key: cord-0625220-v94u7lyd authors: Samal, Chirag; Jakimowicz, Kasia; Dasgupta, Krishnendu; Vashishtha, Aniket; Francisco, O.; Natarajan, Arunakiry; Nazir, Haris; Varma, Alluri Siddhartha; Dahake, Tejal; Pandey, Amitesh Anand; Singh, Ishaan; Kim, John Sangyeob; Gill, Mehrab Singh; Srivastava, Saurish; Mukhopadhyay, Orna; Patwa, Parth; Mirza, Qamil; Irshad, Sualeha; Shankar, Sheshank; Iyer, Rohan; Sukumaran, Rohan; Mehra, Ashley; Sharma, Anshuman; Singh, Abhishek; Arseni, Maurizio; SethuramanT, V; Agrawal, Saras; Sharma, Vivek; Raskar, Ramesh title: Vaccination Worldwide: Strategies, Distribution and Challenges date: 2021-07-21 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: 75d7a6f9e49573143ce8999a67963b5a2542285e doc_id: 625220 cord_uid: v94u7lyd The Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus represents an unprecedented crisis for our planet. It is a bane of the "uber connected world that we live in that this virus has affected almost all countries and caused mortality and economic upheaval at a scale whose effects are going to be felt for generations to come. While we can all be buoyed at the pace at which vaccines have been developed and brought to market, there are still challenges ahead for all countries to get their populations vaccinated equitably and effectively. This paper provides an overview of ongoing immunization efforts in various countries. In this early draft, we have identified a few key factors that we use to review different countries' current COVID-19 immunization strategies and their strengths and draw conclusions so that policymakers worldwide can learn from them. Our paper focuses on processes related to vaccine approval, allocation and prioritization, distribution strategies, population to vaccine ratio, vaccination governance, accessibility and use of digital solutions, and government policies. The statistics and numbers are dated as per the draft date [June 24th, 2021]. Currently, at least seven different vaccines have been rolled out across all countries. Scientific knowledge to make well-informed decisions for vaccine distribution strategy is highly important (Jeyanathan et al., 2020) . Countries worldwide currently approve different vaccines and prepare their vaccine roll-out plans, working on the ongoing vaccination effort based on their priority groups. Various vaccination efforts have their pros and cons (Mills & Salisbury, 2021) , (Bae et al., 2020) , (Sallam, 2021) , and we summarize the study of vaccine distribution and administration in different countries Kim et al. (2021) . In this early draft, the paper focuses on five countries and contributing factors such as approved vaccines, priority groups, vaccination administration, and distribution. The paper examines the following factors of vaccine supply affecting the last-mile administration across the world: 1. Prioritization: This focuses on the prioritization schemes for the vaccine administered by the government and health authorities. We include a timeline where they have been made available as per the country's public records. Certain population groups have been identified as to be vaccinated first, as they are at greater risk of exposure or serious consequences of COVID-19 (Persad et al., 2020) , (of Sciences Engineering et al., 2020) , (Wang et al., 2020) . 2. Approved vaccines: This section includes information on vaccines approved for distribution in the country. 3. Vaccine Administration and Distribution : This section contains necessary strategies taken by the country for equitable distribution, logistics and regulations, and timelines (Ismail et al., 2020) . 4. Population to Vaccine ratio : This ratio is calculated as per dosage per 100 people on any given date as recorded by the national vaccination control board. Depending on the individual dosing schedule, this is counted as a single dose and does not reflect the total number of people vaccinated. Governance: This section mentions the governing bodies of the country for the vaccination process. 6. Accessibility and Digital Solutions : This section covers accessibility of all vaccine-related information services, scheduling service, the authenticity of vaccine coupons (Bae et al., 2021b) and overall vaccination insights available, and intermediary data collection through any digital (Bae et al., 2021a) or offline-based medium. 7. Government Strategies and Decisions : This largely focuses on government initiatives and decisions that were imposed as a directive or policy for vaccination (Piraveenan et al., 2020) , (Acuna-Zegarra et al., 2020) , (Valiati & Villela, 2021) . The schedule for the roll-out of vaccination in these three priority groups is adjusted according to the availability of the vaccine. It is planned to vaccinate nearly 30,000 people in the first phase of the vaccination campaign (GovtofIndia, 2020): Vaccination is carried out in fixed and nearby locations. Fixed locations with public health facilities such as primary health centers and private health facilities with more than 100 medical professionals will be used for vaccination sites. Besides, outreach facilities such as schools, colleges, community halls, Panchayat Bhawans, wedding venues, etc., can also be used. Mobile teams can be used in some inaccessible areas or areas with a migrant population. Immunization days and times are planned and determined in advance. Vaccination and all auxiliary workers and beneficiaries are assigned to a specific location. Only one type of vaccine will be given on a given day, at a given vaccination site, and each beneficiary will receive a second dose of the same vaccine. Vaccination Rate Vaccination Governance: India has set up an apex body called NEGVAC (National Expert Group On Vaccine Administration For to provide guidance on all issues related to vaccine trial and selection, distribution of vaccine, developing delivery mechanisms, priority allocation to population groups, vaccine safety surveillance, mass communication, etc. Key Ministries and Institutions with on-the-ground know-how are cooperating and collaborating at the national level. Co-WIN (COVID-19 Vaccine Intelligence Network) was developed in India as a robust cloud-based IT solution for the preparation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the COVID-19 immunization program (Sahoo et al., 2021) . It is a holistic approach that uses the entire public health system, from the national level down to the vaccination doctor level. The system allows the registration of beneficiaries, planning units, vaccination sites, planning meetings, and the implementation of the vaccination process. The real-time Co-WIN system is used to track beneficiaries and vaccinators at the national, state, and district levels. Administrators at the national, state, and district levels can use the website www.cowin.gov.in to manage and distribute immunization-related materials, identify immunization sites, and register either by bulk download or by self-registration of beneficiaries. The www.app.cowin.gov.in application allows registering individual beneficiaries and registering successful vaccinations at vaccination sites (Ghosh, 2021) . Vaccines are sent to the vaccination sites in suitable containers on the same day in order to meet the temperature requirements throughout the cold chain, which will be monitored by the Ministry of Health. Text messages or self-created emails are sent to all beneficiaries and the vaccination and support staff regarding the date, time, and place of the vaccination appointment. The vaccination module of the Co-WIN system is used by the vaccination team to verify and authenticate the beneficiaries using Aadhar contact details or another approved photo ID. Once authenticated, the vaccine is administered and the status is updated in the system. The recipient will then receive an SMS with the details of a link indicating the date and time of the next vaccination. The Co-WIN system tracks every vaccine dose (name, manufacturer, batch number, date of manufacture) to every vaccination site and recipient (GovtofIndia, 2020). Various preparatory activities were carried out in the government advisory body for the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out in collaboration with States/ Union territories. A multi-level coordination system was set up for vaccinating priority groups, which includes strengthening the cold chain infrastructure, additional vaccinators across the country, a communication strategy to address the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine among the masses. Co-WIN, a digital platform for COVID-19 Vaccination, will be used to track the beneficiaries and vaccines on a real-time basis. (GovtofIndia, 2020) . According to data provided to the Rajya Sabha by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the Centre spent $191 million on COVID-19 vaccines from the Serum Institute of India and Indian producer Bharat Biotech between early January and mid-March (MoHFW).This is a preliminary indication of the direct cost of the COVID-19 immunization program to the exchequer. Additionally, the government has earmarked $65 million to meet the operation and maintenance costs incurred by the state governments in this fiscal. So far, the Centre has released $17 million to states. Times ( DISTRIBUTION