key: cord-0694216-xn0u0wj6 authors: Nugraha, Ari Satia; Triatmoko, Bawon; Wangchuk, Phurpa; Keller, Paul A. title: Vascular Epiphytic Medicinal Plants as Sources of Therapeutic Agents: Their Ethnopharmacological Uses, Chemical Composition, and Biological Activities date: 2020-01-24 journal: Biomolecules DOI: 10.3390/biom10020181 sha: 0146a0b36f80ebcb868c7e16fb60c1a9d2afbf83 doc_id: 694216 cord_uid: xn0u0wj6 This is an extensive review on epiphytic plants that have been used traditionally as medicines. It provides information on 185 epiphytes and their traditional medicinal uses, regions where Indigenous people use the plants, parts of the plants used as medicines and their preparation, and their reported phytochemical properties and pharmacological properties aligned with their traditional uses. These epiphytic medicinal plants are able to produce a range of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, and a total of 842 phytochemicals have been identified to date. As many as 71 epiphytic medicinal plants were studied for their biological activities, showing promising pharmacological activities, including as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. There are several species that were not investigated for their activities and are worthy of exploration. These epipythes have the potential to furnish drug lead compounds, especially for treating cancers, and thus warrant indepth investigations. Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants and are often known as air plants. They are mostly found in moist tropical areas on canopy tree-tops, where they exploit the nutrients available from leaf and other organic debris. These plants exist within the plantae and fungi kingdom. The term epiphyte itself was first introduced in 1815 by Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel in "Eléments de physiologie végétale et de botanique" [1] . Epiphytes can be categorized into vascular and non-vascular epiphytic plants; the latter includes the marchantiophyta (liverworts), anthocerotophyta (hornworts), and bryophyta (mosses). The common epiphytes are mosses, ferns, liverworts, lichens, and the orchids. Epiphytes fall under two major categories: As holo-and hemi-epiphytes. While orchids are a good example of holo-epiphytes, the strangler fig is a hemi-epiphyte. Although geological studies have proposed the existence of epiphytes since the pleistone epoch, an epiphyte was first depicted in "the Badianus Manuscript" by Martinus de la Cruz in 1552, which showed the Vanilla fragrans, a hemi-epiphytic orchid, being used by the tribal communities in latin America for fragrance and aroma, usually hung around their neck [1] . Epiphytes have been a source of food and medicine for thousands of years. Since they grow in a unique ecological environment, they produce interesting secondary metabolites that often show exciting biological activities. There are notable reviews on non-vascular epiphytes, bryophyta, regarding their phytochemical and pharmacological activities [2] [3] [4] [5] . There are also extensive reviews on epiphytic lichens covering secondary metabolites and their pharmacological activities [6] [7] [8] [9] . The only available review on vascular epiphytes related to medicinal uses was focused on Orchidaceae [10] . Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, there is no extensive database of vascular epiphytes regarding their medicinal contribution. There are 27,614 recorded species of vascular epiphytes belonging to 73 families and 913 genera [11] . Vascular epiphyte species are commonly found in pteridophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms plant groups, which are mostly found in the moist tropical areas on canopy tree tops, where they exploits the nutrients available from leaf and other organic debris [12, 13] . In this study, information on vascular epiphytic medicinal plant species was collected using search engines (Web of Science, Scifinder Scholar, prosea, prota, Google scholar), medicinal plant books (Plant Resources of South-East Asia: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants [14] [15] [16] , Plant Resources of South-East Asia: Cryptogams: Ferns and Fern Allies [17] , Mangrove Guide for South-East Asia [18] , Medicinal Plants of the Asia-Pacific [19] , Medicinal Plants of the Guiana [20] , Indian Medicinal Plants [21, 22] , Medicinal Plants of Bhutan [23] , Medicinal and aromatic plants of Indian Ocean islands: Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles and Mascarenes [24] ), and the Indonesian Medicinal Plants Database [25] . Scientific names of the epiphytic medicinal plant species were compared against the Plantlist database for accepted names to avoid redundancy [26] . The time-frame threshold for data coverage was from the earliest available data until early 2020. Nevertheless, empirical knowledge regarding traditional medicinal plants was passed through generations using verbal or written communication, with verbal communication highly practiced by remote tribes [27, 28] . It is possible that some oral traditional medical knowledge may not be reported and therefore not captured in this review. In this current study, we collected and reviewed 185 epiphytic medicinal plants reported in the literature, covering ethnomedicinal uses of epiphytes, their phytochemical studies and the pharmacological activities. The data collection approach used is presented in Figure 1 . In this component of the study, we collated and analysed 185 of the medicinally used epiphytic plants species using ethnopharmacological information. This data (Table 1 ) includes the name of species, plant family, areas where the epiphytes are used in traditional medicines, part(s) of the plant being used in medication, how the medicine was prepared, and indications. Of the 185 medicinally used epiphytes, 53 species were ferns (mostly polipodiaceae), with 132 species belonging to the nonfern category. The Orchidaceae family contains the Dendrobium genus that contains the highest number of medicinal epiphytes, including 64 orchid species and 20 Dendrobium species. The In this component of the study, we collated and analysed 185 of the medicinally used epiphytic plants species using ethnopharmacological information. This data (Table 1 ) includes the name of species, plant family, areas where the epiphytes are used in traditional medicines, part(s) of the plant being used in medication, how the medicine was prepared, and indications. Of the 185 medicinally used epiphytes, 53 species were ferns (mostly polipodiaceae), with 132 species belonging to the non-fern category. The Orchidaceae family contains the Dendrobium genus that contains the highest number of medicinal epiphytes, including 64 orchid species and 20 Dendrobium species. The Orchidaceae epiphytes were the majority of non-fern epiphytes. Cassytha filiformis L, Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall., Cymbidium goeringii Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., Acrostichum aureum Limme, and Ficus natalensis Hochst. were the five most popular vascular epiphytic medicinal pants used ( Figure 2 ). Orchidaceae epiphytes were the majority of non-fern epiphytes. Cassytha filiformis L, Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall., Cymbidium