key: cord-0633420-ao76mnzj authors: Kry'sci'nski, Wojciech; Rajani, Nazneen; Agarwal, Divyansh; Xiong, Caiming; Radev, Dragomir title: BookSum: A Collection of Datasets for Long-form Narrative Summarization date: 2021-05-18 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: 307054c95e25e91c8e1cb5cc20ee08a2b55aaa13 doc_id: 633420 cord_uid: ao76mnzj The majority of available text summarization datasets include short-form source documents that lack long-range causal and temporal dependencies, and often contain strong layout and stylistic biases. While relevant, such datasets will offer limited challenges for future generations of text summarization systems. We address these issues by introducing BookSum, a collection of datasets for long-form narrative summarization. Our dataset covers source documents from the literature domain, such as novels, plays and stories, and includes highly abstractive, human written summaries on three levels of granularity of increasing difficulty: paragraph-, chapter-, and book-level. The domain and structure of our dataset poses a unique set of challenges for summarization systems, which include: processing very long documents, non-trivial causal and temporal dependencies, and rich discourse structures. To facilitate future work, we trained and evaluated multiple extractive and abstractive summarization models as baselines for our dataset. Text summarization aims at condensing long documents into a short, human-readable form which contains only the salient parts of the summarized source. Leveraging the cutting-edge findings in natural language processing, such as multi-task learning methods (Raffel et al., 2019) , pre-training strategies (Zhang et al., 2019a) , and memoryefficient architectures (Zaheer et al., 2020) , text summarization has seen substantial progress. The majority of papers published in the field focus on summarizing newswire documents from popular datasets, such as CNN/DailyMail (Nallapati et al., 2016) , XSum (Narayan et al., 2018) , and Newsroom (Grusky et al., 2018) . Other domains gaining interest of the research community are scientific articles and legal documents, with notable datasets being Arxiv/PubMed (Cohan et al., 2018) and BigPatent (Sharma et al., 2019) . While the performance of state-of-the-art methods on those datasets is impressive, the mentioned domains have several inherent shortcomings, thus representing limited challenges for future generations of text summarization systems. First, the length of summarized documents is limited, ranging from only a few hundred words in case of news articles, to a few pages for scientific documents and patent applications (Grusky et al., 2018; Cohan et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2019) . In most cases, such short-form documents can be quickly read by humans, thus limiting the practical value of automatic summarization systems. Furthermore, many news sources offer article highlights while scientific articles contain author-written abstracts making automatically generated summaries less relevant. Second, the domains under consideration impose strict requirements regarding the document's layout and stylistic features 1 . Statements should follow a logical order and all facts should be offered explicitly, leaving limited space for interpretation and reasoning. Additionally, such constraints, can introduce strong layout biases into the datasets which later dominate the training signal of the summarization systems. The lead-bias present in news articles being one example of such effects (Kedzie et al., 2018; Kryściński et al., 2019) . Third, documents in the mentioned domains lack long-range causal and temporal dependencies, and rich discourse structures. Due to the limited length and fact-centric style of writing, most causal dependencies span only a few paragraphs, temporal dependencies are organized in a monotonic fashion where newly introduced facts refer only to previously stated information, and document lacks features such as parallel plot lines. In this work we address the shortcomings of existing datasets and introduce BOOKSUM, a collection of data resources for long-form narrative summarization. The data covers documents from the literature domain, including stories, plays, and novels ( Fig. 2) , each provided with highly abstractive, human-written summaries. Leveraging the characteristics of fiction writing, BOOKSUM introduces a set of new challenges for automatic summarization systems: processing long-form texts ranging up to hundreds of pages, understanding nontrivial causal and temporal dependencies spread out through the entirety of the source, handling documents with rich discourse structure which include parallel plots or changes between narration and dialogue, and generating highly abstractive and compressive reference summaries. Solving such challenges will not only require substantial progress in automatic document understanding, but will also rely on new findings in computationally efficient architectures (Zaheer et al., 2020) . To support incremental progress, the BOOKSUM collection includes examples on three levels of granularity with increasing difficulty: 1) paragraph-level, with inputs consisting of hundreds of words and short, single-sentence summaries, 2) chapter-level, with inputs covering several pages and multi-sentence summaries, 3) book-level, with inputs spanning up to hundreds of pages and multi-paragraph summaries. The hierarchical structure of the dataset, with aligned paragraph, chapter, and book-level data, also makes it a viable target for both singleand multi-document summarization approaches. To demonstrate the new set of challenges for text summarization models introduced by the BOOK-SUM corpus and lay the groundwork for future research, we evaluated several state-of-theart extractive and abstractive summarization ar-chitectures on the newly introduced task. We share the data preparation scripts together with the data alignments here: http://github.com/ salesforce/booksum. The increasing popularity of digital documentation has translated into a number of novel, large-scale datasets for text summarization that span a variety of domains. In the news domain, Sandhaus (2008) introduced a curated dataset containing news articles from the New York Times magazine with associated summaries written by library scientists. Nallapati et al. (2016) collected articles from the CNN and DailyMail portals with multi-sentence article highlights repurposed as reference summaries. Narayan et al. (2018) aggregated articles from the BBC website with highly abstractive, single sentence reference summaries. Grusky et al. (2018) introduced a dataset spanning 38 news portals, with human written summaries extracted from the websites metadata. In the academic article domain, Cohan et al. (2018) collected scientific articles from the Arxiv and PubMeb online article repositories and used paper abstracts as reference summaries. Wang et al. (2020) aggregated a set of articles in the medical domain related to the Covid-19 pandemic, also using paper abstracts as reference summaries. Hayashi et al. (2020) introduced a multidomain collection of scientific articles each with two associated summaries, one covering the article's contributions, the other explaining the context of the work. Related to dialogue summarization, Pan et al. (2018) repurposed image captioning and visual dialogue datasets to create a summarization dataset containing conversations describing an image, with image captions considered the reference summaries. Gliwa et al. (2019) introduced a corpus Table 1 : Examples of chapter-level summaries of "Sense and Sensibility" collected from different sources. Text spans underlined with the same color highlight the high semantic and low lexical overlap between the summaries indicating that the summaries are highly abstractive. of casual conversations between hired annotators designed to mimic interactions on a messaging application with human written reference summaries. In the legal domain, Sharma et al. (2019) has collected and curated a large collection of patent filings with associated, author-written invention descriptions. Despite the increased interest in the broader field of text summarization, little work has been done in summarizing stories and novels. In Kazantseva (2006) , the authors focused on generating extractive overviews of short works of fiction. The work proposed two modeling approaches, one utilizing decision trees the other based on a manually designed system of rules with experiments conducted on a set of 23 short stories. Mihalcea and Ceylan (2007) introduced the task of book summarization along with a set of resources and baselines. The authors collected and curated a set of 50 books from the Gutenberg Project with two human-written summaries associated with each book collected from online study guides. The work also provided a set of baselines based on unsupervised ranking-based summarization systems. More recently, Zhang et al. (2019b) tackled the problem of generating character descriptions based on short fiction stories. The authors collected a dataset of stories with associated, author-written summaries from online storysharing platforms and proposed two baseline methods for solving the task. Ladhak et al. (2020) explored the problem of content selection in novel chapter summarization. The authors studied different approaches to aligning paragraphs from book chapters with sentences from associated summaries and created a silver-standard dataset for extractive summarization. The work also studied the performance of extractive summarization systems on the task. Our work extends the prior efforts made by Ladhak et al. (2020) ; Mihalcea and Ceylan (2007) . The BOOKSUM corpus offers aligned data on three levels of granularity (paragraph, chapter, full-book) and substantially increases the number of available examples. We also benchmark the performance of state-of-the-art extractive and abstractive methods on all introduced data subsets. In this section we describe the data sources and pre-processing steps taken to create the BOOK-SUM data collection and conduct an in-depth analysis of the collected resources. The data collection and pre-processing pipeline is visualized in Figure 1 . Data Sources Despite the popularity of books in electronic format, aggregating and sharing literature pieces is a non-trivial task due to the copyright law protecting such documents. The source documents available in BOOKSUM were collected from the Project Gutenberg public-domain book repository 2 and include plays, short stories, and novels of which copyrights have expired. Associated summaries were collected using content provided by the Web Archive 3 . The summary data includes both book-and chapter-level summaries. Data Acquisition Source texts were downloaded in plain text format in accordance with Project Gutenberg's guidelines 4 . The data collection con-tains texts exclusively from the US edition of Project Gutenberg. Summaries were collected using content provided by the Web Archive and processed using the BeautifulSoup library 5 . Collecting summaries from several independent sources with small content overlaps between them resulted in certain texts having multiple associated summaries. Upon manual inspection, substantial stylistic differences were found between the related summaries, thus such coverage overlap was considered advantageous for the dataset. Data Cleaning & Splitting To ensure high quality of the data, both the source texts and summaries were cleaned after collection. Metadata containing author, title, and publisher information was removed from source files. The documents were manually split into individual chapters to accommodate chapter-level summarization. Due to the unstructured nature of plain text files, heuristic approaches were used to extract chapter content. Initial, automatic chapterization was done using the regexbased Chapterize tool 6 . However, an inspection of outputs revealed many partially processed and unprocessed files, such instances were chapterized manually by the authors of this work. Paragraphlevel data was obtained by further splitting the extracted chapter into individual paragraphs based on a white-character pattern. Short paragraphs and dialogue utterances were aggregated to form longer paragraphs. Collected summaries were also inspected for scraping artifacts and superfluous information. Regular expressions were used to remove leftover HTML tags, author's notes, and analysis parts that were not directly related to the content of the summary. Data Pairing Source texts and associated summaries were collected independently of each other and required alignment. The pairing procedure was conducted in phases, starting with coarse-grained full-text alignments and ending with fine-grained paragraph alignments, with each phase involving automatic alignments followed by manual inspection and fixes. Full texts were paired with summaries based on title matches and later verified by matching author names. To accommodate automatic alignment, titles were normalized into a common format with lower-case letters and all punc- tuation characters removed. Chapter alignments were based on chapter metadata, extracted during source text chapterization, and chapter titles collected from online study guides. Similar to full-text titles, chapter names were transformed to a common format with chapter names lower-case and cleaned from punctuation characters, and chapter numbers translated to roman numerals. Paragraphlevel alignments were computed between paragraphs extracted from chapters and individual sentences of chapter-level summaries. Following Ladhak et al. (2020) , the alignment process was preceded by a human-based study aimed at finding an optimal alignment strategy, with its details presented in Appendix A. With the insights from the study, paragraph-sentence similarities were computed using a SentenceTransformer (Reimers and Gurevych, 2019), and leveraged a stable matching algorithm (Gale and Shapley, 1962) to obtain the final alignments. All examples on the chapter-and full-text-level were manually inspected to ensure high quality of annotations. Due to a large number of instances on the paragraph-level, alignment quality was verified by inspecting a random subset of pairs. The data was split into training, validation, and