TIMELINE (Bloomberg, 2020) : • In February, 10,000 frontline healthcare employees will be vaccinated; • Mid-March: 3 million general healthcare workers will be vaccinated. • Late March to early April: 30-40 million elderly people will be vaccinated. • Citizens with pre-existing ailments will be eligible to get vaccinated starting in April. • End-June: The government hopes to provide enough doses for the whole population, but the exact date has yet to be determined. The government is developing a system to streamline and share information on vaccine stocks at all medical institutions. The responsibility of promoting the vaccine program will fall onto the local governments. Once the national immunization campaign launches, the public will have to enroll in a reservation system in order to receive a vaccine. Initially, they will register on a vaccination website or through a call center, and they will then obtain a vaccine voucher that will enable them to receive a shot. The vaccine coupon will also be proof of vaccination for each immunized citizen. Currently, Japan has not released much more information on the details of its vaccine distribution plan. (2020) • In the midst of a fourth wave of illnesses, Japan has hastened the distribution of vaccinations with the goal of vaccinating all of the elderly by the end of July News (2021f) Vaccination Governance: Vaccine administration in Japan is governed by the Japanese Health Ministry. A reservation system will be developed for the general public to enroll for vaccination. Japan plans to use medical facilities, public health centers, gyms, event venues, and shopping malls as vaccination sites and is also working to re-purpose non-medical facilities as vaccination sites (TheJapanTimes, 2020). Japan has already passed legislation to provide free COVID-19 vaccines to all inhabitants, and has set aside approximately $ 6.32 billion from the emergency budget for COVID-19 vaccines (Euro-peanPharmaceuticalReview, 2021) . Japan intends to collect data from persons infected with the new coronavirus, even if they have been vaccinated, to see how effective the vaccines are at preventing the virus from spreading. The new system will allow authorities to view vaccination records for coronavirus patients, e.g., what vaccines they received from the companies and whether they received a single or double dose, depending on the sources. In Japan, vaccinations are likely to begin in late February. According to the sources, the Ministry of Health would build a method to collect vaccination records from all afflicted persons by including checkboxes on a document that doctors must send to public health centres when coronavirus infection is confirmed. (TheJapanTimes, 2021). According to the Ministry of Finance, the Japanese government approved a budget of $6.32 billion from its emergency budget reserve to secure COVID-19 vaccinations. The Japanese government has stated that it is willing to cover the expense of supplying vaccinations to the whole population in order to carry out a thorough pandemic inoculation campaign. According to reports, the government is planning to create funds to pay for vaccine-related adverse effects that might be common. Today Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC) uses a service provider to add additional functions to the PHAC. This Enhanced National Vaccine Management Information Platform (NVMIP) is a well-developed and ready-to-use monitoring and recording computer system which will manage the use, administration, and reporting of vaccines as the volume of deliveries increases. People will receive a paper and digital copy of their immunization record cards. The immunization record will be also be stored in the online provincial database, accessible to the individual, public health, and your doctor (GovtofCanada, 2021d). The Government of Canada is providing approximately $ 220 million so that the facility can purchase 15 million doses of vaccine for all Canadians. The COVID-19 vaccine will be free to anyone living in Canada who is eligible. It will then be available to anyone in Canada who is recommended by federal, provincial, and territorial health authorities to be vaccinated. Huawei employees and Chinese diplomats have also received the vaccine, with several other employees of state-owned organizations receiving emergency authorization vaccines (BusinessToday, 2021). Two vaccines have been approved so far: • BBIBP-CorV (CNBG / Sinopharm) (Xia et al., 2021) • CoronaVac (Sinovac) Everyone received detailed vaccination information and personalized advice on safety issues before heading to the injection area to receive the long-awaited dose against the coronavirus. Each compartment in the vaccination area is also equipped with a small refrigerator, which is set at 5 degrees to store the vaccine. Each vaccine can be traced back to its source using a code. Data from each vaccination is immediately recorded and then transmitted to China's national system at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). • China's vaccination program started slow but due to the resurgence of COVID-19 cases recently, the process has gained some momentum The National Healthcare Security Administration has stated that the COVID-19 vaccine is free to the public. Health insurers and governments cover the cost of the vaccine. China has established 25,392 vaccination points nationwide, along with detailed regulations and plans for handling and administering the vaccine. The National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) established a traceability information system to manage approved vaccines. China joined the COVAX Facility in October (GlobalTimes, 2020). National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the National Health Commission are in the change to draft laws and regulations for national health policies; These organizations tend to organize the monitoring, evaluation, and handling of adverse drug reactions. The NMPA and provincial drug agencies will implement national and provincial surveillance systems for vaccine traceability. The National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) and the National Health Commission are in charge of drafting laws and regulations for national health policy; These organizations tend to organize the monitoring, evaluation, and management of adverse drug reactions. The NMPA and provincial drug agencies will implement national and provincial surveillance systems for vaccine traceability. • China has not publicly released its expenditure on the immunization process, thereby rendering any per capita calculations impossible • However, China's leading vaccine producer Sinopharm has received upwards of $500 million in funding from private and public investors in the production of the vaccine • Science board members, healthcare workers, and the elderly over the age of 90 are vaccinated in the first round. • Essential workers in the second round and those who have at least one chronic disease. • Third round -young adults • Fourth round -everyone else 2.5.2 APPROVED VACCINES Two vaccines have been approved so far: • SinoVac • Sinopharm (Xia et al., 2021) The vaccine is currently used in preventative health care services in Turkey, the highest priority group. The antiserum, the injectors, and the logistic management of the cold chain materials such as transport containers are carried out by the Vaccine Logistics Unit of the Ministry of Health. All vaccines purchased by the Turkish Ministry of Health are evaluated in terms of security before being offered to the citizens, a process that will continue for the COVID-19 vaccines. The Family Health Center administers the vaccine. It is administered to the general medicine department where the person is registered (TRTWorld, 2020). Each person receives the vaccination application form, from which they can access all the details of the vaccine (electronic vaccination card, etc.) through a text message (SMS) and an e-Nabız account sent to the mobile phone. e-Nabız is an application that enables citizens and health professionals to access health data collected by health care facilities via the internet and mobile devices (GovtofTurkey, 2021a). Turkey introduced a vaccine tracking system in 2014 to monitor all processes related to vaccines. By using the QR codes required in the country on vaccine doses against any disease, the authorities can monitor storage, delivery, and expiration dates and intervene at any time. Vaccine Tracking System (ATS) monitors and manages information about which vaccines are given to whom and by whom and monitors potential side effects for immediate intervention. Adverse reactions following vaccination are recorded electronically in consultation with the nearest public health institution and are subject to careful monitoring and evaluation (of Turkey, 2021). Turkey has administered 98 percent of all childhood vaccinations needed, giving them a stable vaccination infrastructure. The health ministry has ordered that special vaccination rooms be installed in hospitals and clinics to maintain a safe distance from other medical facilities during the vaccination campaign. In the vaccine distribution procedure, frontline healthcare workers, the elderly, and individuals with noncommunicable diseases and