key: cord-0457025-cu4h40ja
authors: Damanik, Chrisyen; Sinaga, Sumiati; Hardiansyah, Kiki
title: Effectiveness Of Sesame Oil For The Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer In Patients With Bed Rest Undergoing Hospitalization
date: 2020-11-16
journal: nan
DOI: nan
sha: 89ab17e9ced7e6817af60a63db6f9cfa7d32d0e4
doc_id: 457025
cord_uid: cu4h40ja

Pressure Ulcer is one of the most problems in patients with bed rest. Reposition and skin care are deterrent against the incidence of pressure ulcer. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of sesame oil for the prevention of pressure ulcer in patients with bed rest undergoing hospitalization. Method: This study used a randomized controlled trial design. Forty samples were divided groups: control and intervention groups. This study was analysed using Chi Square. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between two group (p=0,04). Conclusions: Skin care with sesame oil can prevention of pressure ulcers. These results recommended that sesame oil can be used for nursing intervention for the prevention of pressure ulcers.

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are caused by tissue damage when the blood supply to an area of skin is diminished as a result of pressure. Although most pressure ulcers are preventable, all patients are at risk (1). Risk assessment should be carried out as soon as possible and within a maximum of 8 hours of the patient being either admitted to hospital or onto a community caseload; this should be repeated as often as required based on patient acuity (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP).

PUs have become a worldwide concern for health professionals, with the cost burden of managing them and associated complications in excess of £2.1 billion annually (2) . Clinical interventions for PU prevention include holistic assessment, risk assessments and preventive measures (3). Nurses have a central role in prevention and management of pressure areas. They should be able to assess patients' risk of developing PUs using evidence-based practice, recognised risk assessment tools and by completing a holistic assessment. Nurses must be able to identify the risk factors associated with developing PUs and implement appropriate measures to deliver harm-free care. Specifically, nurses can play the most important role in assessing PUs risk factors: when patients are admitted into long-term care facilities, nurses observe the injuryprone area in order to identify the preventive early stage and then implement preventive nursing care (4)(5).

Pressure ulcers (PUs) prevention remains a significant challenge for nurses (6) . Patients and families know that pressure ulcers are painful and slow to heal. Some risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers/injuries include advanced age, immobility, incontinence, inadequate nutrition and hydration, neuro-sensory deficiency, device-related skin pressure, multiple comorbidities and circulatory abnormalities (7) The incidence of pressure ulcers in adults varies from 0 to 12% in acute care settings, 24.3 to 53.4% in critical care settings and 1.9 to 59% in elderly care settings (8) . When caregivers practice the best care every time, patients can avoid needless suffering. Pressure area care is an essential component of nursing practice, with all patients potentially at risk of developing a pressure ulcer (9) It is nurses' primary responsibility for maintaining skin integrity (10) and prevention of its complications Recognizing patients at risk of developing PU in early time is an essential part of the prevention care pathway (11) .

Sesame oil (sesame oil) is one of the herbs that have effectiveness as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Owned analgesic properties due to the content of lignan found in sesame oil, which is able to inhibit the pain-causing chemical mediators such as prostaglandins (12) . Sesame oil is processed from sesame seeds which are very rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. In addition, it has nutrients that contain essential fatty acid compounds, omega 6, omega 9, antioxidants, which function to regulate the balance of the immune system, inhibit the inflammatory process (13) . Referring to this phenomenon, the research objective was to determine effectiveness of sesame oil for the prevention of pressure ulcer in patients with bed rest undergoing hospitaization.

This study is a randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT). The design used is a parallel design without matching. The location of this research is Aji Batara Dewa Sakti Samboja. This Research is conducted in July to August 2020. The sample is selected by consecutive sampling, the number of samples involved in the study was 40 people, consisting of 20 people the intervention group and 20 control group, with the inclusion criteria: 1) Inpatients who experience bed rest and willing to become respondents, 2) The risk of pressure ulcer is assessed using the NPUAP scale, 3) Using the standard bed and mattress used in the treatment room 4) Shows negative results for an allergy test and, 5) Not undergoing special treatment for pressure ulcer. The allocation of samples into the intervention group and the control group performed the randomization techniques.

