key: cord-0684197-cgmer719
authors: Lu, Ye; Zhang, Chengyuan; Jiang, Shilin; Yuan, Feng
title: Anti-Dlx5 Retards the Progression of Osteoarthritis through Inhibiting Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Apoptosis
date: 2022-03-02
journal: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5019920
sha: 7a58449a1db142a14237cc42b80d058798b21dbf
doc_id: 684197
cord_uid: cgmer719

Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and disability in patients. There is still a lack of effective treatments to improve pathological changes of osteoarthritis cartilages and reverse the progression of osteoarthritis. Our study aimed to investigate the role of Dlx5 in papain-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced through intraarticular injection of papain. The pathological damage of cartilage tissues was analyzed by H&E staining. The apoptosis of cartilage tissues was detected by TUNEL assay. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect DLX5 and BMP-2. Western blot was performed to detect the expressions of SP7, caspase-3, and MYC. The results showed that administration of anti-Dlx5 improved pathological changes of osteoarthritis cartilages, characterized by decreased chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and matrix damage. Anti-Dlx5 treatment decreased the expressions of BMP-2 and SP7, which are positive regulators of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Moreover, MYC and caspase-3, the critical mediators for chondrocyte apoptosis, were both decreased after anti-Dlx5 treatment. In conclusion, anti-Dlx5 retarded the progression of osteoarthritis by downregulating chondrocyte hypertrophy and chondrocyte apoptosis-related genes. Our findings suggests that Dlx5 is a promising target for osteoarthritis treatment.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, synovium inflammation, and subchondral bone sclerosis [1] . Injury to knee joint, inappropriate mechanical stress, and chronic inflammation are all considered to increase the risk of osteoarthritis [2, 3] . Osteoarthritis is a common disease among the aged population and a leading cause of disability. Current treatments for OA, such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, mainly focus on pain management but cannot retard the progression of the disease [4] . New treatment strategies which can retard or even reverse disease progression are needed urgently.

Although osteoarthritis affects the entire joint, the loss of articular cartilage has been considered the primary change of osteoarthritis [5] . Articular cartilage is made up of extracellular matrix and chondrocytes. Under normal condition, chondrocytes in cartilage are usually quiescent and maintain the matrix in a low turnover state [6, 7] . But in osteoarthritis, quiescent chondrocytes become activated and undergo proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation, characterized by enlarged cell size, enhanced expression of collagen type X, and upregulated expression of proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) [8, 9] . Proteolytic enzymes expressed by hypertrophic differentiated chondrocytes could degrade collagen matrix and hypertrophic chondrocytes eventually undergoing apoptosis and are replaced by calcification, leading to the degeneration of articular cartilage and is responsible for the progression of osteoarthritis [10] .

Distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5), a nuclear transcription factor, plays an important role in chondrocyte hypertrophy [11] . Numerous studies have reported that Dlx5 is a positive regulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Mutant or knockout Dlx5 results in severe defect in chondrocyte hypertrophy [12, 13] . By contrast, overexpression of Dlx5 accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy [14] . Moreover, it has been reported that Dlx5 is upregulated in osteoarthritis cartilage [15] . However, whether Dlx5 plays a role in osteoarthritis progression has not been investigated.

In this study, we found that anti-Dlx5 treatment improved papain-induced osteoarthritis. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, chondrocyte apoptosis, and extracellular matrix damage, which were increased in cartilages of osteoarthritis, were all reduced after anti-Dlx5 treatment. Mechanically, anti-Dlx5 treatment decreased the expression of two positive regulators of chondrocyte hypertrophy, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), and Sp7 transcription factor 7 (SP7). Furthermore, MYC and caspase-3, which are critical mediators of cell apoptosis, were both reduced after administration of anti-Dlx5.

Female experimental New Zealand rabbits (age, 8-9 weeks; weight, 2 kg) were purchased from Shanghai Slac Laboratory Animal. Rabbits were housed in metal cages at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) and humidity (55 ± 15%) with light-dark cycle. All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals and were approved by Animal Care Committee (approval no. 2018005).