chronic respiratory disorders would be prioritised. CNA (2020a). The distribution of vaccines will be carried out in phases as such Pfordten (2021): • 1st Phase (February -April 2021) Frontline healthcare workers in both public and private healthcare are the first priority category. Frontline workers in key facilities, defence, and security are the second priority group. • 2nd Phase (April -August 2021) Priority group 1: Healthcare workers, defence and security personnel who didn't get in Phase-1 Priority group 2: Senior folks (over 60 years old), those with chronic diseases like heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure, and people with disabilities make up priority group 2. • -3rd Phase (May 2021 -February 2022) Priority group: Adult population aged above 18 years. Malaysia has approved three vaccines Augustin (2021) Delivery of vaccines from the warehouse to a hospital follows a Just-In-Time (JIT) format according to capacity and vaccination schedules determined by the Malaysian government. JIT is key to avoid stockpiling at hospital storage facilities Online (2020). Pharmaniaga is also prioritizing vaccine supply to the government healthcare institutions before supplying to the private healthcare institutions Saieed (2021) . Currently, the government aims to vaccinate 75,000 people a day across 600 vaccination sites across the country. Vaccination Rate The COVID-19 vaccines is free for all Malaysians and is not compulsory. Foreigners however will have to pay a charge which is yet to be determined by the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Malaysia Official Website (2020). Rural residents are more likely to receive vaccines from other licensed vaccines that do not require severe cold storage, such as the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine and the As-traZeneca vaccine, which must be stored between 2°C and 8°C. The contact tracing app known as MySejahtera is used to coordinate vaccine administration. The app plays a key role in registering people who are eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and is used to monitor them post-vaccination for adverse events as there are a high number of users on the app Kwan (2021) . The app has a sign-up feature to get the user's consent as well as register the user for vaccination. Reporting of adverse events is done on a self-reporting basis through the app CodeBlue (2021). Those without access to smartphones will receive a card upon their first vaccination, which must be kept. This card will serve as a record of vaccination and remind them to come for their second dose on the date specified on the card itself. Bernama (2021) It is currently unclear how the data is stored but all personal data collected by the app complies with current laws Kwan (2021). The Malaysian government has set aside US$504 million to purchase enough vaccines to protect 26.5 million citizens (about 80% percent of total population). The Malaysian government aims for 80% of its population to be vaccinated. This would mean that some portion of children under 16 years old would have to be vaccinated. However, they are still waiting for Phase 3 trials to be completed for this specific age group Kwan (2021) . On top of that, vaccinations will not be made mandatory. The Malaysian government has repeatedly emphasized that vaccinations will follow a voluntary basis Larsen (2021). 2.6.6 MONEY SPENT • The government tapped into the national trust fund to help fund its vaccine purchases. The fund totalled $4.6 billion, of which national oil company Petronas contributed $2.5 billion • The government has raised vaccine allocation to $840 million from $550 million and expects to spend an additional $360 million on the immunization program -more than double the initial forecast (2020) Vaccination Governance: The European Medicines Agency (EMA) previously issued a corresponding recommendation for the vaccines, which the European Commission approves. The vaccine batches are delivered to a central location in Germany and subsequently released by the Paul Ehrlich Institute. With C 2.7 billion set aside for vaccination, Germany has made the coronavirus vaccine free for all individuals residing in Germany (either through health insurance or through German registration certificate). At the time of writing, only people within priority groups (see "Priority") can request for vaccination. Most states offer two options: online appointment or appointment by phone. In Berlin, only people who have received a letter of invitation from the Senate Health Administration can request an appointment. The Robert Koch Institute (a Germany federal government agency) has released an app called Corona-Warn App [18] that utilizes the GAEN 2.0 framework to implement contact-tracing within their country. The current motto of the German government is "Vaccinate-Vaccinate-Vaccinate." Though vaccination is not mandated, this push is at the crux of many government decisions in Germany. • The German government intends to spend almost 9 billion euros ($10.9 billion) this year alone to assist in the procurement of up to 635 million COVID-19 vaccine injections for its citizens and other EU member states • Bettina Hagedorn, the deputy of Finance Minister Olaf Scholz, has made a proposition to the lawmakers in a letter demanding that they approve a request of an additional 6.22 billion euros by the Health Minister • Jens Spahn for acquiring more doses. This is an addition to the pre-existing 2.66 billion euros that have already been earmarked for the immunization programme in the 2021 budget Singapore is setting up special centers where large numbers of people are vaccinated against COVID-19 every day. The delivery is easily accessible to all citizens at any time following the priority hierarchy. The Ministry of Health will send a personalized letter notifying you that it's your turn to be vaccinated Website (2021). Singaporeans can either choose to book online at the vaccine.gov.sg website or book physically at a local community centre .The Singaporean government is concurrently preparing clinics and vaccination centres for COVID-19 vaccination. When patients arrive for vaccinations they are given a vaccine information sheet and vaccine selection form. Before their turn, they are asked to fill out the first part of the Vaccination Screening Form for personal information, medical information, declaration and consent. Once they've received the first shot, they are given a vaccination card Times (2021j). These vaccination cards are given to patients after the first dose. The card serves to provide information such as: Type of vaccine administered • Appointment dates for the second dose • Brief post-vaccination advice Singaporeans that choose to get inoculated also have the option to check vaccination records online. These vaccine records will be updated in Singapore's National Immunization Registry. The Singaporean government mainly relies on the Health Science Authority (HSA) to report adverse events post-vaccination. The Vaccine Adverse Event (VAE) Online. Reporting Platform seems to be the main digital platform to report adverse events post-vaccinations Authority (2021a). Singapore has set aside roughly S$1 billion (US$754 million) for vaccines [1] .They've also publicly announced that Singaporeans will not be given the choice to pick which COVID-19 vaccines they would like as this further complicates the process. Incase of any injury during the vaccination process, the victim will get Financial Assistantship. Singaporeans will take the vaccines on a voluntary basis Times (2021i). 2.9.4 ACCESSIBILITY AND DIGITAL SOLUTIONS Private clinics and hospitals are keeping digital records to be shared with the government, although it may not be available to private medical institutions. Hong Kong has not yet provided specifics on this, however. The government will introduce a free COVID-19 vaccination programme for all Hong Kong citizens throughout the territory. COVID-19 vaccines will be distributed via the programme in a variety of environments, including hospitals, clinics, outreach to institutions, and neighbourhood vaccination centres. The Department of Health (DH) has an adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system which receives adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) reports to monitor the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.COVID-19 Electronic Vaccination and Testing Record System. This system facilitates free download by the general public of their own electronic testing records for the COVID-19 testing conducted within 31 days. The system will add a function to allow checking of electronic vaccination records. By that time, the public can download both of their COVID-19 electronic vaccination records and testing records after verifying their identity through "iAM Smart". The system will not store or check the public's other vaccination records. One can download the electronic testing record by inputting the personal information (such as Hong Kong identity card number, specimen bottle number or laboratory number/specimen number, etc.) of one's into the system. • Mfree and guaranteed vaccination for all: December 27, 2020, start of vaccination in Italy and Europe (Vaccine Day) • identification of the categories