test subsets in a 80/10/10% proportion. To prevent data leakage between data subsets, the splits were assigned per book title, meaning that all paragraph, chapter, and full-book examples belonging to the same book title were assigned to the same data split. For consistency with the dataset introduced by Ladhak et al. (2020), all titles overlapping between the two datasets were assigned to the same splits. Remaining titles were assigned to splits at random following the predefined size proportions. Data Statistics The data collection and matching process described in Section 3.1 yielded 222 unique book titles with a total of 6,987 book chapters. After the pre-processing and alignment steps, the BOOKSUM collection contains 142,753 paragraphlevel, 12,293 chapter-level, and 436 book-level examples. Figure 2 shows the distribution of literary genres in our corpus. Following Grusky et al. (2018), we computed statistics of the BOOK-SUM collection and compared them with other popular summarization datasets in Table 2 . Coverage and density, which measure the extractive span similarity between source and summary, indicate that while the extractiveness of summaries increases from 0.5 and 0.92 for paragraphs to 0.89 and 1.82 for full-books, the summaries are still highly abstractive when compared to other datasets, such as CNN/DM or Newsroom. Relatively low coverage and density scores for paragraph-level alignments might partially be an artifact of the heuristic approach to aligning the data. The lengths of source and summary texts substantially increases across data granularity. Paragraph-level data includes short documents with an average of 159 words which fit within the limitations of existing models, chapter-level examples contain texts with average of over 5000 words, which are longer than in most of existing datasets and go beyond limitations of many state-of-the-art methods (Liu et al., 2019), while book-level examples contain inputs with over 110,000 words on average, which are orders of magnitude longer than any document previously used in NLP tasks. While long source documents create computational challenges for encoding components of models, the associated summaries on chapterand book-level are also much longer than in any other dataset, thus creating challenges for the generative component of summarization methods. To assess the difficulty of content selection in our datasets we measure the distribution of salient unigrams in the source texts (Sharma et al., 2019) . The distribution is computed as the percentage of salient unigrams in four equally sized segments of the source text, where salient unigrams are words appearing in the associated summaries after removing stopwords. As shown in Figure 3 (a), all subsets of the BOOKSUM dataset have a relatively even distribution of salient words across all four segments of the source documents. This suggests that to generate high quality paragraph, chapter, or book summaries models will have to use the entire source document instead of only relying on parts of it. In comparison, other datasets, such as CNN/DM, Newsroom, or Arxiv/Pubmed, contain strong layout biases where the majority of salient words appear in the first quarter of the source documents. To quantify the abstractiveness of summaries in BOOKSUM we measured the percentage of n-grams from summaries not appearing in the associated source document (See et al., 2017) . Results presented in Figure 3 (b) show that BOOKSUM contains highly abstractive summaries across all measured n-gram sizes. The highest ratio of novel n-grams in BOOK-SUM was found for the paragraph-level alignments, followed by chapter-level data and full-books. Results also indicate that our dataset is substantially more abstractive than most previous datasets, with the exception of XSum. High novelty scores for trigrams also indicate that summaries included in BOOKSUM do not contain long extractive spans, which aligns with the Density statistics presented in Table 2 . Qualitative Study For a deeper understanding of the data beyond quantitative evaluation, we manually analyzed subsets of BOOKSUM. First we compared summaries on different levels of granularity assigned to the same title. Summaries on the chapter-and book-level partially overlap in the summarized content, however substantially differ in the level of detail with which they cover the content. This relation could be leveraged for training models in a hierarchical fashion, from shorter to longer source texts (Li et al., 2015) . Next, we compared summaries coming from different sources which were aligned with the same book or chapter. We noticed that the summaries had high semantic and low lexical overlap, meaning that they covered the same content of the summarized documents, but were written in a unique way. Such examples contain useful training signal for abstractive summarization models. Table 1 shows examples of chapter summaries of "Sense and Sensibility". To motivate the challenges posed by the BOOK-SUM corpus, we study the performance of multiple baseline models, both extractive and abstractive, on the different levels of alignment: paragraph, chapter and books. We refer to these levels of alignment as BOOKSUM-Paragraph, BOOKSUM-Chapter, and BOOKSUM-Book accordingly. Lead-3 (See et al., 2017) is an extractive heuristic where the first three sentences from the source document are treated as the summary. Despite its simplicity, Lead-3 is a strong baseline for domains which show layout biases, such as newswire. Random Sentences follows the Lead-3 heuristic and extracts 3 sentences sampled at random from the source document. It represents the performance of an untrained extractive baseline. ( Modeling Computational constraints and input length limits of pre-trained models prevent us from training the baselines on long input sequences. To circumvent those issues we follow a generate & rank approach for BOOKSUM-Chapter and BOOK-SUM-Book. We use baseline models fine-tuned on BOOKSUM-Paragraph, to generate individual summaries for all paragraphs in BOOKSUM-Chapter and BOOKSUM-Book. Next, we rank the generated summaries based on the model's confidence. In case of abstractive models we look at the perplexitylevel, for extractive models we take the model assigned scores. As the final chapter-or book-level summary we combine the top-k ranked paragraphsummaries, where k is chosen based on summary length statistics in the training set. Extractive Oracle We follow the steps described by Zhong et al. (2020) to generate oracle candidates for the BOOKSUM-Paragraph data. First, we compute a mean ROUGE-{1,2,L} score between each sentence in a paragraph and the associated summary. Next, we select the 5 highest scoring sentences and generate all combinations of 1, 2, and 3 sentences to serve as candidate oracles. The final oracle chosen from the set of candidates is the one which maximizes the mean ROUGE-{1,2,L} score with the paragraph summary. Training & Inference All models were trained for 10 epochs and evaluated on the validation split at the end of each epoch. Final model checkpoints were chosen based on the performance of models on the validation data. Model outputs were decoded using beam search with 5 beams and n-gram repetition blocking for n > 3 (Paulus et al., 2018). Evaluation Metrics Models were evaluated using a suite of automatic evaluation metrics included in the SummEval toolkit (Fabbri et al., 2021) . Lexical overlap between n-grams in generated and reference summaries was measured using ROUGE-{1,2,L} metrics (Lin, 2004) . Semantic overlap between mentioned summaries was evaluated using BERTScore (Zhang et al., 2020), which aligns summaries on a token-level based on cosine similarity scores between token embeddings. We also inspect content overlap between generated summaries and source documents by employing Sum-maQA (Scialom et al., 2019), which generates questions based on the input document and next applies a QA system to evaluate how many of those question can be answered using the summary. Due to the input length limits of SummaQA, the metric was applied individually to paragraphs of chapters and books and next aggregated by averaging to obtain chapter and book-level scores. Performance of the baseline models described in Section 4.1 and evaluated using automatic metrics is presented in Table 3 . Examples of summaries generated by all baseline models on all data subsets are presented in Appendix C. A general trend showing across all evaluated models is low BERTScore values which decrease as reference summaries get longer (from paragraphs to full books). The metric operates on a [−1, 1] range, and the highest scores, slightly above 0.19, were achieved by the fine-tuned T5 model on a paragraph level. This suggests that BERTScore might not be a good fit for evaluating highly abstractive, long summaries. We decided to include it in the evaluation process to highlight this issue for future investigation. Heuristics The performance of the Lead-3 baseline is relatively low, scoring an R-1 of 18.12, 14.94, and 6.99 on the paragraph-, chapter-, and book-level respectively. The random sentence baseline closely trails Lead-3 across all metrics and data splits. Both results suggest that data from the literature domain included in the BOOKSUM corpus may be less susceptible to layout biases present in other domains, such as newswire. The extractive oracle scores on paragraph data substantially underperformed those on the chapter and book data. This could be an artifact of the noisy data pairing procedure where the content of a highly abstractive summary sentences is only partially covered by the matched paragraph. Extractive Models The performances of the CNN-LSTM and BertExt models are very similar, with the first model being better on paragraph data, and the second model performing better on chapters and books. The small performance gap between the two mentioned models is surprising considering that the BERT based model was initialized from a pre-trained checkpoint, while the CNN-LSTM model was trained from scratch. The MatchSum baseline which reported state-of-theart performance on news domain datasets (Zhong et al., 2020) achieved the best performance on a paragraph level, but underperformed the other models on chapter and book summaries. Abstractive Models We evaluated the performance of abstractive models both in a zero-shot setting and after fine-tuning on the BOOKSUM-Paragraph data. We find that fine-tuning models on the BOOKSUM data leads to consistent improvements across all models and data granularities, with the exception of the BART model on the book-level which performed better in a zero-shot fashion ac-cording to the ROUGE metric, and the T5 model on the SQA metrics. Upon manual inspection of model outputs we noticed that zeroshot models included fragments of dialogues in the summaries which are less likely to be found in reference summaries, this in turn could contribute to the lower evaluation scores of zero-shot baselines. The T5 model achieved the best performance out of all the baseline models on chapter-and book-level data, while BART performed best on the paragraph-level. Despite its state-of-the-art performance on most summarization datasets (Zhang et al., 2019a), we found PEGASUS to underperform other baseline models, both in the zero-shot and fine-tuned setting. The generate & rank approach allowed us to overcome the limitations of existing models and apply the baselines to the chapter-and book-level data. We recognize that generating and scoring sentences independently of each other has drawbacks, namely: 1) the generated summaries may lack coherence, 2) the content of selected sentences may overlap or be of low significance, which could negatively affect the overall relevance of the summary. However, the experiments discussed in this section were intended to be groundwork for the introduced task and we leave developing more tailored methods for future work. The experiment results also show that BOOK-SUM poses challenges not only for existing summarization models, but also for evaluation metrics and protocols. The abstractive nature of reference summaries makes lexical overlap measured by ROUGE an inadequate metric for model evaluation (Fabbri et al., 2021) . Other recently introduced metrics, such as BERTScore and SummaQA, leverage pretrained neural models, which in turn makes them subject to the same input length limitations as the evaluated summarization models. While the modelbased metrics can be individually applied to chunks of the data and then aggregated, as in the case of SummaQA, such use was not studied by the authors and could affect the reliability of returned scores. Human-based studies, which are often used to assess dimensions omitted by automatic metrics, are also problematic when conducted with long-form data included in BOOKSUM. For example, assessing factual consistency requires annotators to be familiar with the content of the source document, which in the case of chapters or books could span dozens of pages making such studies unreliable and prohibitively time consuming. In this work we introduced BOOKSUM, a collection of datasets for long-form narrative summarization. BOOKSUM includes annotations on three levels of granularity of increasing difficulty: paragraph, chapter, and full-book. Through a quantitative analysis we compare our dataset to existing summarization corpora and show that BOOKSUM sets new challenges for summarization methods. We trained extractive and abstractive baseline models leveraging state-of-the-art pre-trained architectures to test the performance of current methods on the task of long-narrative summarization and to enable easy comparison with future methods. We hope our dataset will contribute to the progress made in the field of automatic text summarization. Data Collection All data described was collected exclusively for the academic purpose of conducting research. The purpose of using the summaries and data was only for training the model and not for public display or any other use. No data was stored upon completion of the research process. The BOOKSUM dataset contains books written or translated into English. These books are also more than fifty years old and so representative of society in that era. The various pretrained models we evaluated on our dataset carry biases of the data they were pretrained