Induction of Knee Osteoarthritis. Following adaptive feeding for 2 weeks, all rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (n � 6 per group): normal control group (NC group), OA group, and OA + anti-Dlx5 group. Rabbits were given 3% pentobarbital sodium through marginal ear vein at the dosage of 1 ml/kg body weight. After anesthetized, rabbits were placed on the operating table in the supine position and the knee joints of the rabbits were flexed slightly and disinfected. e rabbits in the OA and OA + anti-Dlx5 groups were given 0.2 ml of 4% papain and 0.1 ml of L-cysteine through intraarticular injection at day 1, day 4, and day 7 to induce knee osteoarthritis [16] . Meanwhile, the OA + anti-Dlx5 group was i.p. injected with 0.3 ml of anti-Dlx5 once a day. e rabbits in control groups were given 0.3 ml of 0.9% saline. At 9 weeks after the first injection of papain, rabbits were euthanized by injecting a lethal dose of phenobarbital (150 mg/kg) and analyzed.

Cartilage tissues of experimental rabbits were dissected and fixed in neutral-buffered formalin. Tissues were then decalcified with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). After decalcification, tissues were embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 6 μm, and mounted onto glass slides. e sections were then dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated with graded alcohol for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Sections were analyzed using the light microscope (Olympus).

e apoptosis of cartilage tissues was detected by TUNEL assay according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, cartilage tissues were fixed in neutral-buffered formalin, decalcified with EDTA, paraffin-embedded, sectioned into 6 μm sections, and mounted onto glass slides. e sections were then dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated with graded alcohol. Slides incubated using DNase-free proteinase K and endogenous peroxidase were inactivated with hydrogen peroxide. e sections were incubated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase/nucleotide mixture at 37°C for 1 h. e sections were analyzed using light microscopy.

2.5. Immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect DLX5 and BMP-2 using the streptavidin-peroxidase complex method. Cartilage tissues were fixed in neutral-buffered formalin, decalcified with EDTA, paraffin-embedded, sectioned into 6 μm sections, and mounted onto glass slides. e sections were then dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated with graded alcohol. Sections were incubated in citrate buffer for antigen retrieval. Hydrogen peroxide (3%) and BSA (5%) were used to block endogenous peroxidase and nonspecific binding of antibodies, respectively. e sections were incubated with anti-DLX5 (Abcam, ab109737) and anti-BMP-2 (Abcam, ab214821) primary antibodies at 4°C overnight and followed by incubation with a secondary antibody for 2 hours at room temperature. e streptavidin-peroxidase complex reagent and DAB solution were applied for visualization of expressions of DLX5 and BMP-2.

2.6. Western Blot Assay. Cartilage tissues were lysed with a tissue homogenate machine and radioimmune precipitation assay lysis buffer. Protein samples were separated with 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and followed by transfer to PVDF membrane. e membrane was blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin. en, the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies and corresponding secondary antibodies. e protein bands were imaged using the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate kit. e antibodies used for Western blot are as follows: anti-SP7 (Abcam, ab209484), anti-MYC (Abcam, ab32072), anti-caspase-3 (Abcam, ab13847), and anti-actin (Abcam, ab8226).

Analysis. Data were expressed as means ± SEM. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Dunnett test was performed to compare the means of different groups by using GraphPad Prism. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Damage of Cartilage. It has been reported that Dlx5 is upregulated in osteoarthritis cartilage [15] . To investigate the role of Dlx5 in osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis was induced by intraarticular injection of papain along with cysteine in rabbits. H&E staining showed pathological damage in osteoarthritis cartilage, characterized by increased chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and matrix damage (Figure 1 ). e cartilages from the OA + anti-Dlx5 group, however, showed lower extent of chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and matrix damage than the OA group (Figure 1) . ese results suggested that anti-Dlx5 treatment ameliorated papain-induced pathological damage of cartilage.

Chondrocyte apoptosis is a contributor of osteoarthritis progression [17, 18] . In this study, TUNEL assay was performed to analyze apoptosis of chondrocytes. ere were increased apoptotic chondrocytes in the cartilage of the OA group (Figure 2) , while anti-Dlx5 treatment inhibited apoptosis of chondrocytes as shown by less TUNEL positive cells in the cartilage of the OA + anti-Dlx5 group ( Figure 2) . ese data indicated that anti-Dlx5 treatment may retard papain-induced knee osteoarthritis by inhibiting apoptosis of chondrocytes.

and SP7 in OA Cartilage. Next, we investigated the mechanism by which anti-Dlx5 treatment ameliorated papaininduced osteoarthritis. BMP-2 and SP7 are two positive regulators of chondrocyte hypertrophy and are both reported to be upregulated in osteoarthritis cartilages [19, 20] . Bioinformatics analysis showed that there was a regulatory network among Dlx5, BMP-2, and SP7. e expression level of BMP-2 was analyzed through immunohistochemistry. As shown in Figure 3 , BMP-2 was distributed in the extracellular region, which was consistent with its characteristics as a secreted protein. In the cartilage of the OA group, Dlx5 and BMP-2 were both upregulated. Similarly, BMP-2 was downregulated in the cartilage of the anti-Dlx5 + OA group.

ese results indicated that BMP-2 may be regulated by Dlx5 and may mediate the osteoarthritis-alleviating effect of anti-Dlx5. e protein level of SP7 was also measured by Western blot. As shown in Figure 4 , SP7 was also increased in cartilages of the OA group and decreased after anti-Dlx5 treatment. ese results indicated that upregulation of SP7 in osteoarthritis may also be regulated by Dlx5 and involved in the osteoarthritis-alleviating effect of anti-Dlx5.

Hypertrophic differentiated chondrocytes eventually undergo apoptosis, leading to degeneration of articular cartilage and osteoarthritis progression [10] . Chondrocyte apoptosis was increased in OA cartilages, as shown by TUNEL staining (Figure 5 ). To validate this process in the molecular level, we detected the protein levels of MYC and caspase-3, which are critical mediators of chondrocyte apoptosis. Consistent with the results of TUNEL staining, the protein levels of MYC and caspase-3 were both increased in OA cartilages and decreased after administration of anti-Dlx5. Collectively, administration of anti-Dlx5 could inhibit the expression of genes related to chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis and thereby retard the progression of osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis is a common disease joint disease that can affect any joint, preferentially the knee, hands, spine, and hip. Osteoarthritis can cause lots of pain and disability in patients. Millions of people suffered from osteoarthritis globally [21] . e number of people affected by osteoarthritis is likely to increase due to the aging of the population. Current treatments for osteoarthritis, such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, mainly focus on pain management but cannot affect the progression of the disease. ere is a lack of treatments that can retard or even reverse the progression of osteoarthritis. Here, we found that anti-Dlx5 treatment retarded the progression of osteoarthritis by inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy, chondrocyte apoptosis, and matrix damage, suggesting that Dlx5 is a promising target for osteoarthritis treatment.

e benefit effects of medicinal plants have been widely reported in different types of diseases, such as flavonoids, furanocoumarins, coumarins, and emodin in cancers, cannabinoids in gastrointestinal disorders, Avicennia officinalis in COVID-19, and Aglaonema hookerianum in depression [22] . Dlx5 promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy by upregulating collagen X, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases in chondrocytes [23] . Given that chondrocyte hypertrophy can lead to the progression of osteoarthritis, we hypothesized that Dlx5 might play an important role in osteoarthritis progression. Here, we found that Dlx5 treatment indeed retarded osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and chondrocyte apoptosis. It also regulated two positive regulators of chondrocyte hypertrophy, BMP-2 and SP7.

A previous study has reported that BMP-2 can induce SP7 expression through Dlx5 in myogenic C2C12 cells [24] . By contrast, SP7 overexpression induced the production of Dlx5 in chondroprogenitor cells [25] . Here, we found that Dlx5, SP7, and BMP-2 were all increased in papain-induced knee osteoarthritis, and upregulation of SP7 and BMP-2 were partly dependent on Dlx5. Combined with previous findings, we assumed that there as a regulatory network among Dlx5, SP7, and BMP-2. As a transcription factor, Dlx5 may activate the transcription of SP7 and BMP-2 directly. For instance, Dlx5 can bind and activate the SP7 promoter in myoblasts [26] , and the same mechanism may also exist in chondrocytes. e exact mechanism by which Dlx5 regulates SP7 and BMP-2 needs further research. Moreover, TUNEL staining revealed that anti-Dlx5 treatment reduced chondrocyte apoptosis. It has been reported that loss of extracellular matrix induced chondrocyte apoptosis either by initiating apoptotic pathways (e.g., Fas and TNF-α receptor) or altering the cytoskeleton, which led to induction of apoptosis [27] . Considering that hypertrophic chondrocytes can degrade extracellular matrix through secreting proteolytic enzymes, we speculate that reduced chondrocyte apoptosis resulted from decreased chondrocyte hypertrophy.

In summary, anti-Dlx5 retards the progression of osteoarthritis by inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and chondrocyte apoptosis. Hence, Dlx5 may be used as a potential target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. e study provides new ideas for the clinical treatment of osteoarthritis. Our findings also indicate that Dlx5 may become a clinical diagnostic marker for osteoarthritis.

e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Ye Lu and Chengyuan Zhang are the co-first authors. 

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