to be vaccinated with priority in the initial phase of limited availability of vaccines: health and social workers, residents and staff of RSAs for the elderly • The Special Commissioner is in charge of item logistics, procurement, storage, and transportation • governance of the immunisation plan will be ensured by regular cooperation between the Ministry of Health, the Emergency Commissioner, and the Regions. • Setting up an information system to manage the vaccination campaign in an effective, integrated, secure and transparent way • pharmacosurveillance and immunological surveillance to ensure the highest level of safety throughout the vaccination campaign and the immune response to the vaccine. della Salute (2021) AIFA (Italian Medicines Agency) will promote the launch of some independent post-authorization studies on COVID-19 vaccines. Vigilance activities will concern both the collection and evaluation of spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions (passive pharmacovigilance) and proactive actions, through pharmaco-epidemiology studies/projects (active pharmacovigilance). AIFA has set up a Scientific Committee, which, for the entire period of the vaccination campaign, will have the function of supporting the Agency in the phase of setting up activities, in the overall analysis of the data that will be collected and in the identification of possible interventions. The aim is to have, also through an international collaborative network, the ability to highlight any sign of risk and, at the same time, to compare the safety profiles of different vaccines that will become available, to provide recommendations. Agency (2020b) 2.10.6 MONEY SPENT • 400 million euros will be spent on vaccinations and medications to treat COVID-19 patients, while 70 million euros will be spent on rapid tests • Italy is slated to get the largest share of the European Union's recovery fund, with a portion of these funds going toward addressing some of the long-standing challenges that are largely perceived as holding Italy and its economy behind There are two phases of vaccination. The first phase's target groups include frontline medical and public health workers, chronic disease patients, people over the age of 60, and disease control authorities. Non-frontline medical and public health professionals, tourism industry employees, international travellers, the general public, ambassadors, representatives of international organisations, foreign business people, long-stay visitors, and manufacturing and service sector workers are among the target categories in the second phase. The Cabinet also authorised the Ministry of Public Health's plan to increase its order of AstraZeneca vaccine from 26 million to 61 million doses. of Commerce (2021) Thailand has also authorised the private sector to import vaccines to complement the national vaccination programme. Despite criticisms and concerns regarding black market formation and inequitable access to vaccines, the government holds a lax attitude towards such demand from the private sector "as it would help accelerate the progress of our inoculation program." Asia (2021c) Thailand's private hospitals and drugmakers are awaiting government approval to manufacture some COVID-19 vaccines on their own to satisfy demand from affluent Thais and businesses who want their shots as soon as possible. Authorities halted the introduction of the AstraZeneca vaccination on March 11, 2021, after a small group of younger people were hospitalised due to problems such as blood clots, haemorrhage, and low platelet counts. of Public Health (2021b) The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI) advised a permanent suspension of the AstraZeneca vaccination in Norway on April 15 due to a rare but serious risk of problems with the vaccine. The Norwegian government is still deliberating over the recommendation, given the WHO advice to continue administering the vaccine. of Public Health (2021d) The dispatch, packaging and distribution of the vaccine doses must be planned well in advance, as the vaccines currently planned for usage in Norway require sub-zero storage and transportation. Norway Institute of Public Health (NIPH) or Folkehelseinstituttet (FHI) is based on a distribution key that includes the geographical distribution of the population in priority groups, based on their share of the total population. The model aggregates population density, hospital admissions, and risk group proportions. However, while it does account for distribution of risk groups per municipality, it does not take into account the geographical distribution of health personnel. Folkehelseinstituttet (2020) The Russian-made Sputnik V vaccine has been distributed at 70 clinics around Moscow with the Kremlin stating that mass vaccinations will be voluntary and free of charge, beginning December 2022. The vaccine in its lyophilized dry form can be stored at temperatures being +2 and +8 degrees celsius. The cost for international markets will be $10 per dose. Reuters (2020c) Based to the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), Russia was the most trusted vaccine production country (54 percent) as of March 24, 2021, according to the results of a YouGov survey of 9,417 respondents from 9 countries. Furthermore, the survey indicated that 33.2% of respondents would prefer the Sputnik V vaccine, second only to Pfizer/BioNTech at 36.6%. Sputnikvaccine.com (2021) Due to a vaccine surplus in Moscow, the government is offering appointment-free walkins to get the Sputnik V vaccine free of charge. They are further incentivizing it with a free ice pop upon vaccination. [9] Furthermore, in order to reach limited-mobility residents, Russia is offering at home vaccination visits beginning April 13. Times (2021g) Putin announced that in early March, all but 9 Russian regions have begun to deploy the vaccine. The delay has been attributed to logistical concerns regarding the locations of the regions. CNBC (2021a) It is free of charge as a part of the Coronavirus Vaccine for Free initiative and for digital solutions -they are also launching an online registration portal (concurrently with Lebanon) that will allow citizens and healthcare workers to keep records of their vaccinations. Though Egypt's portal does not make its methods and privacy protocols clear on its website, Lebanon's ministry of health has assured that the platform protects privacy and has been tested for safety. The vaccine will be free of cost for all Streets (2021) . Egypt plans on acquiring a total of 4.5 million doses by June and has already vaccinated 149K individuals as of 4th April 2021. Egypt also plans on manufacturing the Sinopharm vaccine in its own facilities, and a negotiation deal with the pharmaceutical is in the works. Citizens can register through an online portal and opt for the vaccine. Egypt also received 800,000+ doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine from the COVAX facility Organization (2021a). The emergency approval granted by Egypt was for frontline workers, and Egypt even had a publicity campaign describing the vaccine to be effective which a doctor considered to be propaganda. With two doses, a case study had also revealed that there was a 19 percent occurrence of dangerous side effects in recipients after the trial. Like Nepal, they do receive support from GAVI in acquiring the vaccine doses-however, for the frontline workers, Sinopharm has primarily aided in providing the vaccines to Egypt in the initial phases. (2021) • The first phase of vaccination will target the front-line health workers. The government is aware that there will be constrained vaccine supplies to cater to the demands during the initial phase of the implementation. So, it is planned to first provide vaccination to this priority group. As a part of the phase 1 plan, the government plans to vaccinate roughly 1.2 million front-line workers in the nation. • In Phase 2, as the supply increases the following groups with a rough population of 16.6 million individuals will be targeted: • As the supply of vaccines gradually increase, the country will progress to the phase 2 vaccination and plans to target the next proprietary groups of individuals. In this phase, they plan to vaccinate an approximate population of 16.6 million individuals. -This phase will include essential workers, persons in crowded settings, persons greater than 60 years of age (about 5 million people) and persons greater than 18 years of age who are suffering from associated comorbidities (about 8 million people) like diabetes, heart and kidney disease, HIV, Tuberculosis and other diseases that can make an individual immunocompromised. -The essential workers who will be vaccinated as a part of the phase 2 will be officers in the police department, workers in the mining and security industry, staffs of retail food and grocery chains and shops and border control staff. In addition, they will also embrace staff of other public services including funeral places, academic and financial institutions, municipality and home affairs. The government targets to vaccinate 2.5 million people in this category. -Individuals working in care homes, centers of detention, hospitality and tourism industry will also be covered in phase 2. As a part of this, it