goeringii Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., Acrostichum aureum Limme, and Ficus natalensis Hochst. were the five most popular vascular epiphytic medicinal pants used ( Figure 2 ). Based on the available records, the data curation and analysis revealed that the Indigenous Indonesians have used 58 diverse epiphytic medicinal plant species throughout the archipelago and have the highest record compared to other tropical countries ( Figure 3 ). China is second and is well known for its traditional medicine, including the use of epiphytes in medicament preparation. This is followed by the Indigenous Indians, with the well-established Ayurveda as a formal record of Indian medicinal plants. The traditional medicinal plant knowledge of Indonesa has been heavily influenced by Indian culture and enriched by Chinese and Arabian traders since the kingdom era [27] . This review determined that leaves were the main plant components used in the traditional medicines ( Figure 4 ). This was expected given they are more easily harvested (without excessive Based on the available records, the data curation and analysis revealed that the Indigenous Indonesians have used 58 diverse epiphytic medicinal plant species throughout the archipelago and have the highest record compared to other tropical countries ( Figure 3 ). China is second and is well known for its traditional medicine, including the use of epiphytes in medicament preparation. This is followed by the Indigenous Indians, with the well-established Ayurveda as a formal record of Indian medicinal plants. The traditional medicinal plant knowledge of Indonesa has been heavily influenced by Indian culture and enriched by Chinese and Arabian traders since the kingdom era [27] . Biomolecules 2020, 10, x 3 of 57 Orchidaceae epiphytes were the majority of non-fern epiphytes. Cassytha filiformis L, Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall., Cymbidium goeringii Rchb.f.) Rchb.f., Acrostichum aureum Limme, and Ficus natalensis Hochst. were the five most popular vascular epiphytic medicinal pants used ( Figure 2 ). Based on the available records, the data curation and analysis revealed that the Indigenous Indonesians have used 58 diverse epiphytic medicinal plant species throughout the archipelago and have the highest record compared to other tropical countries ( Figure 3 ). China is second and is well known for its traditional medicine, including the use of epiphytes in medicament preparation. This is followed by the Indigenous Indians, with the well-established Ayurveda as a formal record of Indian medicinal plants. The traditional medicinal plant knowledge of Indonesa has been heavily influenced by Indian culture and enriched by Chinese and Arabian traders since the kingdom era [27] . This review determined that leaves were the main plant components used in the traditional medicines ( Figure 4 ). This was expected given they are more easily harvested (without excessive This review determined that leaves were the main plant components used in the traditional medicines ( Figure 4 ). This was expected given they are more easily harvested (without excessive tools) and processed compared to other plant parts, e.g., the root and stem. As some epiphytes have a small biomass compared to higher trees, the whole plant is commonly harvested in medicament preparation. Interestingly, almost half of epiphytic medicinal plants were ferns, in which the stem-like stipe is prepared for medicine. Without haustoria (a specialised absorbing structure of a parasitic plant), the root and rhizome of epiphytic medicinal plants are easily harvested and prepared. Biomolecules 2020, 10, x 4 of 57 tools) and processed compared to other plant parts, e.g., the root and stem. As some epiphytes have a small biomass compared to higher trees, the whole plant is commonly harvested in medicament preparation. Interestingly, almost half of epiphytic medicinal plants were ferns, in which the stemlike stipe is prepared for medicine. Without haustoria (a specialised absorbing structure of a parasitic plant), the root and rhizome of epiphytic medicinal plants are easily harvested and prepared. Generally, medicinally active secondary metabolites have a water solubility problem likely related to the lipophilic moieties in their structures [29] . Using boiling water, decoctions are able to increase the yield of secondary metabolites extracted from medicinal plants. Therefore, it is not surprising that decoctions are commonly used in traditional medicine preparations from plants ( Figure 5 ). External applications are also commonly practiced in traditional medicinal therapies, including poultice (moist mass of material), raw, or less processed medicine. Poultices were commonly prepared for skin diseases while a decoction was ingested for internal infectious diseases (i.e., fever). Generally, medicinally active secondary metabolites have a water solubility problem likely related to the lipophilic moieties in their structures [29] . Using boiling water, decoctions are able to increase the yield of secondary metabolites extracted from medicinal plants. Therefore, it is not surprising that decoctions are commonly used in traditional medicine preparations from plants ( Figure 5 ). External applications are also commonly practiced in traditional medicinal therapies, including poultice (moist mass of material), raw, or less processed medicine. Poultices were commonly prepared for skin diseases while a decoction was ingested for internal infectious diseases (i.e., fever). Interestingly, epiphytes have been used for treating various ailments, including both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Traditional communities described infectious diseases related to skin diseases (wounds, boils, ulcers, abscesses, smallpox) and non-skin diseases (fever, diarrhoea, ulcers, colds, worm infections, and malaria). A total of 54 epiphytic medicinal plant species were prescribed to treat skin diseases while 81 species to treat non-skin infectious diseases ( Figure 6 ). Hygiene has been a serious issue in traditional communities as it gives rise to infectious diseases. Fever is a common symptom of pathogenic infection and has been treated using medicinal plants, including epiphytes. Hygiene issues are also a common cause of skin disease, wounds, dysentery, and diarrhoea in traditional communities. Interestingly, epiphytes have been used for treating various ailments, including both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Traditional communities described infectious diseases related to skin diseases (wounds, boils, ulcers, abscesses, smallpox) and non-skin diseases (fever, diarrhoea, ulcers, colds, worm infections, and malaria). A total of 54 epiphytic medicinal plant species were prescribed to treat skin diseases while 81 species to treat non-skin infectious diseases ( Figure 6 ). Interestingly, epiphytes have been used for treating various ailments, including both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Traditional communities described infectious diseases related to skin diseases (wounds, boils, ulcers, abscesses, smallpox) and non-skin diseases (fever, diarrhoea, ulcers, colds, worm infections, and malaria). A total of 54 epiphytic medicinal plant species were prescribed to treat skin diseases while 81 species to treat non-skin infectious diseases ( Figure 6 ). Hygiene has been a serious issue in traditional communities as it gives rise to infectious diseases. Fever is a common symptom of pathogenic infection and has been treated using medicinal plants, including epiphytes. Hygiene issues are also a common cause of skin disease, wounds, dysentery, and diarrhoea in traditional communities. Hygiene has been a serious issue in traditional communities as it gives rise to infectious diseases. Fever is a common symptom of pathogenic infection and has been treated using medicinal plants, including epiphytes. Hygiene issues are also a common cause of skin disease, wounds, dysentery, and diarrhoea in traditional communities. Epiphytes belong to a distinctive plant class as they do not survive in soil and this influences the secondary metabolites present. Epiphytes are physically removed from the terrestrial soil nutrient pool and grow upon other plants in canopy habitats, shaping epiphyte morphologies by the method in which they acquire nutrients [30] . Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are obtained from different sources, including canopy debris (through fall) and host tree foliar leaching [30] , the latter influencing canopy soil nutrient cycling [31, 32] . In the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy, the epiphyte often uses a specific carbon fixation pathway (CAM: Crassulacean acid metabolism) as a result of harsh environmental conditions [33] , making them unique and thus worthwhile for scientific studies. In the early 20th century, laboratory-based research on epiphytes studied the plant's production of alkaloids, cyanogenetic, and organic sulfur compounds, with the plants producing limited quantities of these compounds [34] . Common plant steroids, e.g., β-sitosterol, have been shown to be present in 22 different epiphytic medicinal plants (Figure 7 ). This is possibly due to the function of the steroids as structural cell wall components, giving rise to a wide distribution across plant families and species. A further example of a common plant steroid present is stigmasterol. Biomolecules 2020, 10, x 6 of 57 Epiphytes belong to a distinctive plant class as they do not survive in soil and this influences the secondary metabolites present. Epiphytes are physically removed from the terrestrial soil nutrient pool and grow upon other plants in canopy habitats, shaping epiphyte morphologies by the method in which they acquire nutrients [30] . Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are obtained from different sources, including canopy debris (through fall) and host tree foliar leaching [30] , the latter influencing canopy soil nutrient cycling [31, 32] . In the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy, the epiphyte often uses a specific carbon fixation pathway (CAM: Crassulacean acid metabolism) as a result of harsh environmental conditions [33] , making them unique and thus worthwhile for scientific studies. In the early 20th century, laboratory-based research on epiphytes studied the plant's production of alkaloids, cyanogenetic, and organic sulfur compounds, with the plants producing limited quantities of these compounds [34] . Common plant steroids, e.g., β-sitosterol, have been shown to be present in 22 different epiphytic medicinal plants (Figure 7 ). This is possibly due to the function of the steroids as structural cell wall components, giving rise to a wide distribution across plant families and species. A further example of a common plant steroid present is stigmasterol. Table 2 lists the secondary metabolites identified in epiphytic medicinal plants and details the species, isolated compounds, and provides references. Currently, only 69 species have been phytochemically studied (23 fern and 46 non-fern epiphytes) and 842 molecules have been isolated from these epiphytic plants. Analysis of the literature showed epiphytes were able to produce a range of secondary metabolites, including terpenes and flavonoids, with no alkaloids being isolated from epiphytic fern medicinal plants thus far. β-Sitosterol, a common phytosterol in higher plants, was reported across fern genera. Interestingly, there is one unique terpene produced, hopane, which is commonly called fern sterol. Common flavonoids, such as kaempferol, quercetin, and flavan-3-ol derivatives (catechin), were also reported across the epiphytic ferns. Epiphytic pteridaceae, Table 2 lists the secondary metabolites identified in epiphytic medicinal plants and details the species, isolated compounds, and provides references. Currently, only 69 species have been phytochemically studied (23 fern and 46 non-fern epiphytes) and 842 molecules have been isolated from these epiphytic plants. Analysis of the literature showed epiphytes were able to produce a range of secondary metabolites, including terpenes and flavonoids, with no alkaloids being isolated from epiphytic fern medicinal plants thus far. β-Sitosterol, a common phytosterol in higher plants, was reported across fern genera. Interestingly, there is one unique terpene produced, hopane, which is commonly called fern sterol. Common flavonoids, such as kaempferol, quercetin, and flavan-3-ol derivatives (catechin), were also reported across the epiphytic ferns. Epiphytic pteridaceae, Acrostichum aureum Limme, is rich in quercetin [35] . Further analysis showed there were more secondary metabolites reported from non-fern epiphytic medicinal plants than from fern epiphytic medicinal plants, including terpene derivatives, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Included were flavanone, flavone, and flavonol derivatives but no flavan-3-ols were reported in these epiphytes so far. In the non-fern epiphytes, there were more phytochemical studies on orchid genera with additional classes of compounds reported, including penantrene derivatives (flavanthrinin, nudol, fimbriol B) [36, 37] from the Bulbophyllum genus and the alkaloid dendrobine from the Dendrobium genus [38] . Therefore, while epiphytes may have limitations in accessing nutrients, adaptation has enabled them to successfully survive these environments. Studies on numerous medicinal epiphytes show that the unique environment does not constrain the plants from producing different types of secondary metabolites. These include terpenes, flavonoids, and alkaloids, especially the non-fern epiphytic medicinal plants. The pharmacological activities of medicinal epiphytes are summarised in Table 1 From the 191 collected records of epiphytic medicinal plants, around 71 species were subjected to bioactivity testing, with 25 of these species using crude extract samples. Although this testing represents almost 50% of the species examined, only a few of the pharmacological tests were related to ethnopharmacological claims. Here, we discuss selected species where the outcomes indicated a coherent relationship between bioactivities and traditional claims. Research on epiphytes that have been used in infectious disease therapy include in wound healing, dysentery, and skin infections. A study on the methanol extract of Adiantum caudatum L., Mant showed anti-fungal activity against common fungi found in wounds (Aspergilus and Candida species) [39] , including Aspergillus