Data collection tool was a questionnaire containing questions related to the characteristics of the respondent, which contains the characteristics of the respondent containing questions including: age, gender, body mass index, albumin levels, smoking status as well as an observation sheet on the pressure ulcers measure scale using the Press Wound Stadium based on NPUAP 2009.

In this study, the researcher was assisted by a research assistant who was a nurse who served at the Samboja hospital and had passed the interrater reliability test which guaranteed the similarity in the perception of the observations between the researcher and the research assistant. As for the technical procedures in the implementation of the research, the following actions were taken: Each sample selected by the researcher, both the control and intervention groups, would be conditioned to receive standard treatment measures in the prevention of pressure sores, namely changing positions every 2 hours, namely tilted left-right and supine. When tilted left and right, the patient is supported by 1 pillow on the head, shoulders, and between the knees so that the ischium and sacrum are lifted 30 0 , and bathed twice a day morning and evening using a washcloth and soap. For the intervention group, the researchers added a light massage (backrub) treatment using sesame oil on the back from the scapula (shoulder) to the ischium and the hell (heel) to Malleolus area 2 times after bathing. The duration of this research and observation is 3 days for each sample person. The basis for the consideration of this study was carried out for 3 days referring to previous studies and referring to the average length of stay of patients who experience bed rest at Samboja Hospital around 5-8 days of treatment.

Analysis shows that most of the respondents in the intervention group (80%) experienced a decrease in the degree of pressure sores after the intervention with sesame oil was administered. The results of the homogeneity test for the variable characteristics of the respondents, age, sex, smoking history, albumin levels and body mass index, had an equivalent (homogeneous) variance. Table 3 . The difference in the incidence of pressure ulcers between the intervention group and the control group in the Aji Batara Dewa Sakti Samboja Hospital Care Unit (n1=n2=20)

There is a difference in the incidence of pressure ulcers after the intervention between the intervention group and the control group. The statistical test results obtained p value = 0.04 (p <α = 0.05), it can be concluded that there is a difference in the proportion of the incidence of pressure ulcers between respondents who were given preventive treatment using sesame oil and without using sesame oil. From the results of the analysis, the OR value of 9.333 means that respondents who are not given sesame oil intervention with a combination of 300 oblique beds will have a 9.333 times chance for the incidence of pressure ulcers compared to respondents who are only given a 300 oblique lying position.

In this study, the herbal therapy used was the use of sesame oil. Sesame oil is processed from sesame seeds which are very rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. In addition, it has nutrients that contain essential fatty acid compounds, omega 6, omega 9, antioxidants, which function to regulate the balance of the immune system, inhibit the inflammatory process (13) Sesame oil also contains a number of lignans: sesamin, epicesamine and sesamolin. Another research result that explains the effectiveness of sesame oil was found by Hirsch respondents were involved in this study, which consisted of two groups. Each group was observed for pain, inflammation and repair of the skin layer. The findings of this study indicate a significant difference between the two groups. In the intervention group that used sesame oil ointment (sesame oil) was significantly effective in preventing pressure sores and reducing the degree of pressure sores, inflammation and repairing the skin layer than the control group.

Skin care with sesame oil can prevention of pressure ulcers. These results recommended that sesame oil can be used for nursing intervention for the prevention of pressure ulcers.

Adult pressure area care: Preventing pressure ulcers

National institute for health and care excellence. Pressure ulcers: pre Pressure ulcers: prev vention and ention and management management Y Your responsibility our responsibility

Assessment of nurses' knowledge and practice in prevention and management of deep tissue injury and stage I pressure ulcer

The cost of pressure ulcers in the UK

Best practice recommendations for the prevention and management of skin tears in aged skin

A new pressure ulcer conceptual framework

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers : Quick Reference Guide. Clinical Practice Guideline

Prevention and management of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care: Summary of NICE guidance

Development and implementation of a hospitalacquired pressure ulcer incidence tracking system and algorithm

Pressure ulcer risk assessment

Analgesic, Anti-pyretic and Antiinflammatory Activity of Dietary Sesame Oil in Experimental Animal Models

Nutraceutical value of sesame oil. Pharmacognosy Reviews

Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO) in partial thickness burns

Acknowledgments to the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Directorate General of Research and Development Strengthening for providing research grants for funding in 2020. As well as Aji Batara Dewa Sakti Hospital which has granted research permission during the Covid-19 Pandemic