is targeted to vaccinate 1.1 million people. Team (2021) • Once the critical groups of the population are vaccinated, the final phase 3 will be implemented to cover approximately a population of 22.5 millions. In this final phase all other persons greater than 18 years of age will be vaccinated. This phase will be a continuous vaccination process, and the government has plans to shift into a part of the routine strategy. Team (2021) The National Department of Health and the Ministerial Advisory committee discussed the various numbers of vaccines that will be needed to vaccinate the country's populace. for Communicable Diseases (2021) These include: • Moderna • Oxford/AstraZeneca • Pfizer/BioNTech • Johnson and Johnson • Cipla The government of South Africa wants to make sure that there is a supply of sufficient doses of vaccines to vaccinate its populace. This process collaborates with different vaccine suppliers and is working on supply chain logistics to ensure having enough quantities of vaccines in the shortest possible time. This will allow them to protect the most liable population in the community as early as possible. The government has also joined the COVAX programme, which is part of the Covid-19 Vaccines Global Access Facility's global pooled buying strategy. South Africa, in particular, has been promised that it will be among the first countries to receive a significant allotment of vaccines from this worldwide endeavour. Organization (2021c) On February 1, 2021, the Serum Institute of India (SII) delivered 1 million doses of the Oxford University-AstraZeneca vaccine to South Africa. According to the National Institute for Communicable Diseases' website. for Communicable Diseases (2021) In the process of continuously procuring further supply the following has been done: • The global CVOX programme is expected to produce around 12 million doses in total by March 2021. • In conjunction with Johnson & Johnson, it has also supplied 9 million immunisation doses. This will commence in the second quarter of 2021. Johnson & Johnson has engaged the support of another company, Aspen, to assist in the production of these vaccines in the United States. • Pfizer is planned to supply another 20 million vaccine doses, with deliveries starting in the second quarter of 2021. for Communicable Diseases (2021) The country discovered a novel SARS-CoV-2 variation known as 501Y.V2 or B.1.351, which is now the virus's dominant form in the country. Following this, the government had to revisit the vaccine supply chain. The vaccine from AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford which the South African officials had begun to stockpile has proven largely ineffective at preventing mildto-moderate COVID-19 due to B. Vaccination Governance: The Ministerial Advisory Committee (MAC) on Vaccines is the nonstatutory advisory committee appointed by the Ministry of Health. Another institutional agency in the country related to the vaccines safety and efficacy is South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA). This agency assesses the safety, efficacy and quality of vaccines used in the country using stringent assessment methods and mechanisms. Authority (2021b) for Communicable Diseases (2021) In the current context of the pandemic, the Government follows a centralised procurement policy in the sense that the government of South Africa will be the sole purchaser of vaccines. A national and provincial distribution network will then support this. A national rollout committee will monitor the vaccine supply planning and implementation in both the public and private sectors. It is planned to include all the vaccinated population into a national register and provide them with vaccination cards for tracking and monitoring the vaccinated population. The country has established an electronic vaccination data system (EVDS) to facilitate the nationwide vaccine rollout. The online EVDS is a self-enrolment platform where citizens can register for an appointment using a digital device. Citizens who meet the criteria will receive an SMS message with a unique code notifying them of the time and location. They will be required to present their national ID and a contact number to receive the immunisation. All Healthcare Workers (public & private) who intend to be vaccinated in Phase I are encouraged to enroll on the EVDS. During the registration in the EVDS the following data is also collected and or provided: • Patient information (including demographic data, dose interval) • Health establishment where service is accessible (name and type of clinic / hospital ) • Vaccine administered (manufacturer, batch number, etc.) • Safety information of the vaccine administered (including Adverse Events Following Immunization) • A record of vaccination issued to individuals where appropriate and required 2.16.5 GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND DECISIONS Experts in the field have been appointed to a Ministerial Advisory Committee (MAC) on Covid-19 Vaccines. The committee is made up of vaccinology and virology experts, SAHPRA stakeholders, and WHO, Gavi Alliance, and Department of Health specialists. They've devised a plan to ensure that immunizations are distributed fairly. The approach covers a variety of purchase techniques, financial implications, local production, opportunities, and determining immunisation priority groups. • The South African government estimates a total funding of 19.3 billion Rand. It will be funded through budget allocations, contingency reserve, and emergency allocations • The breakdown of the allocation is as follows: -R6.5 billion will be allocated to the Department of Health to procure and distribute vaccines -R100 million will be allocated to the South African Medical Research Council for vaccine research -R2.4 billion will be allocated to provincial health departments to administer vaccines -R50 million will be allocated to the Government Communication and Information System for a communications campaign on vaccines • Vaccines will be provided free of charge according to rollout schedules News24 (2021) • Over the next two years, South Africa will allocate more than R10 billion ($712 million) to purchase and deliver vaccines Hour (2021 Because vaccine supplies may be limited, the state began immunising healthcare workers, residents and employees of social care facilities, and people who are considered high-risk because to their elderly age. In order to ensure that society's vital services continue to run, Estonia adopts a phased vaccination approach, with initial priority given to people in a high-risk group or who need to be vaccinated first. In collaboration with the Estonian Family Doctors' Association, the country's Immunoprophylaxis Expert Committee has created six risk groups and divided diseases into two categories: very high risk and high risk. Prioritization will follow the following order: • Group 1 includes all adults over the age of 80 • Group 2 People who are 70 years old or older and have concomitant diseases or disorders that put them at a very high or high risk of serious disease progression. • People who are 70 years old or older, regardless of comorbidities, fall into group 3. This group also includes people aged 16 to 69 who have diseases or conditions that put them at a high risk of serious disease progression. • Individuals in group 4 are those who are 60 years old or older and have diseases or disorders that put them at a high risk of serious disease progression. • People in Group 5 are those who are 50-59 years old or older and have diseases or disorders that put them at a high risk of serious disease progression. • People in the last group are 16-49 years old or older and have diseases or disorders that put them at a high risk of serious disease progression. The process of vaccine administration started with a pre-analysis of all the patient lists of all the family doctors in the country. The Estonian Health Insurance Board mapped people who fall into a COVID-19 risk group based on diseases and illnesses defined by the state Immunoprophylaxis Expert Committee as part of this process. Patients were categorised by the Health Insurance Board based on diagnosis codes found on medical bills and prescriptions written in the prior five years. Following the preparation of the lists, the family doctors are given the opportunity to review them and make any necessary modifications. Starting March 22, members of risk groups will be able to get information about their risk group status through the patient portal. Estonia is participating within the joint EU procurement for purchasing the coronavirus vaccines. The central patient portal of the national digital registry allows the citizens to see his or her health data, and to book specialist appointments. In addition to the national digital registry, the country also has a central national database for their Health Information System and this allows the healthcare professionals to notify the older and younger people about their risk grouping. The country is collaborating with WHO in implementing VaccineGuard a digital platform to effectively support vaccination. VaccineGuard is a digital platform that connects various healthcare stakeholders and the different participants in the vaccine