flavus, A. spinulosus, A. nidulans, and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 15.6, 15.6, 31.2, and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively. Gallic acid was one of the bioactive constituents [40] . The methanol extract of Ficus natalensis Hochst (a semi-epiphytic plant) showed anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 41.7 µg/mL, and weak bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with an MIC value of 99 µg/mL [41] . These results became preliminary data for confirming its traditional uses as malarial fever therapy and wound healing. Phytochemical studies on Pyrrosia sheareri (Bak.) Ching successfully isolated several compounds and were subjected to anti-oxidant testing. While this was not in line with the plant's ethnomedical uses for dysentery therapy [42] , one of the isolated constituents was protocateuchic acid, which is known to possess anti-bacterial activity. It implies that the traditional uses of the epiphyte was for bacillary dysentery therapy. An exploration on Drynaria species, highly prescribed in bone fracture therapy, successfully isolated flavonoid constituents that induce osteoblast proliferation [43] . Previous studies on Acrostichum aureum Limme failed to show its anti-bacterial activities [44] contrary to its traditional claims in wound management. However, patriscabratine 257 was isolated from the defatted methanol extract of whole plant of A. aureum, and subsequent testing showed it possessed anti-cancer activity in gastric cells and this supprted the traditional use of the plant in peptic ulcer therapy [35] . A decoction from the epiphyte Ficus deltoida has been used to treat diabetes. A study on the hot aqueous extract of this plant revealed anti-hyperglycemic activity by stimulating insulin secretion up to seven-fold. Furthermore, its activity mechanism was related to both the K + ATP -dependant and -non-dependant insulin secretion pathway [45] . However, further studies are required to identify the constituents responsible for the anti-hyperglycaemic activity. The Indigenous people of Paraguay have used Catasetum barbatum Lindley to topically treat inflammation. Four bioactive compounds were isolated from this species and 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4,8trimethoxyphenanthrene (confusarin) 595 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity [46] . The study also revealed the compound to be a non-competitive inhibitor of the H 1 -receptor. From the polypodiaceae family, the rhizome of Phymatodes scolopendria (burm.) Ching has been used to treat respiratory disorders. A bioassay-guided phytochemical study on Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm. isolated 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin) 209 as a bronchodilator [47] . Secondary metabolite tapping has been an interesting study to reveal the molecular interactions between epiphytes and their host. This interaction was more visible when a physical channel between the two were developed. This channel (haustorium) made an epiphytic plant act as a parasite that enabled the plant to harvest molecular components from the host plant. A study on Scurulla oortiana (Korth.) Danser growth in three different host species (Citrus maxima, Persea Americana, and Camellia sinensis) identified three secondary metabolites (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and rutin) in the S. oortiana (Korth.) Danser epiphyte growing on the three hosts [48] . Interestingly, extensive chromatographic and spectroscopic studies discovered that the flavonoids found in the S. oortiana (Korth.) Danser were independent of the host plants [48] . Secondary metabolite production in a host plant can also be triggered by the existence of a parasite, as discussed in a study on Tapirira guianensis infested by Phoradendron perrottetii, in which infested branches produced more tannin compare to non-infested branches, with infestation inducing a systemic response [48] . [188] , anti-cancer [189] , hypoglycemic activity (extract, rodents) [45, 188] antimicrobial activity (extract) [190] , Anti-inflammatory [191] 107 Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham. India BK, LT, BD, SD Decoction, poultice Decocted stem bark to treat gastric and ulcer, latex to treat boils (external), typhoid and fever (internal), decocted bud to treat ulcer, leucorrhoea, Seed as tonic for stomach disorder [157, [192] [193] [194] The medicated liquor has effects of relaxing muscles and tendons, activating collateral flow, promoting blood circulation, dispelling blood stasis, expelling wind, removing dampness, and relieving pain [195] Against T-cell leukemia [197] , antimicrobial [198] 111 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 1β,11α-diacetoxy-11,12-epoxydrim-7-ene 120, 1β,3β,11α-triacetoxy-11,12-epoxydrim-7-ene 121, 1β,6α,11α-triacetoxy-11,12-epoxydrim-7-ene 122, sequoyitol 123 [339, 351] 31 Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.)Ettingsh 3β-acetoxy-1β-(2-hydroxy-2-propoxy)-11α-hydroxy-olean-12-ene 359, 3β-acetoxy-11α-ethoxy-1β-hydroxy-olean-12-ene 360, 3β-acetoxy-1β-hydroxy-11α-methoxy-olean-12-ene 361, 3β-acetoxy-1β,11α-dihydroxy-olean-12-ene 362, 3β-acetoxy-1β,11α-dihydroxy-urs-12-ene 363, 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-11-one 364, 3β-acetoxy-lup-20 ( Pholidota articulata Lindl. Vanda tessellate (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. Oxotessallatin 762 [446] Viscum articulatum Burm.f. [457, 458] Epiphytes are the most beautiful vascular plants and contain interesting phytochemicals and possess exciting pharmacological activities. An analysis of the literature revealed 185 epiphytes that are used in traditional medicine, in which phytochemical studies identified a total of 842 secondary metabolites. Only 71 epiphytic medicinal plants were studied for their pharmacological activities and showed promising pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer. Several species were not investigated for their activities and are worthy of exploration, including epiphytes from the Araceae (P. fragantissimum), Aralliaceae (S. caudata, S. elliptica, S. elliptifoliola, S. oxyphylla, S. simulans), and Asclepidaceae (Asclopidae sp., D. acuminate, D. benghalensis, D. imbricate, D. major, D. nummularia, D. platyphylla, D. purpurea, Toxocarpus sp) families, in which no phytochemical and pharmacological studies had been reported. These species have been used by Indigenous populations to treat both degenerative and nondegenerative diseases. It is known that there are examples of Indigenous populations living in protected forest reserves (e.g., in Indonesia) where epiphytes are used in their medicine, e.g., some species of Dischidia are used to treat fever, eczema, herpes etc.; these plants have not yet been studied. Therefore, the possibility of responsible bioprospecting exists (in compliance with the Nagoya protocol), which would be invaluable in biodiscovery knowledge as well as in mutual benefit sharing agreements. 