on. However, we did not stress test these models for such ethical biases. We request our users to be aware of these ethical issues in our dataset that might affect their models and evaluations. We use certain pretrained models as metrics for evaluation including the BERTScore and SummaQA. These metrics carry biases of the data they were trained on. For example, they have been known to have bias associating professions with a particular gender. Alignments between book paragraphs and sentences from associated summaries were computed using heuristic methods. The alignment processed followed two steps described by Ladhak et al. (2020) : 1) similarity scores were computed for all paragraph-sentence pairs, 2) based on the similarity scores paragraph and sentence were aligned using a stable matching algorithm. Similarity scores between paragraphs and sentences can be computing using different metrics. In our study, we focused on lexical overlap methods and neural embedding methods. The first computed a token overlap between paragraphs and sentences using the ROUGE toolkit and treated that as a similarity score. The second utilized neural networks to embed the text spans into dense vector representations and next computed the similarity score as the cosine distance between such vectors. To choose the best similarity score metric we conducted a pilot study on a subset of 100 paragraph-sentences pairs sampled from the validation set. The sampled examples were matched using the procedure described above with different neural models used for embedding the text spans. The following similarity score methods were considered: ROUGE-wtd (Ladhak et al., 2020) computes an average of token-weighted ROUGE-{1,2,L} scores between the sentence and paragraph texts. Token weights approximate the saliency of words and are computed as an inverse frequency of word occurrences in the document. ROUGE-avg (Ladhak et al., 2020) computes an average of (unmodified) ROUGE-{1,2,L} scores between the sentence and paragraphs. BERTScore (Zhang et al., 2020) measures semantic overlap between the words in the sentences and paragraphs. It aligns words in both text spans by maximizing the cosine similarity between BERT representations of the tokens. Cross-Encoder (Humeau et al., 2019) performs self-attention over the sentence and paragraph text passed together through a Transformer network to generate a similarity score between the input pair. Bi-Encoder (Reimers and Gurevych, 2019) uses a Transformer architecture to independently encode the sentence and paragraph texts into a dense vector representation. The similarity score is calculated using cosine similarity between the sentence and paragraph representations. We evaluate two checkpoints for the Bi-Encoders as described in Table 5 . The quality of data alignments obtained during the pilot study was assessed by human judges hired through the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. Workers were hired from English speaking countries and offered a wage of approximately 12 USD per hour. Annotators were shown paragraphs which were aligned with a shared summary sentence using the different methods. For each alignment the annotators were asked to label whether the paragraphsentence pair is related, somewhat related, or unrelated. Each example was evaluated by three judges, related and somewhat related labels were merged into a single positive label and the majority vote was computed. Results of the study are presented in Table 4 and show the number of times a method was assigned a positive label. The best performing strategy which used a Bi-Encoder fine-tuned on paraphrase detection data. Many of the baselines presented in this work leveraged pre-trained checkpoints to intialize weights before fine-tuning on the BOOKSUM data. Table 5 lists the checkpoints used for each of the baselines. Paragraph from "Sense and Sensibility", Chapter 1 The family of Dashwood had long been settled in Sussex. Their estate was large, and their residence was at Norland Park, in the centre of their property, where, for many generations, they had lived in so respectable a manner as to engage the general good opinion of their surrounding acquaintance. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life, had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. But her death, which happened ten years before his own, produced a great alteration in his home; for to supply her loss, he invited and received into his house the family of his nephew Mr. Henry Dashwood, the legal inheritor of the Norland estate, and the person to whom he intended to bequeath it. In the society of his nephew and niece, and their children, the old Gentleman's days were comfortably spent. His attachment to them all increased. The constant attention of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood to his wishes, which proceeded not merely from interest, but from goodness of heart, gave him every degree of solid comfort which his age could receive; and the cheerfulness of the children added a relish to his existence. We begin with a history of the Dashwood family of Sussex, England: the head of the family, old Mr. Dashwood, dies and distributes his estate among his surviving relatives: his nephew, Henry Dashwood, and his children. Tragically, this arrangement doesn't last long -Henry Dashwood dies, and his estate, including the money he'd recently inherited from his uncle, is re-distributed amongst his wife and children. Model Output: CNN-LSTM the family of dashwood had long been settled in sussex . Model Output: BertExt the family of dashwood had long been settled in sussex . But her death, which happened ten years before his own, produced a great alteration in his home; for to supply her loss, he invited and received into his house the family of his nephew Mr. Henry Dashwood, the legal inheritor of the Norland estate, and the person to whom he intended to bequeath it. The Dashwood family has long been settled in Sussex, and their home was at Norland Park. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. When his sister died, he invited his nephew Mr. Dashwood, the legal inheritor of the Norland estate, into his home. The story of the death of Henry Dashwood, 1st Earl of Norland, is told in a series of letters written by his son and daughter-in-law. The Dashwood family has been settled in Sussex for many generations. Model Output: T5 zero-shot the late owner of the norland estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age . to supply her loss, he invited and received into his house the family of his nephew . the old Gentleman's days were comfortably spent with his nephew and niece . The Dashwood family has long been settled in Sussex, and their estate is large. The late owner of the estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. The following is the will of Henry Dashwood, of Norland Park, Sussex. Table 6 : Examples of decoded summaries for one paragraph of "Sense and Sensibility, Chapter 1". Paragraph from "Sense and Sensibility", Chapter 1 The family of Dashwood had long been settled in Sussex. Their estate was large, and their residence was at Norland Park, in the centre of their property, where, for many generations, they had lived in so respectable a manner as to engage the general good opinion of their surrounding acquaintance. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life, had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. But her death, which happened (...) We begin with a history of the Dashwood family of Sussex, England: the head of the family, old Mr. Dashwood, dies and distributes his estate among his surviving relatives: his nephew, Henry Dashwood, and his children. The children include one son, John, from a first marriage, and three daughters, Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret, from his second. Even though John and his (...) Model Output: CNN-LSTM margaret , the other sister , was a good-humored , well-disposed girl ; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of marianne 's romance , without having much of her sense , she did not , at thirteen , bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life . marianne 's abilities were , in many respects , quite equal to elinor 's . by a former marriage , mr. henry dashwood had one son : by his present lady , three daughters . no sooner was his father 's funeral over , than mrs. john dashwood , without sending any notice of her intention to her mother-in-law , arrived with her child and their attendants . when he gave his promise to his father , he meditated within himself to increase the fortunes of his sisters by the present of a thousand pounds a-piece . he was not an ill-disposed young man , unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish is to be ill-disposed : but he was , in general , well respected ; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties . so acutely did mrs. dashwood feel this ungracious behaviour , and so earnestly did she despise her daughter-in-law for it , that , on the arrival of the latter , she would have quitted the house for ever , had not the entreaty of her eldest girl induced her first to reflect on the propriety of going , and her own tender love for all her three children determined her afterwards to stay , and for their sakes avoid a breach with their brother . the family of dashwood had long been settled in sussex . elinor saw , with concern , the excess of her sister 's sensibility ; but by mrs. dashwood it was valued and cherished . mr. dashwood 's disappointment was , at first , severe ; but his temper was cheerful and sanguine ; and he might reasonably hope to live many years , and by living economically , lay by a considerable sum from the produce of an estate already large , and capable of almost immediate improvement . had he married a more amiable woman , he might have been made still more respectable than he was : -he might even have been made amiable himself ; for he was very young when he married , and very fond of his wife . elinor , this eldest daughter , whose advice was so effectual , possessed a strength of understanding , and coolness of judgment , which qualified her , though only nineteen , to be the counsellor of her mother , and enabled her frequently to counteract , to the advantage of them all , that eagerness of mind in mrs. dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence . the prospect of four thousand a-year , in addition to his present income , besides the remaining half of his own mother 's fortune , warmed his heart , and made him feel capable of generosity. the old gentleman died : his will was read , and like almost every other will , gave as much disappointment as pleasure . he survived his uncle no longer ; and ten thousand pounds , including the late legacies , was all that remained for his widow and daughters . no one could dispute her right to come ; the house was her husband 's from the moment of his father 's decease ; but the indelicacy of her conduct was so much the greater , and to a woman in mrs. dashwood 's situation , with only common feelings , must have been highly unpleasing ; -but in her mind there was a sense of honor so keen , a generosity so romantic , that any offence of the kind , by whomsoever given or received , was to her a source of immovable disgust . he was neither so unjust , nor so ungrateful , as to leave his estate from his nephew ; -but he left it to him on such terms as destroyed half the value of the bequest . but mrs. john dashwood was a strong caricature of himself ; -more narrow-minded and selfish . Model Output: BertExt margaret , the other sister , was a good -humored , well -disposed girl ; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of marianne 's romance , without having much of her sense , she did not , at thirteen , bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life . marianne 's abilities were , in many respects , quite equal to elinor 's . elinor saw , with concern , the excess of her sister 's sensibility ; but by mrs. dashwood it was valued and cherished . the family of dashwood had long been settled in sussex . when he gave his promise to his father , he meditated within himself to increase the fortunes of his sisters by the present of a thousand pounds a-piece . by a former marriage , mr. henry dashwood had one son : by his present lady , three daughters . no sooner was his father 's funeral over , than mrs. john dashwood , without sending any notice of her intention to her mother -in -law , arrived with her child and their attendants . elinor , this eldest daughter , whose advice was so effectual , possessed a strength of understanding , and coolness of judgment , which qualified her , though only nineteen , to be the counsellor of her mother , and enabled her frequently to counteract , to the advantage of them all , that eagerness of mind in mrs. dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence . the resemblance between her and her mother was strikingly great . the old gentleman died : his will was read , and like almost every other will , gave as much disappointment as pleasure . had he married a more amiable woman , he might have been made still more respectable than he was : -he might even have been made amiable himself ; for he was very young when he married , and very fond of his wife . mrs. john dashwood had never been a favourite with any of her husband 's family ; but she had had no opportunity , till the present , of shewing them with how little attention to the comfort of other people she could act when occasion required it . to him therefore the succession to the norland estate was not so really important as to his sisters ; for their fortune , independent of what might arise to them from their father 's inheriting that property , could be but small . mr. john dashwood had not the strong feelings of the rest of the family ; but he was affected by a recommendation of such a nature at such a time , and he promised to do every thing in his power to make them comfortable . by his own marriage , likewise , which happened soon afterwards , he added to his wealth . he was neither so unjust , nor so ungrateful , as to leave his estate from his nephew ; -but he left it to him on such terms as destroyed half the value of the bequest . his son was sent for as soon as his danger was known , and to him mr. dashwood