ecosystem of the country. Vaccine producers, hospitals, public health authorities, certificate suppliers, wellness app providers, citizens, border guards, vaccination programme managers, and insurance companies are among the numerous actors in this ecosystem. VaccineGuard will promote and enable these participants to share and verify data across organisational and international boundaries. VaccineGuard will also enable the development of real-time insights, pharmacovigilance, counterfeit identification, and a slew of other features that will help the government respond to pandemics faster and more reliably. Health & Centre (2021) Board (2021) Guardtime (2021) 2.17.5 GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND DECISIONS The Estonian government has strategically signed a memorandum of understanding with WHO that will allow Estonian entrepreneurs and researchers to start working on digital immunization certificate, interoperability, and other projects. This will allow for an improved immunization record, robust and transparent exchange of vaccination data across borders of what we hope will be an eventual vaccine for COVID-19, as well as immunizations records for other diseases. Valitsus (2021) The vaccination will be carried out in stages, taking into account the supply of the vaccine. The vulnerable groups of the population at a high risk of infection and spread of coronavirus will be vaccinated first. Next, the rest of the population will be vaccinated. In detail, the following groups of the population will be vaccinated at the first stage: • healthcare workers of infectious diseases hospitals in Data (2020) Vaccination Governance: Vaccination of the population is carried out at the vaccination points of territorial medical organizations. Vaccination of a special contingent is carried out at the duty point of the relevant department. In some cases (small population, lack of stationary inoculation room, lack of refrigeration equipment with low temperature), mobile vaccination points or mobile vaccination groups are organized for vaccination. Vaccination group is formed taking into account the daily load per team at each vaccination pointno more than 60 vaccinations (on-site or mobile -no more than 40 vaccinations). In this case, 1 vaccination team consists of: 1 doctor, 1 vaccinating nurse and, if necessary, 1 registrar In rural areas, it is allowed to create a vaccination team consisting of 1 paramedic (in the absence of a doctor), 1 vaccination nurse and, if necessary, 1 registrar. Vaccination is carried out in the prescribed registration forms with indication of the date of vaccination, type of vaccination (component I or II), manufacturer, serial number, reaction to the vaccine (personal logbook of prophylactic vaccinations against KVI, preventive vaccination card, outpatient medical record, vaccination department of the medical information system). In the first phase of the program, district hospitals undertook the responsibility of distribution. Owing to a less than ideal rate of vaccination, Nepal then set up primary health centers to aid in the process. Nepal has set up 177 medical centers to carry out the program. Post (2021c) In the capital city of Kathmandu itself, over 15 medical facilities, comprising over 32 medical wards have been set up since the second vaccination phase. Eligible persons have been asked to carry their personal identification card, proof of their citizenship, and conclusive proof of their occupation. Education staff like professors and teachers are required to bring their identity cards, whereas vehicular operators are required to bring a letter ascertaining their position as the same. Times (2021f) • As of June 24, 2021, 2.51% (731K) of Nepal's population is fully vaccinated at a speed of 22,003 doses per day Reuters (2021k) • 11.09 doses administered per 100 people as of June 24, 2021 in Data (2020) Vaccination Governance: The Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) carried out the immunization program in Nepal. Since Nepal has largely depended on vaccine supplies from China, India and the GAVI framework, its government has had to work in close proximity with international leaders and representatives to acquire vaccine jabs Organization (2021b). Nepal has negotiated a deal of 5 million doses of the COVISHIELD® vaccine with the Serum Institute of India which is yet to be finalised. Amidst India's reduction in vaccine exports to cater to its domestic population in the second wave, many countries including Nepal have suffered. Foreign Minister of Nepal, Mr Pradeep Gyawali has remarked that Nepal has already paid for the second round of 1 million vaccine doses from India, and has been forced to halt its immunization program. Hindu (2021) As of 9th April 2021, Nepal ran out of the COVISHIELD® vaccine doses. Though the vaccine is free of cost, its distribution has remained limited. Nepal has not been able to meet its immunization goals so far, but with a new resurgence of daily cases, it is said to have started its immunization again with China's vaccines. Organization (2021b) Nepal's use of technology in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, and its immunization program has been limited at best. As of 9th April 2021, there is no digital system for vaccination-appointment, and all scheduling and organising is done on-site. Furthermore, Nepal has loosely been tracking the number of doses that it has administered, and has not updated its COVID-19 vaccination data in the last 2 weeks. • Here is a rough breakdown of how the fund will be spent Bank (2021b): -Most (90%) will be used for purchasing COVID-19 vaccines and deploying them to prioritized populations -Rest will be used to support the COVID-19 vaccination effort and procure other COVID-19-related supplies such as diagnostic tests, laboratory equipment and therapeutics • The Nepalese government has also taken a $250 million concessional loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). This is in addition to a $300,000 grant received from ADB to procure medical supplies Bank (2020a Vaccination Governance: The government's ministry of health and welfare is responsible for proper functioning of the program. The ministry of Drug Safety is responsible for testing the safety and efficacy of all the vaccines.The government is implementing a two-track strategy that involves using the COVAX Facility to distribute 10 million doses of vaccination in addition to acquisition of 20 million more from AstraZeneca. The strategy is to have the first and second dosage of COVID-19 vaccine 2 months apart in order to observe potentially negative side effects. The government has also secured 106 million doses as of January 4, 2021, allowing for the full vaccination of 56 million people. It recently decided to exclude people under 30 from the Astrazeneca COVISHIELD drive due to blood clotting concerns. A leading pharmaceutical in South Korea, Huons Global, with the government's support plans on manufacturing over 100 million doses of the Sputnik V vaccine per month. COVID-19 vaccines for all of South Korea's 52 million people are free of cost Healthworld (2021) . South Korea will issue a 'green-pass' to all of its vaccinated residents via a mobile-app to ensure that fully vaccinated people can return to normalcy. The vaccination digital passports are protected via a state of the art blockchain technology to prevent counterfeiting Reuters (2021q) . The government's responses to disease control, including vaccinations and a responsive map of the state of COVID-19 in South Korea, are made available through the Coronomap website maintained by the government. Opengovasia (2020) 2.20.5 GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND DECISIONS South Korea won't provide its residents the opportunity of choosing a vaccine of their own. The vaccines will be voluntary, however, the government aims to encourage as many people as possible to reach the herd-immunity target. As of now, the government denies any causal relationship between injuries and the COVID-19 vaccines. It is unclear as of now the extent of customer protection and compensation that will be offered if and when a relationship between the recent deaths and the vaccine is proved. BBC (2021b) 2.20.6 MONEY SPENT • The exact amount of money the South Korean government has spent on vaccine procurement remains undisclosed • "South Korea's vaccine rollout has been hampered by global shortages and shipment delays, while the government has also sought to boost immunisation by easing restrictions for people who have been vaccinated." Reuters (2021r) Priority groups for vaccine administration have majorly been divided on the basis of two factors: age and pre existing conditions that increase the vulnerability of patients getting seriously affected by COVID-19. At the beginning phase of vaccine roll out in January, people above the age of 75 or people having pre existing conditions which could lead to serious effects (irrespective of age) were allowed to get vaccinated. Since March the age limit of people allowed to get vaccinated changed to 70 years old which further changed to 55 years old in April 2021des Solidarités et de la Santé (2021). Currently the Priority groups allowed to get vaccinated are as follows: • People