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SM. on osteoblastic proliferation using an osteoblast-like cell line Ethnobotanical authentication and identification of Khrog-sman (Lower Elevation Medicinal Plants) of Bhutan Traditional hepatoprotective herbal medicine of Koch tribe in the South-West Garo hills district Isolation of antibacterial constituent from rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia and its sub-acute toxicological studies Medicinal plants of Dagala region in Bhutan: Their diversity, distribution, uses and economic potential Ferns and Fern Allies Ferns and Fern Allies The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies Medicinal fern of India Keanekaragaman jenos tumbuhan paku terestrial dan epifit di Kawasan PLTP Kamojang Kab Coloured illustration of Wakan-Yaku; Hoikusha Fern constituents: Triterpenoids isolated from rhizomes of Pyrrosia lingua L Phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity of 31 species of ferns Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus Antioxidant activity of Pyrrosia petiolosa Screening of natural antioxidants from traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with treatment of rheumatic disease Anti-implantation activity of some indigenous plants in rats Screening of the tumor cytotoxic activity of sixteen species of mangrove plants in Hainan In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Acrostichum aureum Linn Cytotoxic effects of bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts Ferns and Fern Allies Ethnobotanical observations on ferns and ferns allies of Nepals Anti-acne activity of Selaginella involvens extract and its non-antibiotic antimicrobial potential on Propionibacterium acnes Protection of immunocompromised mice from fungal infection with a thymus growth-stimulatory component from Selaginella involvens, a fern Constituents of Vittaria anguste-elongata and their biological activities Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1 Antibacterial Agent/Highly Safe Antibacterial Agent Obtained from Plants. Japan Patent Medicinal and Poisonous Plants Herbal remidies among the Khasi traditional healers and village folks in Meghalaya Impatiens niamniamensis Gilg. In PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources Végétales de l Major alkaloidal constituent from Impatiens niamniamensis seeds as antihyperglycemic agent Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants: Asia and the Pacific Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 2; van Valkenburg Pharmacological evaluation of ocoteine, isolated from Cassytha filiformis, as an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist in rat thoracic aorta Antiplatelet and vasorelaxing actions of aporphinoids from Cassytha filiformis Alkaloids from Cassytha filiformis and related aporphines: Antitrypanosomal activity, cytotoxicity, and interaction with DNA and topoisomerases Comparative antioxidant activity of Cuscuta reflexa and Cassytha filiformis Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Inhibitory effects on melanin biosynthesis and tyrosinase activity, cytotoxicity in clone M-3 and antioxidant activity by Cuscuta japonica, C. australis, and C. chinensis extracts Indigenous medicinal plants of Garhwal Himalaya (India): An ethnobotanical study Industrial, R. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants Anti-steroidogenic activity of methanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa roxb. stem and Corchorus olitorius Linn. seed in mouse ovary The purification and nature of an antiviral protein from Cuscuta reflexa plants Constituents of Cuscuta reflexa are anti-HIV agents Evaluation of psychopharmacological effects of petroleum ether extract of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. stem in mice Antibacterial activity of Cuscuta reflexa stem and Corchorus olitorius seed Effect of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb on androgen-induced alopecia In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb Antioxidative and antiobesity activity of nepalese wild herbs Two polyisoprenylated benzophenones from the trunk latex of Clusia grandiflora (Clusiaceae) Medical ethnobotany of the Teribes of Bocas del Toro The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Flowering Plants The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Drymonia serrulata Phytochemical study of Fagraea spp. uncovers a new terpene alkaloid with anti-Inflammatory properties Traditional Aboriginal Medicines in the Northern Territory of Australia; Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory of Australia Superstition, magic, and medicine Aboriginal names and uses of plants in the Northern Flinders Ranges Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species Wound healing, anti-microbial and antioxidant potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh Evaluation of medicinal plants from Central Kalimantan for antimelanogenesis The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa: Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Antimicrobial and cytotoxic constituents of Loranthus globosus Toxicological studies of two compounds isolated from Loranthus globosus Roxb. Pak Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 The Utilization of Parasite as Anticancer Agent Preparation and cancer cell invasion inhibitory effects of C16-alkynic fatty acids Indonesian medicinal plants. XXV. Cancer cell invasion inhibitory effects of chemical constituents in the parasitic plant Scurrula atropurpurea (loranthaceae) Antiviral and cytotoxic activities of some Indonesian plants Study on cytotoxic activities on human leukemia cell line HL-60 by flavonoids extracts of Scurrula parasitica from four different host trees Uses of Extracts of Loranthaceae Plants as NF-κB Inhibitor for Treating Diseases Associated with Abnormal Activation of NF-κB Screening of herbal medicines for the recovery of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity Effects of different extraction solvents on the antioxidant activities of leaves extracts of Scurrula parasitica. Fujian Shifan Daxue Xuebao Ziran Kexueban Polysaccharides from Scurrula parasitica L. inhibit sarcoma S180 growth in mice Screening of crude plant extracts with anti-obesity activity Bioassay-guided isolation of neuroprotective compounds from Loranthus parasiticus against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 cells Evaluation of traditional Chinese medicinal plants for anti-MRSA activity with reference to the treatment record of infectious diseases Antimicrobial and anticonvulsant activities of Viscum capense Condensed tannins from Botswanan forage plants are effective priming agents of γδ T cells in ruminants Profil fitokimia dan aktifitas antiacetylcholinesterase dari daun Tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) Antihyperglycemic activity of F. deltoidea ethanolic extract in normal rats Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1 Effects of Ficus deltoidea aqueous extract on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats Evaluation of the antinociceptive activity of Ficus deltoidea aqueous extract Evaluation of extracts of leaf of three Ficus deltoidea varieties for antioxidant activities and secondary metabolites Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity and toxicity profiles of the leaves of Ficus deltoidea in rodents Ficus deltoidea (Mas cotek) extract exerted anti-melanogenic activity by preventing tyrosinase activity in vitro and by suppressing tyrosinase gene expression in B16F1 melanoma cells Antimicrobial activity of Ficus