recommended , with all the strength and urgency which illness could command , the interest of his mother -in -law and sisters . the constant attention of mr. and mrs. henry dashwood to his wishes , which proceeded not merely from interest , but from goodness of heart , gave him every degree of solid comfort which his age could receive ; and the cheerfulness of the children added a relish to his existence . Margaret, the other sister, was a good-humored, well-disposed girl; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of Marianne's romance, without having much of her sense, she did not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her mother, and enabled her frequently to counteract, to the advantage of them all, that eagerness of mind in Mrs. Dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence. Mr. Dashwood's disappointment was, at first, severe; but his temper was cheerful and sanguine; and he might reasonably hope to live many years, and by living economically, lay by a considerable sum from the produce of an estate already large, and capable of almost immediate improvement. He was not an ill-disposed young man, unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish is to be ill-disposed: but he was, in general, well respected; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life, had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. So acutely did Mrs. Dashwood feel this ungracious behaviour, and so earnestly did she despise her daughter-in-law for it, that, on the arrival of the latter, she would have quitted the house for ever, had not the entreaty of her eldest girl induced her first to reflect on the propriety of going, and her own tender love for all her three children determined her afterwards to stay, and for their sakes avoid a breach with their brother. No sooner was his father's funeral over, than Mrs. John Dashwood, without sending any notice of her intention to her mother-in-law, arrived with her child and their attendants. No one could dispute her right to come; the house was her husband's from the moment of his father's decease; but the indelicacy of her conduct was so much the greater, and to a woman in Mrs. Dashwood's situation, with only common feelings, must have been highly unpleasing;-but in HER mind there was a sense of honor so keen, a generosity so romantic, that any offence of the kind, by whomsoever given or received, was to her a source of immovable disgust. The old gentleman died: his will was read, and like almost every other will, gave as much disappointment as pleasure. Elinor saw, with concern, the excess of her sister's sensibility; but by Mrs. Dashwood it was valued and cherished. Had he married a more amiable woman, he might have been made still more respectable than he was:-he might even have been made amiable himself; for he was very young when he married, and very fond of his wife. But the fortune, which had been so tardy in coming, was his only one twelvemonth. By a former marriage, Mr. Henry Dashwood had one son: by his present lady, three daughters. Table 7 : Examples of decoded summaries of the Chapter 1 of "Sense and Sensibility", part 1. The Dashwood family has long been settled in Sussex, and their home was at Norland Park. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. When his sister died, he invited his nephew Mr. Dashwood, the legal inheritor of the Norland estate, into his home. Mr. Dashwood has one son, Henry, and three daughters. Margaret, the other sister, is a good-humored, well-disposed girl, but as she had already imbibed a good deal of Marianne's romance without having much of her sense, she does not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. Mr. Dashwood dies, leaving his estate to his son and daughter-in-law. Mr. Dashwood's disappointment is at first severe, but his temper is cheerful and sanguine; and he might reasonably hope to live many years, and by living economically, lay by a considerable sum from the produce of an estate already large, and capable of almost immediate improvement. He was not an ill-disposed young man, unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish. He was, in general, well respected; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties. Had he married a more amiable woman, he might have been made still more respectable than he was:-he might even have beenmade amiable himself. But Mrs. Dashwood was a strong caricature of himself;-more narrow-minded and selfish. He resolves to give his sisters a thousand pounds a year. Mrs. Dashwood arrives at the funeral of her husband's father. Mrs. Dashwood's eldest daughter, Elinor, is the only one of the three Dashwood children who has any real influence on her mother. Marianne's abilities are equal to Elinor's in many respects. She is sensible and clever, but eager in everything; her sorrows, her joys, could have no moderation. Elinor and Mrs. Dashwood are both deeply affected by their sister-in-law. s death. The story of the death of Henry Dashwood, 1st Earl of Norland, is told in a series of letters written by his son and daughter-in-law. The death of Henry Dashwood, 1st Viscount Norland, was announced by his son-in-law, the Earl of Wessex. Marianne, the eldest sister, was a good-humored, well-disposed girl; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of Marianne's romance, she did not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. The story of Mr. Dashwood, who lived at Norland, is as follows:. When John Dashwood's uncle, who had been one of the richest men in the county, fell seriously ill, it was thought that he might live for many more years. John Dashwood was one of the most respectable men of his time. When George III was a young man, he promised to his father that he would give his sisters a thousand pounds a-year, if he should ever die. No sooner had John Dashwood's father died, than his mother-in-law came to the funeral. So acutely did Mrs. Dashwood feel this ungracious behaviour, and so earnestly did she despise her daughter-in-law for it, that, on the arrival of her eldest daughter, Elinor, to the house, she almost gave up hope of ever seeing her again. Marianne was the second daughter of Elinor, and the only one of her generation to be born in England. Elinor Dashwood and her sister-in-law were in the same state of grief when they arrived at the house, and in the space of a few hours they had become inseparable. The Dashwood family has been settled in Sussex for many generations. Henry Dashwood has one son and three daughters. Margaret, the other sister, is a good-humored, well-disposed girl, but she does not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life When Mr. Dashwood dies, he leaves half of his estate to his nephew. Mr. Dashwood is disappointed, but his temper is cheerful and sanguine, and he might reasonably hope to live many years. Mr. Dashwood is not an ill-disposed young man, unless he is cold-hearted and selfish. When he gives his promise to his father, he thinks of giving his sisters three thousand pounds a year. After his father's funeral, Mrs. Dashwood arrives with her child and their attendants. Mrs. Dashwood's eldest daughter, Elinor, advises her mother to stay in the house and avoid a breach with her brother. Marianne's abilities are, in many respects, equal to Elinor's. Elinor and Mrs. Dashwood are both deeply afflicted. Model Output: T5 zero-shot the late owner of the norland estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age . to supply her loss, he invited and received into his house the family of his nephew . the old Gentleman's days were comfortably spent with his nephew and niece . by a former marriage, mr. dashwood had one son: by his present lady, three daughters . the son was amply provided for by the fortune of his mother, which was large . by his own marriage, which happened soon afterwards, he added to his wealth . but the succession to the norland estate was not so really important as to his sisters . Margaret, the other sister, was a good-humored, well-disposed girl . she did not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life . but she had already imbibed much of marianne's romance, without having much of her sense . the old gentleman dashwood left his estate to his nephew on such terms as destroyed half the value of the bequest . he left it to his son, and his son's son, a child of four years old, in such a way as to leave to himself no power of providing for those who were most dear to him . the fortune, which had been so tardy in coming, was his only one twelvemonth . ten thousand pounds, including the late legacies, was all that remained for his widow and daughters . his son was sent for as soon as his danger was known, and to him he recommended the interest of his mother-in-law and sisters . had he married a more amiable woman, he might have been made even more respectable than he was . but Mrs. dashwood was a strong caricature of himself;-more narrow-minded and selfish. a young man promised to give his sisters a thousand pounds a-piece . the prospect warmed his heart, and made him feel capable of generosity . he thought of it all day long and for many days successively, and he did not repent . no sooner was her father's funeral over, than Mrs. dashwood arrived . no one could dispute her right to come; the house was her husband's . but the indelicacy of her conduct was so much the greater . the eldest daughter, Elinor, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment, which qualified her to be the counsellor of her mother . she had an excellent heart;-her disposition was affectionate, and her feelings were strong; but she knew how to govern them . Marianne's abilities were, in many respects, quite equal to her mother's . she was generous, amiable, interesting: everything but prudent . the resemblance between her and her mother was strikingly great . the agony of grief which overpowered them at first, was voluntarily renewed, was sought for, was created again and again . they gave themselves up wholly to their sorrow, seeking increase of wretchedness in every reflection that could afford it . The Dashwood family has long been settled in Sussex, and their estate is large. The late owner of the estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. Mr. Dashwood has one son and three daughters. Margaret, the other sister, is a good-humored, well-disposed girl; but as she had already imbibed a lot of Marianne's romance, without having much of her sense, she did not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. Mr. Dashwood dies and leaves his estate to his son and his son's four-year-old son. Mr. Dashwood dies and leaves his fortune to his widow and daughters. He was not an ill-disposed young man, unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish is to be ill-Disposed. He was, in general, well respected; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties. He promises to give his sisters three thousand pounds. Mrs. John Dashwood arrives with her child and their attendants. Mrs. Dashwood feels that her daughter-in-law's behavior is ungracious. She's smart, clever, and generous, but she's also a bit of a pessimist. Mrs. Dashwood and her sister-in-law are both deeply affected by the news. The following is the will of Henry Dashwood, of Norland Park, Sussex. This is the story of the Dashwood family. Marianne, the eldest of the two sisters, was a kind-hearted young woman, with a good sense of humour. The following is an extract from the will of William Dashwood, of Norland, Leicestershire. The death of his uncle, who had been his father-in-law for many years, came as a shock to the Dashwood family. John Dashwood was a respectable man. The story begins with a promise made by a young man to his father. This is the story of the death of John Dashwood. It is said, by one of her sisters, that when her mother-in-law went to see her husband, she never returned. Marianne was Elinor's daughter. Elinor's sister-in-law was deeply afflicted by her illness, but she could not bear to see her in any worse condition than she was. Table 8 : Examples of decoded summaries of the Chapter 1 of "Sense and Sensibility", part 2. Paragraph from "Sense and Sensibility", Chapter 1 The family of Dashwood had long been settled in Sussex. Their estate was large, and their residence was at Norland Park, in the centre of their property, where, for many generations, they had lived in so respectable a manner as to engage the general good opinion of their surrounding acquaintance. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life, had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. But her death, which happened (...) We begin with a history of the Dashwood family of Sussex, England: the head of the family, old Mr. Dashwood, dies and distributes his estate among his surviving relatives: his nephew, Henry Dashwood, and his children. The children include one son, John, from a first marriage, and three daughters, Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret, from his second. Even though John and his (...) Model Output: CNN-LSTM margaret , the other sister , was a good-humored , well-disposed girl ; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of marianne 's romance , without having much of her sense , she did not , at thirteen , bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life . marianne 's abilities were , in many respects , quite equal to elinor 's . by a former marriage , mr. henry dashwood had one son : by his present lady , three daughters . no sooner was his father 's funeral over , than mrs. john dashwood , without sending any notice of her intention to her mother-in-law , arrived with her child and their attendants . when he gave his promise to his father , he meditated within himself to increase the fortunes of his sisters by the present of a thousand pounds a-piece . he was not an ill-disposed young man , unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish is to be ill-disposed : but he was , in general , well respected ; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties . so acutely did mrs. dashwood feel this ungracious behaviour , and so earnestly did she despise her daughter-in-law for it , that , on the arrival of the latter , she would have quitted the house for ever , had not the entreaty of her eldest girl induced her first to reflect on the propriety of going , and her own tender love for all her three children determined her afterwards to stay , and for their sakes avoid a breach with their brother . the family of dashwood had long been settled in sussex . elinor saw , with concern , the excess of her sister 's sensibility ; but by mrs. dashwood it was valued and cherished . mr. dashwood 's disappointment was , at first , severe ; but his temper was cheerful and sanguine ; and he might reasonably hope to live many years , and by living economically , lay by a considerable sum from the produce of an estate already large , and capable of almost immediate improvement . had he married a more amiable woman , he might have been made still more respectable than he was : -he might even have been made amiable himself ; for he was very young when he married , and very fond of his wife . elinor , this eldest daughter , whose advice was so effectual , possessed a strength of understanding , and coolness of judgment , which qualified her , though only nineteen , to be the counsellor of her mother , and enabled her frequently to counteract , to the advantage of them all , that eagerness of mind in mrs. dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence . the prospect of four thousand a-year , in addition to his present income , besides the remaining half of his own mother 's fortune , warmed his heart , and made him feel capable of generosity. the old gentleman died : his will was read , and like almost every other will , gave as much disappointment as pleasure . he survived his uncle no longer ; and ten thousand pounds , including the late legacies , was all that remained for his widow and daughters . no one could dispute her right to come ; the house was her husband 's from the moment of his father 's decease ; but the indelicacy of her conduct was so much the greater , and to a woman in mrs. dashwood 's situation , with only common feelings , must have been highly unpleasing ; -but in her mind there was a sense of honor so keen , a generosity so romantic , that any offence of the kind , by whomsoever given or received , was to her a source of immovable disgust . he was neither so unjust , nor so ungrateful , as to leave his estate from his nephew ; -but he left it to him on such terms as destroyed half the value of the bequest . but mrs. john dashwood was a strong caricature of himself ; -more narrow-minded and selfish . Model Output: BertExt margaret , the other sister , was a good -humored , well -disposed girl ; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of marianne 's romance , without having much of her sense , she did not , at thirteen , bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life . marianne 's abilities were , in many respects , quite equal to elinor 's . elinor saw , with concern , the excess of her sister 's sensibility ; but by mrs. dashwood it was valued and cherished . the family of dashwood had long been settled in sussex . when he gave his promise to his father , he meditated within himself to increase the fortunes of his sisters by the present of a thousand pounds a-piece . by a former marriage , mr. henry dashwood had one son : by his present lady , three daughters . no sooner was his father 's funeral over , than mrs. john dashwood , without sending any notice of her intention to her mother -in -law , arrived with her child and their attendants . elinor , this eldest daughter , whose advice was so effectual , possessed a strength of understanding , and coolness of judgment , which qualified her , though only nineteen , to be the counsellor of her mother , and enabled her frequently to counteract , to the advantage of them all , that eagerness of mind in mrs. dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence . the resemblance between her and her mother was strikingly great . the old gentleman died : his will was read , and like almost every other will , gave as much disappointment as pleasure . had he married a more amiable woman , he might have been made still more respectable than he was : -he might even have been made amiable himself ; for he was very young when he married , and very fond of his wife . mrs. john dashwood had never been a favourite with any of her husband 's family ; but she had had no opportunity , till the present , of shewing them with how little attention to the comfort of other people she could act when occasion required it . to him therefore the succession to the norland estate was not so really important as to his sisters ; for their fortune , independent of what might arise to them from their father 's inheriting that property , could be but small . mr. john dashwood had not the strong feelings of the rest of the family ; but he was affected by a recommendation of such a nature at such a time , and he promised to do every thing in his power to make them comfortable . by his own marriage , likewise , which happened soon afterwards , he added to his wealth . he was neither so unjust , nor so ungrateful , as to leave his estate from his nephew ; -but he left it to him on such terms as destroyed half the value of the bequest . his son was sent for as soon as his danger was known , and to him mr. dashwood recommended , with all the strength and urgency which illness could command , the interest of his mother -in -law and sisters . the constant attention of mr. and mrs. henry dashwood to his wishes , which proceeded not merely from interest , but from goodness of heart , gave him every degree of solid comfort which his age could receive ; and the cheerfulness of the children added a relish to his existence . Margaret, the other sister, was a good-humored, well-disposed girl; but as she had already imbibed a good deal of Marianne's romance, without having much of her sense, she did not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. Elinor, this eldest daughter, whose advice was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgment, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her mother, and enabled her frequently to counteract, to the advantage of them all, that eagerness of mind in Mrs. Dashwood which must generally have led to imprudence. Mr. Dashwood's disappointment was, at first, severe; but his temper was cheerful and sanguine; and he might reasonably hope to live many years, and by living economically, lay by a considerable sum from the produce of an estate already large, and capable of almost immediate improvement. He was not an ill-disposed young man, unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish is to be ill-disposed: but he was, in general, well respected; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties. The late owner of this estate was a single man, who lived to a very advanced age, and who for many years of his life, had a constant companion and housekeeper in his sister. So acutely did Mrs. Dashwood feel this ungracious behaviour, and so earnestly did she despise her daughter-in-law for it, that, on the arrival of the latter, she would have quitted the house for ever, had not the entreaty of her eldest girl induced her first to reflect on the propriety of going, and her own tender love for all her three children determined her afterwards to stay, and for their sakes avoid a breach with their brother. No sooner was his father's funeral over, than Mrs. John Dashwood, without sending any notice of her intention to her mother-in-law, arrived with her child and their attendants. No one could dispute her right to come; the house was her husband's from the moment of his father's decease; but the indelicacy of her conduct was so much the greater, and to a woman in Mrs. Dashwood's situation, with only common feelings, must have been highly unpleasing;-but in HER mind there was a sense of honor so keen, a generosity so romantic, that any offence of the kind, by whomsoever given or received, was to her a source of immovable disgust. The old gentleman died: his will was read, and like almost every other will, gave as much disappointment as pleasure. Elinor saw, with concern, the excess of her sister's sensibility; but by Mrs. Dashwood it was valued and cherished. Had he married a more amiable woman, he might have been made still more respectable than he was:-he might even have been made amiable himself; for he was very young when he married, and very fond of his wife. But the fortune, which had been so tardy in coming, was his only one twelvemonth. By a former marriage, Mr. Henry Dashwood had one son: by his present lady, three daughters. Table 9 : Examples of decoded summaries of the full text of "Sense and Sensibility", part 1. Margaret, the other sister, was a good-humored, well-disposed girl, but as she had already imbibed a good deal of Marianne's romance, without having much of her sense, she did not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. The Dashwoods are now settled at Barton with tolerable comfort to themselves. The house and garden are now familiar, and the ordinary pursuits which had given to Norland half its charms were engaged in again with far greater enjoyment than Norland had been able to afford since the loss of their father. Marianne Dashwood is a beautiful girl with a delicate complexion, regular features, and a remarkably pretty figure. Her skin is very brown, but, from its transparency, her complexion was uncommonly brilliant; her features were all good; her smile was sweet and attractive; and in her eyes, which were very dark, there was a life, a spirit, an eagerness, which could hardily be seen without delight. Willoughby is a young man of good abilities, quick imagination, lively spirits, and open, affectionate manners. He was exactly formed to engage Marianne's heart, for with all this, he joined not only a captivating person, but a natural ardour of mind which was now roused and increased by the example of her own, and which recommended him to her affection beyond everything else. Willoughby says he dislikes Colonel Brandon for three reasons: he threatened her with rain when she wanted it to be fine, he has found fault with the hanging of my curricle, and he cannot persuade him to buy my brown mare. Mrs. Dashwood enters into all their feelings with a warmth which left her no inclination for checking this excessive display of them. To her it was but the natural consequence of a strong affection in a young and ardent mind. Elinor's happiness is not so great, nor her satisfaction in their amusements so pure. They afforded her no companion that could make amends for what she had left behind, nor that could teach her to think of Norland with less regret than ever. Neither Lady Middleton nor Mrs. Jennings could supply her the conversation she missed; although the latter was an everlasting talker, and from the first had regarded her with a kindness which ensured her a large share of her discourse. He did not stipulate for any particular sum, my dear Fanny; he only requested me, in general terms, to assist them, and make their situation more comfortable than it was in his power to do. He could hardly suppose I should neglect them. But as he required the promise, I could not do less than give it; at least I thought so at the time. The promise, therefore, was given, and must be performed. One evening in particular, about a week after Colonel Brandon left the country, his heart seemed more than usually open to every feeling of attachment to the objects around him, and on Mrs. Dashwood's suggestion of improving the cottage in the spring, he warmly opposed every alteration of a place which affection had established as perfect with him. He tells Willoughby that he would not sacrifice one sentiment of local attachment of yours, or of anyone whom I loved, for all the improvements in the world. Depend upon it that whatever unemployed sum may remain, when I make up my accounts in the spring, I would even rather lay it uselessly by than dispose of it in a manner so painful to you Marianne would have thought herself very inexcusable had she been able to sleep at all the first night after parting from Willoughby. She would have been ashamed to look her family in the face the next morning, had she not risen from her bed in more need of repose than when she lay down in it. He says that he would not ask such a question for the world. Supposing it possible that they are not engaged, what distress would not such an enquiry inflict! At any rate it would be most ungenerous. I should never deserve her confidence again, after forcing from her a confession of what is meant at present to be unacknowledged to any one. I know Marianne's heart: I know that she dearly loves me, and that I shall not be the last to whom the affair is made known, when circumstances make the revealment of it eligible. Elinor is happy that he has a mother whose character is so imperfectly known to her, as to be the general excuse for every thing strange on the part of her son. Disappointed, and vexed as she is, and sometimes displeased with his uncertain behaviour to herself, she is very well disposed on the whole to regard his actions with all the candid allowances and generous qualifications, which had been rather more painfully extorted from her, for Willoughby's service, by her mother. Mrs. Palmer, on the contrary, who is strongly endowed by nature with a turn for being uniformly civil and happy, was hardly seated before her admiration of the parlor and every thing in it burst forth. Charlotte laughs heartily to think that her husband could not get rid of her; and exultingly said, she did not care how cross he was to her, as they must live together. It was impossible for any one to be more thoroughly good-natured, or more determined to be happy than Mrs. Palmer. The studied indifference, insolence, and discontent of her husband gave her no pain; and when he scolded or abused her, she was highly diverted. Edward Ferrars is not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He is not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself, but when his natural shyness was overcome, his behavior gave every indication of an open, affectionate heart. His understanding was good, his education had given it solid improvement. But he was neither fitted by abilities nor disposition to answer the wishes of his mother and sister, who longed to see him distinguished-as-they hardly knew what. They wanted him to make a fine figure in the world in some manner or other. His