aged 55 and over • People who are residents in residential facilities for elders or hosted in residential autonomy • People over 18 years of age with pre existing conditions that can lead to severe form of COVID-19 such as: suffering from multiple chronic pathologies and presenting at least two organ insufficiencies transplanted by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation -Down's Syndrome with severe chronic kidney disease, including dialysis patients -Cancer -Malignant haematological diseases during treatment with chemotherapy -People having disabilities in specialised homes or foster homes medicalised • Residents 60 and over in homes of migrant workers • Health sector professionals and people working in the healthcare industry like: medical secretaries in town offices and medical assistants professions with "use of title" recognized by various uncoded laws (osteopaths, chiropractors, psychotherapists, psychologists) home help professionals and employees of the private employer working with vulnerable elderly and disabled people (receiving APA or PCH) the personnel making up the crews of the vehicles of medical transport companies medical regulation assistants during their internships in an establishment or in SMUR veterinarians professionals in serviced residences professionals in specialized accommodation centers for people with Covid-19 professional and volunteer firefighters service providers and distributors of equipment working in patients' homes -Medical biologists -Pharmacist medical physicist -Medical auxiliaries, nursing assistants, childcare auxiliaries and ambulance attendants general or specialized nurse, advanced practice nurse -Physiotherapist -Chiropodist occupational therapist and psychomotor therapist -Paramedic dental assistant. prosthetist and orthotist for equipment for disabled people medical electro radiology manipulator anti-Covid mediators professions with "use of title" recognized by various uncoded laws (osteopaths, chiropractors, psychotherapists, psychologists)des Solidarités et de la Santé (2020 (2020) Vaccination Governance: The government has appointed Professor Alain Fischer, a paediatric immunologist, to lead France's vaccine plan. The French National Authority of Health has made vaccination rollout and distribution plans recommendations. France24 (2020) France is participating in a month-long trial of an air travel vaccine passport. On Thursday, transport minister Jean-Baptiste Djebbari announced the start of a month-long pilot for Air France passengers (11 March). Passengers traveling to Martinique and Guadeloupe in the French Caribbean will be able to use the International Chamber of Commerce's (ICC) AOKpass app citeF8 to verify a COVID-19 immunisation certificate negative test result under the scheme. Media (2021) France became the first EU country to test an app-based travel permit that retains negative COVID-19 test results, and vaccination certificates will soon be accepted on flights to Corsica and its offshore territories. trust.org (2021) 2.21.5 GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND DECISIONS The French government has stepped up immunisation efforts and developed policies and strategies to protect specific priority groups based on pre-existing conditions and age. The government has implemented laws that prioritise health-care workers, the elderly, and persons with medical disorders that put them at risk of acquiring a severe form of COVID-19 as those who must be vaccinated first. France has announced a multi-stage vaccination policy, with priority given to those who are at risk. The world needs safe, effective COVID-19 vaccine strategies to return to a pre-covid normal situation. The vaccination process is getting adopted in every country across the globe, and there are certain challenges in terms of logistics, distribution, availability, and accessibility of vaccines across various countries. This study aims to help different countries learn from each other to develop and improve their vaccine roll-out plans based on different parameters. This study indicates the various strategies, distribution, and challenges faced in different countries for COVID-19 vaccinations. It also shared the information related to the spread of variants in different parts of the world and how the vaccination rate is curbing the rate of infection spread. We also focused on governance strategies and accessibility of the vaccination information and supply of the same. Vaccinations have been proven helpful to provide herd immunity in certain countries and have not been effective in countries with large populations and a shortage of vaccines. The future version of this study will focus on post-vaccination's social and economic effects and returning to normalcy. We are grateful to Riyanka Roy Choudhury, CodeX Fellow, Stanford University, Adam Berrey, CEO of PathCheck Foundation, Dr. Brooke Struck, Research Director at The Decision Lab, Canada, Vinay Gidwaney, Entrepreneur and Advisor, PathCheck Foundation, and Paola Heudebert, cofounder of Blockchain for Human Rights, Alison Tinker, Saswati Soumya, Sunny Manduva, Bhavya Pandey, and Aarathi Prasad for their assistance in discussions, support, and guidance in the writing of this paper. Covid-19 optimal vaccination policies: a modeling study on efficacy, natural and vaccine-induced immunity responses. medRxiv Russia to hold phase 3 of covid-19 vaccine trial abroad Kazakhstan's covid-19 vaccine to be bottled in turkey Turkey: 85% of new covid-19 cases due to uk variant First aifa report on covid-19 vaccine surveillance Russian health ministry expands list of priority coronavirus vaccination groups South korea says 1 million doses of j&j covid-19 vaccines to arrive this week from us Covid-19 vaccination begins for land transport sector with jabs to be offered to 80,000 workers Thai businesses to offer covid shots to wealthy and companies What's our covid-19 vaccination game plan, ask mps Suspected vaccine adverse event (vae) online reporting form South African Health Products Regulatory Authority. Covid-19 vaccines regulatory status update Efficacy and safety of the mrna-1273 sars-cov-2 vaccine Challenges in equitable covid-19 vaccine distribution: A roadmap for digital technology solutions Mobile apps prioritizing privacy, efficiency and equity: A decentralized approach to covid-19 vaccination coordination Mit safepaths card (misaca): Augmenting paper based vaccination cards with printed codes Adb approves $250 million support for nepal's covid-19 response Egypt: World bank provides us$ 50 million in support of coronavirus emergency response under new fast-track facility Nepal: Covid-19 emergency response and health systems preparedness project Nepal receives $75 million for covid-19 vaccines and stronger response to pandemic Covid passports: What are different countries planning? Pm aims for 'herd immunity by autumn double mutant' covid variant found in india China's covid vaccines to be produced, distributed under strict management Dr adham: Registration for covid-19 vaccination to open soon A bitter vaccine history means hurdles for japan's covid fight Malaysia recovery seen driven by tech upcycle, vaccines Republic of estonia Hong kong budget 2021: $8.4b for covid-19 vaccines China begins covid-19 vaccination drive; over 73,000 receive first shot What should kazakhstan citizens know about the upcoming covid-19 vaccination? Canadian international merchandise trade Covid-19 vaccine: Answers to frequently asked questions Malaysia pm muhyiddin to be among the first in country to take covid-19 vaccine Malaysia agrees to buy 12.8 million doses of pfizer's covid-19 vaccine Malaysia buys astrazeneca covid-19 vaccines, seeks more from china, russia Putin gets a covid vaccine -but the kremlin refuses to say which one Singapore sets aside over $8 billion in 2021 budget for new covid support package Mysejahtera for covid vaccine registration, reporting side effects: Khairy Piano vaccini anti covid-19 Vaccino covid, arcuri: campagna da metà gennaio in padiglioni a forma di primula disegnati da stefano boeri La stratégie vaccinale et la liste des publics prioritaires Trouver un lieu de vaccination covid-19 Piano nazionale di vaccinazione covid-19 Vaccination against the coronavirus infection Safety and immunogenicity clinical trial of an inactivated sars-cov-2 vaccine, bbv152 (a phase 2, double-blind, randomised controlled trial) and the persistence of immune responses from a phase 1 follow-up report Italy's 2021 budget attempts to cushion covid-19 financial impact The pros and cons of vaccine passports: Russian foreign minister latest to voice concerns Japan has pre-ordered covid-19 vaccine doses for more than four times its population Canadian researchers release first image of b.1.1.7 variant of covid-19, exude faith in existing vaccines Covid-19 vaksinasjonsprogrammet Covid-19 vaccine rollout strategy faq The Special Committee for Ensuring Access to COVID-19 Vaccine Supply (JKJAV) The Special Committee for Ensuring Access to COVID-19 Vaccine Supply (JK-JAV). National covid-19 immunisation programme. location of vaccination centres Covid-19 data repository by the center for systems science and engineering (csse) at johns hopkins university Experts welcome france's covid-19 vaccine strategy -with caveats Covax vaccine roll-out What is cowin and what you need to register on the app for covid vaccine shot China joins covax, to provide vaccines to developing countries first Frequently asked questions Administrative Region Government. Covid-19 vaccination programme Administrative Region Government Covid-19 vaccine: Guidance on the prioritization of initial doses Covid-19: Preliminary guidance on key populations for early immunization Covid-19 immunization plan Covid-19 vaccines operational guidelines Aşı takip sistemi The Hankyoreh. 