deltoidea Jack (Mas Cotek) Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Ficus deltoidea Natural History and Economic Botany of Nepal of Information, His Majesty's Govt A general survey and biochemical analysis of fodder plants found in Nagarjun hill forest of Kathmandu valley Utilization pattern of medicinal plants in Thumpakhar Oral Medicated Liquor Comprising Caulis et Folium Piperis, Radix Celastri Angulati and Ficus Lacor Buch-Ham with Effects of Eliminating Dampness Relieving Pain. China Patent 1814035 Ficus natalensis Hochst. In PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources Végétales de l Screening of promising chemotherapeutic candidates against human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma from plants: Active principles from Physalis pruinosa and structure-activity relationships with withanolides A triterpene from Ficus pumila Medicinal plants of the Mien (Yao) in Northern Thailand and their potential value in the primary healthcare of postpartum women A survey on phytochemical and bioactivity of plant extracts from Malaysian forest reserves Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Studies on tissue culture of Chinese medicinal plant resources in Taiwan and their sustainable utilization Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and liver-protective effects of Anoectochilus formosanus, Ganoderma lucidum and Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Rats Higher yielding isolation of kinsenoside in Anoectochilus and its anti-hyperliposis Effect Ameliorative effects of Anoectochilus formosanus extract on osteopenia in ovariectomized rats Profiling and characterization antioxidant activities in Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata Antihyperglycaemic and anti-oxidant properties of Anoectochilus Formosanus in diabetic rats Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by phytochemicals from Anoectochilus formosanus Effect of Anoectochilus formosanus on fibrosis and regeneration of the liver in rats Aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus attenuate hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats Kinsenoside isolated from Anoectochilus formosanus suppresses LPS-stimulated inflammatory reactions in macrophages and endotoxin shock in mice Kinsenoside, a high yielding constituent from Anoectochilus formosanus, inhibits carbon tetrachloride induced Kupffer cells mediated liver damage Anoectochilus spp. Polysaccharide Extracts for Stimulating Growth of Advantageous Bacteria, Stimuating Release of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, Modulating T Helper Cell Type I, and/or Modulating T Helper Cell Type II and Uses of the Sa Anoectochilus roxburghii: A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications Antihyperglycemic activity of kinsenoside, a high yielding constituent from Anoectochilus roxburghii in streptozotocin diabetic rats Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of water extract from Anoectochilus roxburghii in experimental diabetes New dihydrodibenzoxepins from Bulbophyllum kwangtungense Bulbophyllum Odoratissimum 3,7-Dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenanthrene Bulbophyllispiradienone Compound and its Derivatives as Antitumor Agent and Inhibiting NO Release from Macrophage. China Patent 1594311 New Dibenzyl Compounds as Antitumor Agent and Inhibiting Macrophage from Releasing NO. China Patent 1594309 Cytotoxic phenolics from Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Two new biphenanthrenes with cytotoxic activity from Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Anti-inflammatory constituents of topically applied crude drugs. III. Constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of Paraguayan crude drug Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.). Pak Structure of cymbidine A, a monomeric peptidoglycan-related compound with hypotensive and diuretic activities Gigantol isolated from the whole plants of Cymbidium goeringii inhibits the LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-κB inactivation in RAW 264.7 macrophages cells Synthesis and biological activity of isoamoenylin, a metabolite of Dendrobium amoenum Simultaneous determination of phenols (Bibenzyl, phenanthrene, and fluorene) in Dendrobium species by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection Bio-guided isolation of antioxidants from the stems of Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanum Studies on anti-hyperglycemic effect and its mechanism of Dendrobium candidum Effects of white dendrobium (Denbrobium candidum) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) on nourishing the Yin and promoting glandular secretion in mice and rabbits Antioxidant activity of crude and purified polysaccharide from suspension-cultured protocorms of Dendrobium candidum in vitro Three New Bibenzyl Derivatives from Dendrobium candidum Four new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium candidum Chemical components of Dendrobium candidum Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 2; van Valkenburg Warisan Nenek Moyang Antimicrobial activity of Dendrobium crumenatum (Pigeon Orchid). Malays Erianin induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells A new phenanthrene with a spirolactone from Dendrobium chrysanthum and its anti-inflammatory activities Chemical constituents from Dendrobium densiflorum Studies on the chemical constituents of Dendrobium fimbriatum In vitro antioxidant of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook.var.oculatum Hook Moscatilin from the orchid Dendrobrium loddigesii is a potential anticancer agent. Cancer Investig Studies on the chemical constituents of Dendrobium loddigesii rolfe Antiplatelet aggregation principles of Dendrobium loddigesii New Phenanthrenes and Stilbenes from Dendrobium loddigesii The alkaloid of Chin-Shih-Hu Two phenanthraquinones from Dendrobium moniliforme Hypoglycemic effect of the polysaccharide from Dendrobium moniliforme. Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao Lixueban Anti-oxidation activity in vitro of polysaccharides of Dendrobium huoshanense and Dendrobium moniliforme An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by ethnic people in Parbat district of western Nepal Medicinal and poisonous plants 2 Orchids: A review of uses in traditional medicine, its phytochemistry and pharmacology Recent advances in traditional plant drugs and orchids A new dedonbrine-type alkaloid from Dendrobium nobile Three new sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile with immunomodulatory activity Immunomodulatory sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile Bioactive bibenzyl derivatives and fluorenones from Dendrobium nobile In vitro antioxidant activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide derived from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. extracts Antitumor and antimicrobial activities and inhibition of in-vitro lipid peroxidation by Dendrobium nobile Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium nobile and their inhibition of the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells Comparison of antitumor activities of different polysaccharide fractions from the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl Australian Medicinal Plants: A Complete Guide to Identification and Usage Indigenous vegetable drugs. Part II Bioguided fractionation and isolation of free radical scavenging components from in vitro propagated chinese medicinal plants Dendrobium tosaense Makino and Dendrobium moniliforme SW Cechinel-Filho, V. Analgesic compounds from Epidendrum mosenii stems Antinociceptive properties of the methanolic extract and two triterpenes isolated from Epidendrum mosenii stems (Orchidaceae) Phytotoxic activity of bibenzyl derivatives from the orchid Epidendrum rigidum Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 An ethnobotanical study of traditional anti-inflammatory plants used by the Lohit community of Arunachal Pradesh, India Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Survival and flowering of some perennial herbs II. The behavior of some orchids on permanent plots Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of compounds isolated from Scaphyglottis livida and Maxillaria densa Spasmolytic effects, mode of action, and structure-activity relationships of stilbenoids from Nidema boothii Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Stilbene derivatives from Pholidota chinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity Stilbene and dihydrophenanthrene derivatives from Pholidota chinensis and their nitric oxide inhibitory and radical-scavenging activities Acute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine Nitric oxide/cGMP mediates the spasmolytic action of 3,4 -dihydroxy-5,5 -dimethoxybibenzyl from Scaphyglottis livida Antiinflammatory principles of Vanda roxburghii Aphodisiac activity of Vanda tessellata Chemical studies and anti-inflammatory activity of Vanda roxburghii roots A study of anti-arthritic action of Vanda roxburghii in albino rats Screening for hypoglycemic activity on the leaf extracts of nine medicinal plants: In-Vivo evaluation Illustrated Guide to Tropical Plants Glucosyloxybenzyl eucomate derivatives from Vanda teres stimulate HaCaT cytochrome c oxidase Anitmicrobial activity of Vanilla planifolia A survey of traditional medicinal plants from the Callejo'n de Huaylas, Department of Ancash, Peru Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oil of Peperomia galioides HBK (Piperaceae) from Peru Use of a modified microplate bioassay method to investigate antibacterial activity in the Peruvian medicinal plant Peperomia galioides Pharmacologically active principle of Piper retrofractum. Soul Taehakkyo Saengyak Yonguso Opjukjip Cytotoxic screening of medicinal and edible plants in Okinawa, Japan, and identification of the main toxic constituent of Rohdea japonica (Omoto) Alkaloids Having Potent Inhibiting Activity of Platelet Aggregation Mosquito larvicidal activity of aqueous extracts of long pepper (Piper retrofractum vahl) from Thailand Insecticide susceptibility of mosquitoes invading tsunami-affected areas of Thailand Chemical constituents of Piper retrofractum vahl and their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities Antileishmanial amides and lignans from Piper cubeba and Piper retrofractum Piperidine alkaloids from Piper retrofractum Vahl. protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating lipid metabolism and activating AMP-activated protein kinase Antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese medicinal plants Xanthine oxidase Iinhibitory activity of Vietnamese medicinal plants Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of bioactive constituents from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack Release of cytochrome c in MCF-7 cells treated with 7,3 ,5 -trihydroxyflavanone of Hydnophytum formicarium A natural compound from Hydnophytum formicarum induces apoptosis of MCF-7 cells via up-regulation of Bax Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Preliminary study on immunomodulatory effect of Sarang-Semut tubers Myrmecodia tuberosa and Myrmecodia pendens Pemanfaatan Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia pendans Merr. & Perry) oleh Masyarakat Sekitar Taman Nasional Wasur Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 3 Screening of plants of the family Loranthaceae for toxic proteins The inhibitory effect of lycorine on tumor cell apoptosis induced by polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived calprotectin The Inhibition of superoxide anion generation by neutrophils from Viscum articulactum Two new phenolic glycosides from Viscum articulatum Protective effect of oleanolic acid on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats Flavanone and diphenylpropane glycosides and glycosidic acyl esters from Viscum articulatum Diuretic and natriuretic activity of two mistletoe species in rats Antiepileptic activity of aerial parts of Viscum articulatum (Viscaceae) in rats Oleanolic acid prevents glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in rats Effect of Viscum articulatum Burm. (Loranthaceae) in Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester induced hypertension and renal dysfunction In vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Viscum articulatum Viscum ovalifolium DC Chemical constituents of Adiantum caudatum Chemical constituents of a member of Adiantum caudatum complex Triterpenoids from Adiantum caudatum Homoserine and α-aminoadipic acid in green plants Glycosides from Stenochlaena palustris Acylated flavonol glycosides from leaves of Stenochlaena palustris Structure of davallic acid Comparative biochemistry of flavonoids. II. 3-Deoxyanthocyanins and their systematic distribution in ferns and gesnerads Pharmacognostical studies on Ku-tsui-po. II Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of Filices. 56. Constituents of the davalliaceous ferns Nishioka, I. Tannins and related compounds. Part 89. 4-Carboxymethyl flavan-3-ols and procyanidins from Davallia divaricata Ku-tui-po". III. Constituents of the rhizomes of Davallia solida A new C-glycosyl xanthone isolated from Davallia solida Alkaloids in Lycopodium phlegmaria Alkaloids of lycopods, particularly of Lycopodium phlegmaria Isolation and structure of phlegmanol F A new serratane-type triterpene from Lycopodium phlegmaria Morita, H. Malycorins A-C, new lycopodium alkaloids from Lycopodium phlegmaria Alkaloid constituents of Lycopodium phlegmaria L Triterpenoids of Lycopodium megastachyum Drimanes from the epicuticular wax of the fern Nephrolepis biserrata Traditional Chinese Herbal Extractscontaining Sequoyitol for Preventing and Treating Diabetes and Complications. China Patent Chemical constituents of Nephrolepis cordifolia Vasorelaxing alkaloids and flavonoids from Cassytha filiformis A new chiratane type triterpenoid from the rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei Flavan-3-ols from the rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei Two new chromone glycosides from Drynaria fortunei Chemical components of the rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei (KUNZE) J. Sm. (polypodiaceae) in Vietnam A flavanol glycoside from Drynaria propinqua Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on Drynaria quercifolia Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on four Indonesian epiphytic medicinal plants: Drynaria rigidula, Hydnophytum formicarum, Usnea misaminensis, and Calymperes schmidtii Isolation of diploptene from Pyrrosia lingua Dammarane triterpenoids from rhizomes of Pyrrosia lingua Fern constituents: Cyclohopenol and cyclohopanediol, novel skeletal triterpenoids from rhizomes of Pyrrosia lingua Chemical constituents of Pyrrosia petiolosa A new flavonol diglycoside from Pyrrosia petiolosa Flavonoids from Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching The structures of amentoflavone glycosides isolated from Psilotum nudum 3 -Hydroxypsilotin, a minor phenolic glycoside from Psilotum nudum Sterols and fatty acids of a whisk fern Psilotum nudum Psilotin with Antitumor Effect. China Patent 1028278 Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of ferns. XXXVII. Chemical studies on the constituents of Costa Rican ferns Chemical investigation of Acrostichum aureum Linn 2S,3S)-Sulfated Pterosin C, a cytotoxic sesquiterpene from the Bangladeshi,angrove fern Acrostichum aureum Study on the chemical constituents of Selaginella involvens Spring and in vitro antibacterial activities of partial chemical constituents Isolation of nantenine from Cassytha filiformis and its synthesis Alkaloids from Cassytha filiformis Chemical constituents from Cassytha filiformis II Cytotoxic aporphine alkaloids from Cassytha filiformis Neolignans from the parasitic plants. Part 2. Cassytha filiformis Study on the chemical constituents of Cuscuta australis R.Br Chemical constituents from the seeds of Cuscuta australis Study on constituents of the seed from Cuscuta australis. Beijing Zhongyiyao Daxue Xuebao Phytochemical studies on Cuscuta reflexa Sterols and sterol glycosides from Cuscuta reflexa Terpenes isolated from the fruits of Clusia ssp Three new pentacyclic triterpenes and some flavonoids from the fruits of an Indian ayurvedic plant Dendrophthoe falcata and their estrogen receptor binding activity Studies on the chemical constituents of qiaohuajisheng Flavonols from Scurrula ferruginea Danser (Loranthaceae). Z. Fuer Nat. C New sterols and triterpenoids of Ficus pumila fruit New dammarane-type acetylated triterpenoids and their related compounds of Ficus pumila fruit Three new sesquiterpenoid glucosides of Ficus pumila fruit Glycosidic constituents from in Vitro Anoectochilus formosanus Carbon-13 NMR studies of flavonoids-III: Naturally occurring flavonoid glycosides and their acylated derivatives Study on chemical constituents of Anoectochilus roxburghii (wall.): From the n-hexane soluble fraction of the ethanol extracts of Anoectochilus roxburghii, sorghumol (1), friedelin (2), palmitic acid (3), and a mixture of sterols were isolated from the plant for the first time Prevention of cellular oxidative damage by an aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Study on chemical constituents in herbs of Anoectochilus roxburghii II Isolation and structural elucidation of flavonoids from Ancecotochilus roxburghii A novel flavonoid glucoside from Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl Chemical constituents from herba anoectochili Novel triterpenoid acyl esters and alkaloids from Anoectochilus roxburghii Oxepine and bibenzyl compounds from Bulbophyllum kwangtungense. Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao Studies on the chemical constituents of Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Lindl. Zhongguo Yaowu Huaxue Zazhi Water-soluble phenolic glycosides from the whole plant of Bulbophyllum odoratissimum 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenanthrene, a new phenanthrene from Bulbophyllum odoratissimum Phenanthrene and other aromatic constituents of Bulbophyllum vaginatum A Biphenanthrene and a Phenanthro[4,3-b]furan from the orchid Bulbophyllum vaginatum Two substituted bibenzyls and a dihydrophenanthrene from Cymbidium aloifolium Cymbinodin A, a phenanthraquinone from Cymbidium aloifolium Cymbinodin B, a phenanthraquinone from Cymbidium aloifolium Isolation of sterols from the methanol extracts of Cymbidium goeringii REICHB. fil. Han'guk Eungyong Sangmyong Hwahakhoeji Amotin and amoenin, two sesquiterpenes of the picrotoxane group from Dendrobium amoenum 10-dihydro-5H-phenanthro-(4,5-b,c,d)-pyran from Dendrobium amoenum Bibenzyl derivatives from the orchid Dendrobium amoenum Phenol and a triterpene from Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanum (Orchidaceae) Two new compounds from Dendrobium candidum Chemical constituents of Dendrobium candidum A new compound from Dendrobium candidum A new dihydrostilbene in Dendrobium chrysanthum Studies on chemical constituents of Dendrobium chrysanthum. Zhongguo Tian Ran Yao Wu Lignans from Dendrobium chrysanthum Two new alkaloids from Dendrobium chrysanthum Chemical constituents of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. (I). Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao Isolation and purification of two constitutes from Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook by high-speed counter-current chromatography using stepwise elution Constituents from the stems of Dendrobium moniliforme A new bibenzyl derivative from Dendrobium moniliforme A new bibenzyl glycoside from Dendrobium moniliforme Chemical constituents of Dendrobium moniliforme Moniline, a new alkaloid from Dendrobium moniliforme Structure of moscatin-A new phenanthrene derivative from the orchid Dendrobium moscatum A new sesquiterpene glycoside from Dendrobium nobile Lindl Sesquiterpenes from Dendrobium nobile Novel bis(bibenzyl) and (propylphenyl)bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium nobile Studies on chemical constituents from Dendrobium nobile Lindl New phenanthrene derivatives from Maxillaria densa New triterpenoids from the orchids Scaphyglottis livida and Nidema boothii 10-dihydrophenanthrenes from the orchids Pholidota articulata, Otochilus porecta and Otochilus fusca New triterpenoids of Pholidota chinensis Stereochemistry of atropisomeric 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene dimers from Pholidota chinensis 10-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives, from Pholidota chinensis Cytotoxicity of new stilbenoids from Pholidota chinensis and their spin-labeled derivatives Chemical constituents of Pholidota chinensis Lindl Oxo-tessallatin, a novel phenanthrapyrone isolated from Vanda tessalata Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of selected traditional medicinal plants from Peru Piperogalin, a new prenylated diphenol from Peperomia galioides Structural and synthetic studies on the retrofractamides-Amide constituents of Piper retrofractum Piperidine alkaloids from Piper retrofractum fruits 3-Methyl-5-decanoylpyridine and amides from Piper retrofractum Amides from Piper brachystachyum and Piper retrofractum Chemical investigation of Viscum articulatum Viscumitol, a dimethyl-ether of muco-inositol from Viscum album Chemical constituents of Viscum articulatum Burm. F. (III). Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi Determination of chemical constituents in Viscum ovalifolium DC. Guangzhou Zhongyiyao Daxue Xuebao Constituents of Viscum ovalifolium DC(II) Acknowledgments: ASN thanks to University of Jember and University of Wollongong for research support. Authors thank to Frank Zich (Australian Tropical Herbarium & National Research Collections Australia) for providing taxonomy consultation. The authors declare no conflict of interest.