mother wished to interest him in political concerns, to get him into parliament, or to have him connected with some of the great men of the day. The Miss Steeles, as she expected, had now all the benefit of these jokes, and in the eldest of them they raised a curiosity to know the name of the gentleman alluded to, which, though often impertinently expressed, was perfectly of a piece with her general inquisitiveness into the concerns of their family. But Sir John did not sport long with the curiosity which he delighted to raise, for he had at least as much pleasure in telling the name as Miss Steele had in hearing it. He was not an ill-disposed young man, unless to be rather cold hearted and rather selfish. He was, in general, well respected; for he conducted himself with propriety in the discharge of his ordinary duties. Had he married a more amiable woman, he might have been made still more respectable than he was:-he might even have beenmade amiable himself. But Mrs. Dashwood was a strong caricature of himself;-more narrow-minded and selfish. The house was handsomely fitted up, and the young ladies were immediately put in possession of a very comfortable apartment. It had formerly been Charlotte's, and over the mantelpiece still hung a landscape in coloured silks of her performance, in proof of her having spent seven years at a great school in town. Mr. and Mrs. Palmer are of the party; from the former, whom they had not seen before since their arrival in town, as he was careful to avoid the appearance of any attention to his mother-in-law, and therefore never came near her, they received no mark of recognition on their entrance. Elinor feels sorry for the warmth she had been betrayed into, in speaking of him. She felt that Edward stood very high in her opinion. She believed the regard to be mutual; but she required greater certainty of it to make Marianne's conviction of their attachment agreeable to her. She knew that what Marianne and her mother conjectured one moment, they believed the next-that with them, to wish was to hope, and to hope was to expect. She tried to explain the real state of the case to her sister. It was nearly three years after this unhappy period before she returned to England. Her first care, when she did arrive, was of course to seek for her, but the search was as fruitless as it was melancholy. She could not trace her beyond her first seducer, and there was every reason to fear that she had removed from him only to sink deeper in a life of sin. After six months in England, she did find her. He had left the girl whose youth and innocence he had seduced in a situation of the utmost distress, with no creditable home, no help, no friends, ignorant of his address! Marianne is spared from the troublesome feelings of contempt and resentment, on this impertinent examination of their features, and on the puppyism of his manner in deciding on all the different horrors of the different toothpick cases presented to his inspection, by remaining unconscious of it all; for she was as well able to collect her thoughts within herself, and be as ignorant of what was passing around her, in Mr. Gray's shop, as in her own bedroom. Mrs. Ferrars is a little, thin woman, upright, even to formality, in her figure, and serious even to sourness in her aspect. She is not a woman of many words; for, unlike people in general, she proportioned them to the number of her ideas; and of the few syllables that did escape her, not one fell to the share of Miss Dashwood, whom she eyed with the spirited determination of disliking her at all events. The dinner is a grand one, the servants are numerous, and every thing bespoke the Mistress's inclination for show, and the Master's ability to support it. Despite the improvements and additions which were making to the Norland estate, and in spite of its owner having once been within some thousand pounds of being obliged to sell out at a loss, nothing gave any symptom of that indigence which he had tried to infer from it;-no poverty of any kind, except of conversation, appeared-but there, the deficiency was considerable. Elinor's curiosity to see Mrs. Ferrars is satisfied. She has seen enough of her pride, her meanness, and her determined prejudice against herself to comprehend all the difficulties that must have perplexed the engagement, and retarded the marriage, of Edward and herself, had he been otherwise free. Lady Middleton is ashamed of doing nothing before them, and the flattery which Lucy was proud to think of and administer at other times, she feared they would despise her for offering. John Dashwood says that if Edward had only done as well by himself as all his friends were disposed to do by him, he might now have been in his proper situation, and would have wanted for nothing. But as it is, it must be out of anybody's power to assist him. And there is one thing more preparing against him, which must be worse than all -his mother has determined, with a very natural kind of spirit, to settle that estate upon Robert immediately. The first part of their journey was performed in too melancholy a disposition to be otherwise than tedious and unpleasant. But as they drew towards the end of it, their interest in the appearance of a country which they were to inhabit overcame their dejection, and a view of Barton Valley as they entered it gave them cheerfulness. It was a pleasant fertile spot, well wooded, and rich in pasture. The arrival of a new family in the country is always a matter of joy to him, and in every point of view he is charmed with the inhabitants he had now procured for his cottage at Barton. Elinor thinks about the irreparable injury that too much independence and its consequent habits of idleness, dissipation, and luxury had made in the mind, the character, the happiness, of a man who, to every advantage of person and talents, united a disposition naturally open and honest, and a feeling, affectionate temper. The world had made him extravagant and vain-extravagance and vanity made him cold-hearted and selfish. Vanity, while seeking its own guilty triumph at the expense of another, had involved him in a real attachment, which extravagance, or at least its offspring, necessity, had required to be sacrificed. Each faulty propensity in leading him to evil, had led him likewise to punishment. Mrs. Jennings, Lady Middleton's mother, is a good-humored, merry, fat, elderly woman who talked a great deal. She was full of jokes and laughter and before dinner was over had said many witty things on the subject of lovers and husbands; hoped they had not left their hearts behind them in Sussex, and pretended to see them blush whether they did or not. But she will be gained by some one else. And if that some one should be the very he whom, of all others, I could least bear-but I will not stay to rob myself of all your compassionate goodwill, by shewing that where I have most injured I can least forgive. Willoughby, whom only half an hour ago she had abhorred as the most worthless of men, in spite of all his faults, excited a degree of commiseration for the sufferings produced by them, which made her think of him as now separated for ever from her family, with a tenderness, a regret, rather in proportion, as she soon acknowledged within herself-to his wishes than to his merits. She feels that his influence over her mind was heightened by circumstances which ought not in reason to have weight; by that person of uncommon attraction, that open, affectionate, and lively manner which it was no merit to possess; and by that still ardent love for Marianne, which it is not even innocent to indulge. Mrs. Dashwood, whose terror as they drew near the house had produced almost the conviction of Marianne's being no more, had no voice to inquire after her, no voice even for Elinor; but she, waiting neither for salutation nor inquiry, instantly gave the joyful relief;-and her mother, catching it with all her usual warmth, was in a moment as much overcome by her happiness, as she had been before by her fears. She was supported into the drawing room between her daughter and her friend, and there, shedding tears of joy, though still unable to speak, embraced her daughter again and again, turning from her at intervals to press Colonel Brandon's hand with a look which spoke at once her gratitude, and her conviction of his sharing with herself in the bliss of the moment. Marianne's performance is highly applauded. Sir John is loud in his admiration at the end of every song, and Lady Middleton frequently called him to order, wondered how any one's attention could be diverted from music for a moment, and asked Marianne to sing a particular song which Marianne had just finished. Mrs. Jennings is a widow with two daughters, both of whom she had lived to see respectably married, and she had now nothing to do but to marry all the rest of the world. In the promotion of this object she was zealously active, as far as her ability reached; and missed no opportunity of projecting weddings among all the young people of her acquaintance. She was remarkably quick in the discovery of attachments, and had enjoyed the advantage of raising the blushes and the vanity of many a young lady by insinuations of her power over such a young man; and this kind of discernment enabled her soon after her arrival at Barton decisively to pronounce that Colonel Brandon was very much in love with Marianne Dashwood. Mrs. Dashwood, who could not think a man five years younger than herself, so exceedingly ancient as he appeared to the youthful fancy of her daughter, ventured to clear Mrs. Jennings from the probability of wishing to throw ridicule on his age. She imagines that they will soon be settling at Delaford, the place in which so much conspired to give her an interest; which she wished to be acquainted with, and yet desired to avoid. She sees them in an instant in their parsonage-house; saw in Lucy, the active, contriving manager, uniting at once a desire of smart appearance with the utmost frugality, and ashamed to be suspected of half her economical practices;-pursuing her own interest in every thought, courting the favour of Colonel Brandon, of Mrs. Jennings, and of every wealthy friend. In Edward, she knows not what she sees, nor what she wishes to see;-happy or unhappy,-nothing pleased her; she turned away her head from every sketch of him. Mrs. Dashwood, however, conforming, as she trusted, to the wishes of that daughter, by whom she then meant in the warmth of her heart to be guided in every thing, met with a look of forced complacency, gave him her hand, and wished him joy. He is released without any reproach to himself, from an entanglement which had long formed his misery, from a woman whom he had long ceased to love;-and elevated at once to that security with another, which he must have thought of almost with despair, as soon as he had learnt to consider it with desire. Lucy's marriage, the unceasing and reasonable wonder among them all, formed of course one of the earliest discussions of the lovers;-and Elinor's particular knowledge of each party made it appear to her in every view, as one the most extraordinary and unaccountable circumstances she had ever heard. How they could be thrown together, and by what attraction Robert could be drawn on to marry a girl, of whose beauty she had herself heard him speak without any admiration,-a girl too already engaged to his brother, and on whose account that brother had been thrown off by his family-it was beyond her comprehension to make out. The letters from town, which would have made every nerve in Elinor's body thrill with transport, now arrived to be read with less emotion than mirth. Mrs. Jennings wrote to tell the wonderful tale, to vent her honest indignation against the jilting girl, and pour forth her compassion towards poor Mr. Edward, who, she was sure, had quite doted upon the worthless hussy, and was now, by all accounts, almost broken-hearted at Oxford. Mrs. Jennings's prophecies, though rather jumbled together, were chiefly fulfilled; for she was able to visit Edward and his wife in their Parsonage by Michaelmas, and she found in Elinor and her husband, as she really believed, one of the happiest couples in the world. They had in fact nothing to wish for but the marriage of Colonel Brandon and Marianne, and rather better pasturage for their cows. They were visited on their first settling by almost all their relations and friends. Mrs. Ferrars came to inspect the happiness which she was almost ashamed of having authorised. Lucy's behavior in the affair, and the prosperity which crowned it, therefore, may be held forth as a most encouraging example of what an earnest, an unceasing attention to self-interest, however its progress may be apparently obstructed, will do in securing every advantage of fortune, with no other sacrifice than that of time and conscience. Elinor's marriage divided her as little from her family as could well be contrived, without rendering the cottage at Barton entirely useless, for her mother and sisters spent much more than half their time with her. Mrs. Dashwood was acting on motives of policy as well as pleasure in her visits at Delaford; for her wish of bringing Marianne and Colonel Brandon together was hardly less earnest, though rather more liberal than what John had expressed. Marianne Dashwood is born to an extraordinary fate. She was born to discover the falsehood of her own opinions, and to counteract, by her conduct, her most favourite maxims. A continuance in a place where everything reminded her of former delight, was exactly what suited her mind. "I do not believe," said Mrs. Dashwood, with a good humoured smile, "that Mr. Willoughby will be incommoded by the attempts of either of my daughters towards what you call CATCHING him. Mrs. John Dashwood did not at all approve of what her husband intended to do for his half sisters. Mrs. Dashwood entered into all their feelings with a warmth which left her no inclination for checking this excessive display of them. "If the impertinent remarks of Mrs Jennings are to be the proof of impropriety in conduct, we are all offending every moment of our lives. "If they were one day to be your own, Marianne, you would not be justified in what you have done." They thanked her; but were obliged to resist all her entreaties. "Oh, dont be so sly before us," said Mrs. Palmer, "for we know all about it; and I admire your taste very much, for I think he is extremely handsome. "But I do assure you it was so, for all that, and I will tell you how it happened. "I was afraid you would think I was taking a great liberty with you," said she, "but I have not known you long to be sure, personally at least, but I have known you and all your family by description a great while; and as soon as I saw you, I felt almost as if you was an old acquaintance. "Oh, Lord! I am sure your mother can spare you very well, and I beg you will favour me with your company, for Ive quite set my heart upon it. "Pray, pray be composed," cried Elinor, "and do not betray what you feel to every body present." Before the house-maid had lit their fire the next day, or the sun gained any power over a cold, gloomy morning in January, Marianne was kneeling against one of the window-seats, and writing as fast as a continual flow of tears would permit her. "For shame, for shame, Miss Dashwood!" "Well then, another day or two, perhaps; but I cannot stay here long, I cannot endure the questions and remarks of all these people." To give the feelings or the language of Mrs. Dashwood on receiving and answering Elinorś letter would be only to give a repetition of what her daughters had already felt and said; of a disappointment hardly less painful than Marianneś, and an indignation even greater. The rest of Mrs. Palmerś sympathy was shewn in procuring all the particulars in her power of the approaching marriage, and communicating them to Elinor. Elinor had always thought it would be more prudent for them to settle at some distance from Norland, than immediately amongst their present acquaintance. "Poor Marianne!" said her brother to Colonel Brandon, as soon as he could secure his attention. All these jealousies and discontents, however, were so totally unsuspected by Mrs. Jennings. I come now to the relation of a misfortune, which about this time befell Mrs. Jennings. Elinor agreed to it all, for she did not think he deserved the compliment of rational opposition. Here Mrs. Jennings ceased, and as Elinor had had time enough to collect her thoughts, she was able to give such observations, as the subject might naturally be supposed to produce. "Very well indeed!-how prettily she writes!-aye, that was quite proper to let him be off if he would. Mrs. Jennings was so far from being weary of her guests, that she pressed them very earnestly to return with her again from Cleveland. Perhaps Mrs. Jennings was in hopes, by this vigorous sketch of their future ennui, to provoke him to make an offer, which might give himself an escape from it;-and if so, she had soon afterwards good reason to think her object gained; for, on Elinorś moving to the window to take more expeditiously the dimensions of a print, which she was going to copy for her friend. "I never was better pleased in my life, and I wish you joy of it with all my heart." Elinor had just been congratulating herself, in the midst of her perplexity, that however difficult it might be to express herself properly by letter, it was at least preferable to giving the information by word of mouth, when her visitor entered the room. What Edward felt, as he could not say it himself, it cannot be expected that any one else should say for him. Elinor, while she waited in silence and immovable gravity, could not restrain her eyes from being fixed on him with a look that spoke all the contempt it excited. The comfort of such a friend at that moment as Colonel Brandon-or such a companion for her mother,-how gratefully was it felt!-a companion whose judgment would guide, whose attendance must relieve, and whose friendship might soothe her!-as far as the shock of the summons COULD be lessened to her, his presence, his manners, his assistance, would lessen it. "Pray be quick, sir,"-said Elinor, impatiently;-"I have no time to spare." "I do not know," said he, after a pause of expectation on her side, and thoughtfulness on his own, "how YOU may have accounted for my behaviour to your sister, or what diabolical motive you may have imputed to me." "To have resisted such attractions, to have withstood such tenderness!-Is there a man on earth who could have done it?" "Yes, but I had only the credit of servilely copying such sentences as I was ashamed to put my name to. As soon as Mrs. Dashwood had recovered herself, to see Marianne was her first desire; and in two minutes she was with her beloved child, rendered dearer to her than ever by absence, unhappiness, and danger. "His character, however," answered Elinor, "does not rest on ONE act of kindness, to which his affection for Marianne, were humanity out of the case, would have prompted him. "Oh! my love, I could not then talk of hope to him or to myself. "As for regret," said Marianne, "I have done with that, as far as he is concerned." Mrs. Dashwood did not hear unmoved the vindication of her former favourite. "You consider the matter," said Elinor, "as a good mind and a sound understanding must consider it; and I dare say you perceive, not only in this, but in many other circumstances, reason enough to be convinced that your marriage must have involved you in many certain troubles and disappointments, in which you would have been poorly supported by an affection, on his side, much less certain. "Who told you that Mr Ferrars was married, Thomas?" Mrs. Dashwood, who could not think a man five years younger than herself, ventured to clear Mrs. Jennings from the probability of wishing to throw ridicule on his age. How soon he had walked himself into the proper resolution, however, in what manner he expressed himself, and how he was received, need not be told. The change which a few hours had wrought in the minds and the happiness of the Dashwoods, was such-so great-as promised them all, the satisfaction of a sleepless night. A three weeksŕesidence at Delaford, where, in his evening hours at least, he had little to do but to calculate the disproportion between thirty-six and seventeen, brought him to Barton in a temper of mind which needed all the improvement in Marianneś looks, and all the encouragement of her motherś language, to make it cheerful. The whole of Lucyś behaviour in the affair, and the prosperity which crowned it, may be held forth as a most encouraging instance of what an earnest, an unceasing attention to self-interest will do in securing every advantage of fortune, with no other sacrifice than that of time and conscience. "A woman of seven and twenty," said Marianne, "can never hope to feel or inspire affection again, and if her home be uncomfortable, or her fortune small, I can suppose that she might bring herself to submit to the offices of a nurse." Model Output: T5 fine-tuned Margaret, the other sister, is a good-humored, well-disposed girl, but she does not, at thirteen, bid fair to equal her sisters at a more advanced period of life. Marianne asks Sir John about Mr. Willoughby, and he tells her that he is "a pleasant, good-humored fellow, and has the nicest little black bitch of a pointer I ever saw." Marianne says that she has been too open and sincere where she ought to have been reserved, spiritless, dull, and deceitful. In defense of your protege you can even be saucy. Willoughby tells Miss Dashwood that he has three reasons for disliking Colonel Brandon: he threatened her with rain when she wanted it to be fine, he found fault with the hanging of her curricle, and he cannot persuade him to buy her brown mare. This is the season of happiness for Marianne. Her heart is devoted to Willoughby and the fond attachment to Norland, which she brought with her from Sussex, was more likely to be softened than she had thought possible before, by the charms which his society bestowed on her present home. He tells Elinor that he once knew a lady who thought and judged like her, but who from an inforced change-from a series of unfortunate circumstances-had changed. The next morning, Marianne tells Elinor that Willoughby has given her a horse. Willoughby says that he would not sacrifice any sentiment of local attachment for all the improvements in the world, and that whatever unemployed sum may remain, when I make up my accounts in the spring, I would even rather lay it by than dispose of it in a manner so painful to you. Mrs. Dashwood assures him that no alteration of the kind should be attempted. I have no wish to be distinguished; and have every reason to hope I never shall. I cannot be forced into genius and eloquence. Marianne says that money can only give happiness where there is nothing else to give it. Beyond a competence, it can afford no real satisfaction. Mrs. Dashwood thinks Edward would be happier if he had a profession to engage his time and give an interest to his plans and actions. Mrs. Palmer, on the other hand, is hardly seated before her admiration of the parlor bursts forth. They are obliged to put an end to such an expectation. Mrs. Dashwood has been informed by her husband of the solemn promise on the part of his son in their favor, which gives comfort to his last earthly reflections. Elinor does not give him credit for being so genuinely and unaffectedly ill-bred as he wishes to appear. Mrs. Palmer asks the Dashwoods to come to Cleveland for Christmas. Mrs. Palmerś information about Willoughby is not very material, but any testimony in his favor is pleasing to her. The Palmers return to Cleveland the next day, and the two families at Barton are left to entertain each other. Edward Ferrars is not recommended to them by any peculiar graces of person or address. He is not handsome, and his manners require intimacy to make them pleasing. His understanding is good, but his behaviour gives every indication of an open, affectionate heart. He says he would rather do anything in the world than be thought so by a person whose good opinion is so worth having as yours. The Middletons follow in about a week. The Miss Steeles keep their station at the park and are to quit it only with the rest of the family The house is very nice, and the young ladies are immediately put in possession of a very comfortable apartment. It had formerly been Charlotteś, and over the mantelpiece still hung a landscape in coloured silks of her performance. Mrs. Palmer and two elderly ladies of Mrs. Jenningsś intimate acquaintance dine with them, and Elinor is obliged to assist in making a whist table for the others. Elinor tells Mrs. Jennings that Sir John and Lady Middleton will be in town by the end of next week. Marianne is astonished to find how much the imagination of her mother and herself had outstripped the truth. Mrs. Dashwood decides that it would be better for Marianne to be anywhere, at that time, than at Barton, where everything within her view would be bringing back the past, such as she had always seen him there. Mrs. Ferrars is a little, thin woman, upright, even to formality, in her figure, and serious, even sour in her aspect. Elinorś curiosity to see Mrs. Ferrars is satisfied. She has seen enough of her pride, her meanness, and her determined prejudice against herself, to comprehend all the difficulties that must have perplexed the engagement, and retard the marriage, of Edward and herself, had he been otherwise free. She invites Mr. and Mrs. Dashwood to visit her at Barton. Mrs. Jennings praises Edwardś behavior, but only Elinor and Marianne understand its true merit. Barton Cottage, though small, is comfortable and compact, but as a cottage it is defective, for the building is regular, the roof is tiled, the window shutters are not painted green, and the walls are not covered with honeysuckle. The next morning, Elinor receives a letter from Lucy. The Colonel is surprised to find that she is considering Mr. Ferrarsś marriage as a certain consequence of the presentation, for he did not suppose it possible that Delaford living could supply such an income as anybody in his style of life would venture to settle on. John tells Elinor that when Edwardś unhappy match takes place, his mother will feel as if she had never discarded him, and therefore every circumstance that may accelerate that dreadful event must be concealed from her as much as possible. When he first became intimate with your family, he had no other intention, no other view in the acquaintance but to pass his time pleasantly while he was obliged to remain in Devonshire, "more pleasantly than I had ever done before." Mrs. Jennings, Lady Middletonś mother, is a good-humored, merry, fat, elderly woman, full of jokes and laughter. But she will be gained by someone else. And if that someone should be the very one whom I could least bear-but I will not stay rob myself of all your compassionate goodwill by shewing that where I have most injured I can least forgive. Colonel Brandon, the friend of Sir John, seems no more adapted by resemblance to be his friend than Lady Middleton was to be Sir Johnś wife, or Mrs. Jennings to be Maryś mother. He thinks Marianneś affection too deeply rooted for any change in it under a great length of time, and even supposing her heart again free, is too diffident to believe, that with such a difference of age and disposition he could ever attach her. She sees them in their parsonage house, and sees in Lucy the active, contriving manager, uniting at once a desire of smart appearance with the utmost frugality, and ashamed to be suspected of half her economical practices. She will be more hurt by it, for Robert always was her favourite. He explains that he thought it his duty to give her the option of continuing the engagement or not, when he was renounced by his mother, and stood to all appearances without a friend in the world. Elinor scolds him for spending so much time with them at Norland, when he must have felt his own inconsistency. The first month after their marriage is spent with their friend at the Mansion-house, from which they could superintend the progress of the Parsonage, and direct everything as they liked on the spot. Marianne Dashwood is born to discover the falsehood of her own opinions and to counteract, by her conduct, her most favourite maxims. Marianne finds herself at nineteen, submitting to new attachments, entering on new duties, placed in a new home, a wife, the mistress of a family, and the patroness of the village. Model Output: T5 zero-shot a gentleman carrying a gun, with two pointers playing round him, was passing up