1 in 4 new covid-19 cases in s. korea are variant cases Health and Welfare Information Systems Centre. Patient portal South korea to vaccine its 52 million people for free Nepal runs out of vaccine, waiting for shipment from india South africa to spend $712 million on mass vaccination drive Our World in Data Health minister signs protocol to vaccinate 2 million egyptians for free Canada's national advisory committee on immunization (naci): evidencebased decision-making on vaccines and immunization A framework for the systematic consideration of ethics, equity, feasibility, and acceptability in vaccine program recommendations Immunological considerations for covid-19 vaccine strategies How a canadian province contained the brazilian covid-19 variant Looking beyond covid-19 vaccine phase 3 trials. Nature medicine Oxford-astrazeneca covid-19 vaccine efficacy Information about coronavirus vaccine Mysejahtera to register vaccination data soon Covid-19 vaccine is not mandatory in malaysia Nepal to restart covid-19 vaccinations after china donates shots Nepal to receive 100,000 more covid vaccine doses from india Safety and efficacy of the chadox1 ncov-19 (azd1222) covid-19 vaccine against the b. 1.351 variant in south africa The challenges of distributing covid-19 vaccinations New covid strain in singapore: What we know so far about b.1.617 variant affecting children Covid-19: Egypt identifies next 10 days as dangerous for spread, urges caution Lanno: Rising infection rate has moved from north to south estonia Estonia looking to donate 800,000 coronavirus vaccines Japan speeds up covid vaccine rollout for elderly amid virus surge VOA News. Two highly contagious coronavirus variants appear in south africa 2-mutation-may-have-been-circulating-in-Italy-since-August-2020.aspx. News24. Treasury to spend r19 vietnam and cambodia hit covid variants with iron fist Several cases of new covid-19 variant detected in norway Covid vaccine distribution plans for thailand Need to know: Guidance on storage, distribution and use of covid-19 vaccines Ministry of health distributes vaccine covid-19 phase 2, 2021b The government added 502.9 billion vnd for covid-19 prevention and control Chinese covid-19 vaccine maker gets $500 million funding boost New vietnam coronavirus variant: What we know so far and why we need to be careful Prime Minister's Office of Malaysia Official Website. Covid-19 vaccine to be given free to malaysians -pm muhyiddin Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Development and approval of coronavirus vaccine Vaccination Worldwide: Strategies, Distribution and Challenges Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Astrazeneca vaccine still on hold in norway Norwegian institute of public health's recommendation about astrazeneca vaccine Framework for equitable allocation of covid-19 vaccine. The National Academies Press, 2020. Ministry of Social Affairs. Home site The Government Public Relations Department of Thailand. The government public relations department Pharmaniaga to distribute covid-19 vaccines efficiently, prioritise safety aspects, says group md South korea looks to tech to combat covid-19 Vietnam launches health app to manage covid-19 World Health Organization. 854 400 covid-19 vaccine doses shipped by covax facility to egypt Covax reaches over 100 economies, 42 days after first international delivery World Health Organization. 172 countries and multiple candidate vaccines engaged in covid-19 vaccine global access facility Fairly prioritizing groups for access to covid-19 vaccines Interactive: When to expect your covid-19 vaccine shots, and everything else you need to know about malaysia's vaccination programme Sanjay Zodpey, et al. Optimal governance and implementation of vaccination programs to contain the covid-19 pandemic Safety and efficacy of the bnt162b2 mrna covid-19 vaccine COVID-19 South African Online Portal. Vaccine news, updates & information portal B6bn covid vaccine budget Govt to launch 'health wallet' app for covid-19 vaccine registration How france will distribute covid-19 vaccines Coronavirus: mutated variant from india found in 10 hong kong covid-19 cases Primary health centres to administer covid-19 vaccine to expedite first phase The Print. 'double mutant, triple mutant, bengal lineage' -covid variants driving india surge decoded Domande e risposte sul vaccino. sicurezza, efficacia ed effetti collaterali, le 10 cose da sapere France says covid-19 vaccine will be free for all Norway pledges $1 billion to vaccines against covid-19, other diseases Moscow rolls out sputnik v covid-19 vaccine to most exposed groups Egypt begins vaccine rollout to wider population Reuters covid-19 tracker Reuters covid-19 tracker World coronavirus tracker and maps Around 20 people in france detected with indian covid variant -health minister Berlin earmarks 9 billion euros to buy covid-19 shots for europeans Reuters covid-19 tracker Reuters covid-19 tracker Reuters covid-19 tracker Malaysia reports first case of indian covid-19 variant Reuters covid-19 tracker Reuters covid-19 tracker Russian watchdog denies report on first cases of indian covid variant Reuters covid-19 tracker Russia approves its third covid-19 vaccine, covivac, 2021o Reuters covid-19 tracker South korea to issue blockchain-protected digital 'vaccine passports .korea says 81% of elderly signed up for covid-19 vaccination Reuters covid-19 tracker Reuters covid-19 tracker Reuters covid-19 tracker Thailand defends decision not to join covax vaccine alliance B6bn covid vaccine budget Turkey to procure 105 million doses of covid-19 vaccines by end-april: Sabah Reuters covid-19 tracker Covid-19 vaccination campaign in nepal, emerging uk variant and futuristic vaccination strategies to combat the ongoing pandemic Concepts of immunity and recent immunization programme against covid-19 in india Pharmaniaga to supply vaccines to private sector Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates Russia is the most trusted vaccine producer alongside the us, with sputnik v being the most recognizable vaccine, a yougov poll shows Malaysia buys additional 12.2 million doses of pfizer-biontech covid-19 vaccine Nepal gives emergency use approval to bharat biotech's covid-19 vaccine Nepal confirms presence of third b.1.617.2 variant of coronavirus Cumulative number of people who received one or two doses of vaccines against the coronavirus (covid-19) in france from What you need to know: Egypt's vaccine distribution plan Sa's first j&j jabs could arrive next week. here's what our roll-out plan looks like Reservations, gyms and thousands of freezers: Japan's vaccine rollout takes shape Japan to study cases of people infected after coronavirus vaccination Indian covid variant detected in northern italy New coronavirus variant 'eek' found in japan, lowers vaccine protection Covid-19: China detects 18 cases of double mutant variant from india The Economic Times. Russia records first cases of covid variant found in india As of march 10, government spent close to rs 1,400 crore on vaccine: Health ministry Kathmandu metropolitan city designates 15 health facilities for covid-19 vaccination drive The Moscow Times. Coronavirus in russia: The latest news, 2021g. URL https The New York Times. France hired mckinsey to help in the pandemic. then came the questions Covid-19 vaccine and you: What to expect All who take covid-19 jabs will get physical vaccination card, cannot choose which vaccine to take Covid-19 vaccine: Japan to spend $6.3 billion from emergency budget reserve Russia offers free transfer of covid-19 vaccine tech to india, other manufacturing partners Egyptians aged above 40 yrs start registering for covid-19 vaccination sunday Egypt vaccinates 149k individuals How turkey plans to administer covid-19 vaccines Covid-19: Are digital health passports a good idea? Nepal becomes first country in asia pacific to vaccinate refugees against covid-19 Vaccination in estonia Mitigation policies and vaccination in the covid-19 pandemic: a modelling study. medRxiv Estonia and the who signed a memorandum of understanding 11 priority groups eligible to first covid-19 vaccination in vietnam Global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for covid-19 vaccination: descriptive study Singapore Government Agency Website. Covid-19 vaccination Come e quando prenotare il vaccino anti-covid-19, regione per regione Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated sarscov-2 vaccine, bbibp-corv: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases Kazakhstan begins mass vaccination against covid-19 Germany reports cases of indian covid variant Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated sars-cov-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases