona virus, the membrane (M) glycoprotein is the most abundantly available structural protein which spans the membrane bilayer three times. It leaves a short NH2-terminal domain outside the virus and a long COOH terminus (cytoplasmic domain) inside the virion. There are four types of corona viruses: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma, among them only alpha and beta transmissible to humans [2] . Coronaviruses impact the respiratory systems of mammals and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which can lead to patient deaths [3] . SARS-CoV-2 was first reported to the World Health Organization on December 31, 2019 since then, highest number of deaths has occurred in the United States, India and Brazil respectively. Covid-19 People's respiratory disorders vary from common colds to more serious cases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). It can spread by respiratory droplets from person to person through coughs or sneezes of infected individuals. [3] . The common symptoms range from fever, Corona virus proteins bears several functional aspects which are responsible for virus severity and pathogenesis [6] . Understanding of such mechanism and functional and structural characteristics of proteins is important for designing drug and treatment strategies. Spike protein: Helps in viral entry, cell, and tissue-oriented spreading. The SARS CoV-2 structure has information about pathogenic mechanism and its variation is responsible for disease severity. Understanding of anatomic pathology in terms of disease progression and clinical features is most important to make strategies for diagnosis and treatment plan. Study shows clinical complexity and differentiation about pathology knowledge and importance of genetics and immunology in better understanding of pathogenic mechanism [11]. Utilization of specific and targeted drugs at suitable regions and identification of pathogenic mechanism for better diagnosis and treatment strategies is ultimate goal of disease progression. SARS-CoV-2 transmits via respiratory droplets (2 meters) helps to protect from getting infection by maintaining a distance of at least 6 feet. SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible with a broad tissue tropism and immune antagonism [13] . Coronavirus infection begins through ACE2 receptors of the human nose or mouth (during breathing and talking process). Then virus proceeds through other body parts where ACE2 is present such as the lungs, intestines, kidneys, brain and heart. After hijacks the body's own systems, it can upregulate ACE2 receptors in other organelles. The folded structural proteins enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the ER Golgi for translational mechanism. Assemble of the progeny virions occur due to Analysis of conserved domain showed information as below: i. ii. The results of the docking showed that orf1ab, ORF10, and ORF3a proteins were organized to attack the hemoglobin 1beta chain, and porphyrin could be bound by certain structural and nonstructural viral proteins. Deoxyhemoglobin was more susceptible than oxidized hemoglobin to virus attacks. As for the attack, less and less hemoglobin that could hold oxygen and carbon dioxide will cause symptoms of respiratory failure and coagulation reaction, harming many organs and tissues. [16]. The recent research trends were mostly focused on the effective diagnosis, where experts suggest that both cost effectiveness and sensitivity are associated with COVID-19 diagnosis. Individuals under exposed conditions are more likely to get diseases due to higher risk of COVID- i. It can quantify antibodies or proteins against COVID-19 infections. It is a symbol of body's immune response to the infection. Its significance lies in population or community infection status. ii. It can measure biochemical markers of virus infections. Various pathological examinations done to ensure the infection possibilities. However, for exact confirmation not in use. iii. In Use of drugs and variation in effects at various clinical patients give chance to medical authorities to use and research on different targeted drugs, which can demonstrate its efficacy and appropriate uses. All drugs are currently used in treatment of COVID-19, have some effects and influence on pathway of virus progression or virus life cycle. They work on targeted regions and enhances the immunity, inhibit virus production. Target on virus is better option in compared to host targeted drugs due to high severity and deaths risk of corona virus. Few very common drugs are mentioned below:  Veklury (remdesivir), in Japan and Australia  Dexamethasone, in the U.K. and Japan.  Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in USA and other countries. The focus of control response is to identify top risk associated with COVID-19 transmission or progression. The control strategies should be adapted based on regional risk and behavior requirements.  Cleaning: washing with detergent cause skin irritation and disruption so soap and saline water is another option for sanitization. Handling mask: wearing mask is one of challenging task where we have to avoid touching mask and face and use of regular hand washing. Technology enables to make the process easy and faster, which further helpful for early diagnosis. IoT also accelerate computing system, thus data transfer and storage and computation algorithm become easier in actions. IoT transform the user experience profoundly, providing device options, that makes healthcare models better and monitor daily health status more comfortable can become quite easy to use. This is useful in monitoring movement and tracking subjects and transfer data (Figure 3 ). The data-analytics technologies identifies trends and results easily and accurately. Such The small size of nanoparticle (1-100 nm) is the main reason for achieving the exceptional behavior than that of its bulk form. Nanoparticle exhibits unique chemical, physical and electronic properties, which leads to its diverse application in various fields [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] . There are different nanoparticles which include some organic molecules (e.g., dendrimers, DNA, lipids, viruses, and micelles), and inorganic molecules (e.g., iron oxide, gold, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes) [38] . Impact of innovation is reflected in public health models extensively due to slight change in results. Small change can influence extensively at broad scale and develop more sustainable healthcare models. Below subheadings will discuss important area where innovation can play role in shaping COVID-19 prognosis models. Solid hypothesis of innovation and technology in research exploration, planning for prognosis models need to be emphasized on certain field. Enormous genetic information contributes to better knowledge about disease mechanism. All genetic variants are important and lead to influence the characteristics through the correlation between genetic sequences and environmental components. More importance has been given to the whole-genome sequencing, which facilitates exclusive genetic information for better knowledge of disease mechanism and thus drug development. The extensive source of genomic information about single individuals and their utilization in the healthcare development leads to establishment of new field called as personalized healthcare. From whole genome to single cell genomics approaches, every information and understanding substantially makes strength of the diagnosis and treatment area and thus personalized healthcare field. Additional technologies such as statistical, computational and mathematical modeling field provide a solid diagnostic and therapy hypothesis, for patient disease control. The personalized healthcare is straightforward path to disease control based on specific information's, although costly but able to deliver fast and accurate healthcare model. The use of advanced technologies and their innovative utilization for required work is used extensively for product-based technologies in healthcare gadgets. IoT, AI, cloud computing and machine learning in the drug developing and disease surveillance's projects continue expanding day by day. These technologies having innovative orientation has the potential to drastically reduce the cost, time and outreaching to facilitate complete healthcare package due to fast development of new drug and diagnostic strategies. Innovations will occur drug discovery, biochemical assays developments, clinical trial models etc. Virtual drug trials, and discovery make it easy to reduce costs extensively. Self-protection is best strategies. Certain precautionary measurement is helpful for neutralizing virus or keeping our-self protect from contact and spread of viruses. Target on environment friendly procedure or process through making plan with nonhazardous chemicals to use every time for sanitization and cleaning process will be helpful for sustainable environment. Green chemistry eliminates the hazardous substances by replacing better chemical products and the by-products through this process should be less toxic and ecofriendly [45] . This will be achieved through manufacturing and selecting of eco-friendly chemicals via modification in the mechanism of chemical synthesis, the process, and the management of discarding toxic products. Adaptation of green chemistry helps in protecting the environment and transfer benefit to the diverse biological communities. The guiding principles of green chemistry based on framework for designing ecofriendly materials, products, processes, and synthesis for sanitization and stop virus transmission is major goals [46-48]. Authorities works on specific objectives and progress map commonly followed for standard community healthcare system [49] . This roadmap covers the below objectives ( Fig. 6) : i. Control coronavirus transmission through non-hazardous methods. ii. Diagnosis coronavirus through non-invasive methods. iii. Treat coronavirus without side effects. 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