the hill and within a few yards of Marianne, when her accident happened . he put down his gun and ran to her assistance; she had raised herself from the ground, but her foot had been twisted in her fall, and she scarcely able to stand . perceiving that her modesty declined what her situation rendered necessary, he took her up in his arms without further delay, and carried her down the hill . "in defence of your protege you can even be saucy" "My protege, as you call him, is a sensible man," says marianne . "he has seen a great deal of the world; has been abroad, has read, and has a thinking mind." marianne abhorred all concealment where no real disgrace could attend unreserved; and to aim at the restraint of sentiments which were not in themselves illaudable, appeared to her an unnecessary effort . and their behaviour at all times, was an illustration of their opinions . "there are inconveniences attending such feelings as marianneś," said Elinor . "her systems have all the unfortunate tendency of setting propriety at nought" "a better acquaintance of the world is what i look forward to as her greatest possible advantage" "when the romantic refinements are obliged to give way, how frequently are they succeeded by such opinions as are but too common, and too dangerous!" "i once knew a lady who in temper and mind greatly resembled your sister, who thought and judged like her" "the lady would probably have passed without suspicion, had he not convinced Miss Dashwood that what concerned her ought not to escape his lips" "i have not known him long indeed, but I am much better acquainted with him, than I am with any other creature in the world, except yourself and mama" "of John I know very little, though we have lived together for years; but of Willoughby my judgment has long been formed." "i am particularly sorry, maám," said he, addressing lady middleton . "my own loss is great," he continued, "in being obliged to leave so agreeable a party" "what can you have to do in town at this time of year?" cried Mrs. jennings . "if the impertinent remarks of Mrs. jennings are to be the proof of impropriety in conduct, we are all offending every moment of our lives" "i am not sensible of having done anything wrong in walking over Mrs. Smithś grounds, or in seeing her house" "if they were one day to be your own, marianne, you would not be justified in what you have done." "nothing of the kind will be done; for my mother will never have money" "i am heartily glad of it," he cried . "may she always be poor, if she can employ her riches no better." "if you were to see them at the altar, you would suppose they were going to be married. ungracious girl!" "nothing in my opinion has ever passed to justify doubt; no secrecy has been attempted; all has been uniformly open and unreserved." marianne would have thought herself very inexcusable had she been able to sleep at all the first night after parting with willoughby . but the feelings which made such composure a disgrace, left her in no danger of incurring it . she was awake the whole night, and she wept the greatest part of it; giving pain every moment to her mother and sisters . "i believe you are right, my love; it will be better that there should be no annuity in the case; whatever I may give them occasionally will be of far greater assistance than a yearly allowance" "a present of fifty pounds, now and then, will prevent their ever being distressed for money, and will, I think, be amply discharging my promise to my father." "money can only give happiness where there is nothing else to give it," said marianne . "beyond a competence, it can afford no real satisfaction, as far as mere self is concerned." the fortune, which had been so tardy in coming, was his only one twelvemonth . ten thousand pounds, including the late legacies, was all that remained for his widow and daughters . his son was sent for as soon as his danger was known, and to him he recommended the interest of his mother-in-law and sisters . "to give such intelligence to a person who could not be interested in it, even if it were true, is not what i should expect Colonel Brandon to do." "you have been long acquainted with colonel Brandon, have not you?" "did not colonel Brandon know of sir Johnś proposal to your mother before it was made? had he never owned his affection to yourself?" "he was four years with my uncle, who lives at longstaple, near Plymouth" "i was very unwilling to enter into it without the knowledge and approbation of his mother" "though you do not know him so well, you must have seen enough to be sensible he is very capable of making a woman sincerely attached to him." "i begged him to exert himself for fear you should suspect what was the matter" "i heard from him just before I left Exeter;" taking a letter from her pocket . "he was tired, I dare say, for he had just filled the sheet to me as full as possible." "it would be madness to marry upon that, though for my own part, i could give up every prospect of more without a sigh." "i love him too well to be the selfish means of robbing him, perhaps, of all that his mother might give him if he married to please her." "it will not be in my power to accept their invitation if they do." "i have a notion," said sir John, "that miss marianne would not object to such a scheme, if her elder sister would come into it." "i would advise you two, to set off for town, when you are tired of barton, without saying a word to miss dashwood about it." the middletons were to follow in about a week . the miss steeles kept their station at the park . if she DID, the letter was written and sent away with a privacy which eluded all her watchfulness to ascertain the fact . but while she saw Marianne in spirits, she could not be very uncomfortable herself . "i am much concerned to find there was anything in my behaviour last night that did not meet your approbation, and I entreat your forgiveness of what I can assure you to have been perfectly unintentional." "my esteem for your whole family is very sincere; but if I have been so unfortunate as to give rise to a belief of more than I felt, or meant, I shall reproach myself for not having been more guarded." "i could rather believe every creature . acquaintance leagued together to ruin me in his opinion, than . believe his nature capable of such cruelty" "is there a creature in the world whom i would not rather suspect of evil than willoughby?" "when a young man, be who he will, comes and makes love to a pretty girl, and promises marriage, he has no business to fly off from his word" "why dont he, in such a case, sell his horses, let his house, turn off his servants, and make a thorough reform at once?" "it would be unnecessary for you to caution Mrs. Palmer and sir John against ever naming Mr. willoughby, or making the slightest allusion to what has passed, before my sister." "their attention to our comfort, their friendliness in every particular, is more than i can express." "she is not well, she has had a nervous complaint on her for several weeks." "could anything be so flattering as Mrs. ferrarsś way of treating me yesterday? so exceedingly affable as she was!-you know how i dreaded the thoughts of seeing her;-but the very moment I was introduced, such an affability in her behaviour as really should seem to say, she had quite taken a fancy to me." her late conversation with her daughter-in-law had made her resolve on remaining at norland no longer than was unavoidable . to separate Edward and Elinor was as far from being her object as ever; and she wished to show Mrs. John dashwood how totally she disregarded her disapproval of the match . "my love i would ask them with all my heart, if it was in my power, but i had just settled within myself to ask the miss steeles to spend a few days with us." "i am sure you will like them; indeed, you DO like them, you know, very much already, and so does my mother; and they are such favourites with Harry!" "we all know how THAT will end:-they will wait a twelvemonth, and finding no good comes, will set down upon a curacy of fifty pounds a-year " " i must see what i can give them towards furnishing their house. two maids and two men, indeed!-as i talked of tóther day." "this little rectory CAN do no more than make mr. ferrars comfortable as a bachelor; it cannot enable him to marry." "what i am now doing indeed, seems nothing at all, since it can advance him so little towards what must be his principal, his only object of happiness." "Upon my soul it is,"-was his answer, with a warmth which brought all the former willoughby to her remembrance . "If that is all, you may be satisfied already,-for Marianne DOES-she has LONG forgiven you," he cried, in the same eager tone. "Then she has forgiven me before she ought to have done it." "your wife!-the letter was in your own hand-writing." "i will tell her all that is necessary to what may comparatively be called, your justification" "you have not explained to me the particular reason of your coming now" "No-to Combe Magna. i have business there; from thence to town in a day or two." "to judge from the colonelś spirits, however, you have not yet made him equally sanguine." "his age is only so much beyond hers as to make his character and principles fixed;-and his disposition, I am well convinced, is exactly the very one to make your sister happy" "my partiality does not blind me; certainly is not so handsome as willoughby-but at the same time, there is something much more pleasing in his countenance." "when do you write to Colonel Brandon, maám?" was an inquiry which sprung from her mind to have something going on . "i wrote to him, my love, last week, and rather expect to see, than to hear from him again." "do you call Colonel Brandon infirm?" asked Elinor . "you can hardly deceive yourself as to his having the use of his limbs!" "at this rate you must be in continual terror of MY decay," said her mother . "being very sure I have long lost your affections, i have thought myself at liberty to bestow my own on another, and have no doubt of being as happy with him as I once used to think I might be with you" "i scorn to accept a hand while the heart was anotherś, and it shall not be my fault if we are not always good friends, as our near relationship now makes proper" "your brother has gained my affections entirely, and as we could not live without one another, we are "I have burnt all your letters, and will return your picture the first opportunity" "please to destroy my scrawls-but the ring with my hair you are very welcome to keep" "worlds would not I have had a letter of hers seen by YOU in former days," said Edward . "how could i suppose, when she so earnestly, so warmly insisted on sharing my fate that any thing but the most disinterested affection was her inducement?" "i cannot comprehend on what motive she acted, or what fancied advantage it could be to her, to be fettered to a man for whom she had not the smallest regard" Fast abstractive summarization with reinforce-selected sentence rewriting Model Output: PEGASUS fine-tuned He has only two thousand pounds of his own; it would be madness to marry upon that, though for my own part, I could give up every prospect of more without a sigh. The house is handsome, and handsomely fitted up, and the young ladies are immediately put in possession of a very comfortable apartment. Mrs. Palmer and two elderly ladies of Mrs. Jenningsś acquaintance, whom she had met and invited in the morning, dine with them. The Miss Dashwoods has no greater reason to be dissatisfied with Mrs. Jenningsś style of living, and set of acquaintance, than with her behavior to themselves, which is invariably kind. He does not draw himself, but he has great pleasure in seeing the performances of other people, and he is by no means deficient in natural taste, though he has not had opportunities of improving it. They arrive at the place of destination, and as soon as the string of carriages before them is allowed, alighted, ascended the stairs, heard their names announced from one landing-place to another in an audible voice, and entered a room splendidly lit up, quite full of company, and insufferably hot. It was nearly three years after this unhappy period before she returned to England. Her legal allowance was not adequate to her fortune, nor sufficient for her comfortable maintenance, and I learnt from my brother that the power of receiving it had been made over some months before to another person. He imagined, and calmly could he imagine it, that her extravagance, and consequent distress, had her obliged to dispose of it for some immediate relief. The Willoughbys leave town as soon as they are married; and Elinor now hopes, as there could be no danger of her seeing either of them, to prevail on her sister, who had never yet left the house since the blow first fell. She is not well, she has had a nervous complaint for several weeks. Mrs. Ferrars is a little, thin woman, upright, and serious, even to sourness, in her aspect. Her complexion was sallow; and her features small, without beauty, and naturally without expression; but a lucky contraction of the brow had rescued her countenance from the disgrace of insipidity, by giving it the strong characters of pride and ill nature. The dinner is grand, the servants are numerous, and every thing bespoke the Mistressś inclination for show, and the Masterś ability to support it. Edward tries to return her kindness as it deserves, but before such witnesses he dared not say half what he really felt. Again they all sat down, and for a moment or two all were silent; while Marianne was looking with the most speaking tenderness, sometimes at Edward and sometimes at Elinor, regretting only that their delight in each other should be checked by Lucyś unwelcome presence. The sight of him is the only comfort it has afforded Model Output: PEGASUS zero-shot Marianneś joy was almost a degree beyond happiness, so great was the perturbation of her spirits and her impatience to be gone. Marianneś eagerness to be gone declared her dependence on finding him there; and Elinor was resolved not only upon gaining every new light as to his character which her own observation or the intelligence of others could give her, but likewise upon watching his behaviour to her sister with such zealous attention, as to ascertain what he was and what he meant, before many meetings had taken place