key: cord-0683682-5eyv8i9d authors: Carollo Toscan, Paloma; Neckel, Alcindo; Stolfo Maculan, Laércio; Korcelski, Cleiton; Oliveira, Marcos L.S.; Thaines Bodah, Eliane; William Bodah, Brian; Aniceto Kujawa, Henrique; Celso Gonçalves, Affonso title: Use of geospatial tools to predict the risk of contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in urban cemeteries date: 2021-09-28 journal: Geoscience Frontiers DOI: 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101310 sha: 214147a91f6380e1cc4ba5ab1687c8c5cdc89e2f doc_id: 683682 cord_uid: 5eyv8i9d Urban cemeteries are increasingly surrounded by areas of high residential density as urbanization continues world-wide. With increasing rates of mortality caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, urban vertical cemeteries are experiencing interments at an unprecedented rate. Corpses interred in the 3rd to 5th layer of vertical urban cemeteries have the potential to contaminate large adjacent regions. The general objective of this manuscript is to analyze the reflectance of altimetry, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) in the urban cemeteries and neighbouring areas of the City of Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is assumed that the population residing in the vicinity of these cemeteries may be exposed to SARS-CoV-2 contamination through the displacement of microparticles carried by the wind as a corpse is placed in the burial niche or during the first several days of subsequent fluid and gas release through the process of decomposition. The reflectance analyses were performed utilizing Landsat 8 satellite images applied to altimetry, NDVI and LST, for hypothetical examination of possible displacement, transport and subsequent deposition of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results showed that two cemeteries within the city, cemeteries A and B could potentially transport SARS-CoV-2 of nanometric structure to neighboring residential areas through wind action. These two cemeteries are located at high relative altitudes in more densely populated regions of the city. The NDVI, which has been shown to control the proliferation of contaminants, proved to be insufficient in these areas, contributing to high LST values. Based on the results of this study, the formation and implementation of public policies that monitor urban cemeteries is suggested in areas that utilize vertical urban cemeteries in order to reduce the further spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is worth remembering that cities with high levels of air pollution have low air 76 quality, increasing the likelihood of COVID-19 for humans exposed to the SARS-CoV-77 2 virus, and may also increase the severity of the disease (Barcelo, 2020; Shao et al., The COVID-19 has been shown to attack nearly every system in the human body; (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) made it possible to predict the likelihood of 114 particle transport. We utilize these methods to predict the potential transport of SARS- The NDVI is a measure of living vegetation, whose value is determined by the 128 reflection of terrestrial chlorophyll (Gozdowski et al., 2020; Moreno et al., 2020) . Table 1) . The earth surface emissivity calculation (Eq. (5)) represented by Table 1 In the first analysis of the 2013 NDVI data (Fig. 5A, B) , the lowest overall Analysis of the 2020 NDVI data set showed a marked decrease in NDVI due to 373 urbanization for cemeteries A and B (Fig. 6) . Cemetery C displayed a moderate NDVI index, whereas cemeteries D and E displayed the highest overall NDVI values. The Cemeteries A and B exhibit a more uniform NDVI that is closer to zero (0) due to 380 the high urbanization rates in the urban fabric of the city. In the profile of cemetery A 381 (Fig. 7) , the highest NDVI rating is due to a fragment of forest known as Banhado da 396 Figures 8 and 9 display the LST data analyzed for 2013 and 2020, respectively. A 397 significant difference is shown between the two data sets for all cemeteries analyzed. Cemeteries A and B display higher overall LST values more uniformly dispersed throughout as opposed to locations with fragments of vegetative cover or Permanent 400 Preservation Areas (PPAs) (Fig. 8A, B) . He Cemetery E also displays this trend, although to a lesser degree (Fig. 9E) . (Fig. 10) . By 2020, these mean daily summer LSTs had increased to: Highly urbanized areas that contain many buildings of varying size that block convection near the ground and paved, impervious areas that re-radiate heat are typically higher in 450 surface temperature than more natural areas with ample vegetation and pervious ground. (Table 2) . 480 As seen in Fig. 11 , the dispersion between NDVI and LST show the concentration 481 of the data and the correlation between the two variables, with the index "r" having a (Table 2) . Further correlations were found within a 300 m radius. LST 2020 and NDVI 499 2020 displayed a moderate degree of correlation with a value of 0.65. Of the 500 m radii, 500 significant p-value correlation was found among three variables: ALT and NDVI 2020, 501 LST 2020 and ALT, and LST 2020 and NDVI 2020. Pearson's correlation demonstrated that altimetry (2020) and NVDI (2013), while 503 presenting moderate indices, allow us to relate that, the higher the altitude, the lower the 504 density of vegetation. It is understood that this result cannot be considered as a standard, Fundo, but also a concern on a global scale. is allowed to both decompose without the use of embalming agents and remains above 537 ground or is placed in a tomb or niche that is not air tight, has the potential to shed and 538 spread particles and fluids as it decays. This is of especially great concern during world-539 wide pandemics in which the rate of entombment is both high and steady and the agent 540 causing the disease is readily shed by those infected with it after death. 541 We recommend to initiate immediate air monitoring around all five cemeteries Sensors (NIR) and band 10 for the use of the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). 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