key: cord-0259794-8kzox4dh authors: Zhai, W.; Bian, J.; Zhang, J.; Bai, X. title: A systematic literature review of individual-level psychological and behavioral responses to the health information of COVID-19 from social media and legacy media date: 2021-12-16 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 sha: 191ba80cd60b1b8abf73545bff64577bd4250c3b doc_id: 259794 cord_uid: 8kzox4dh Covid-19 has been recognized as a terrifying global health threat since its detection, with far-reaching consequences that are unprecedented in the modern era. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, social media and legacy media have collectively delivered health information related to COVID-19 to the public as a catalyst to community perception of risk. However, the existing literature exhibits different viewpoints toward the role of social media and legacy media in disseminating health information of COVID-19. In this regard, this article conducted a systematic literature review to provide an overview of the current state of research concerning individuals-level psychological and behavioral response to COVID-19 related information from different sources, as well as presents the challenges and future research directions. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint 1. Introduction 53 The 2020 novel coronavirus pandemic has caused a massive impact on the world, which 54 is not only a public health crisis but also an unprecedented challenge for economic psychological fear and anxiety of individuals (Ophir & Jamieson, 2020) . In addition, 96 traditional media can be effective in providing credible information in an effort to 97 increase public awareness of prevention and intervention strategies (Weick,1988 ; is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint 4 To address Q1 and Q2, the articles published in the journal are identified in Section 2. 123 Regarding Q3, Q4, and Q5, the scopes of the existing studies are analyzed, as well as 124 the cases and the applied techniques applied by researchers in Section 3 and 4. Finally, 125 to answer Q6, we will propose several promising agendas for future studies in Section 126 5. Finally, Section 6 will conclude the research. This study applied two strategies to review the current state of research about the 130 relationship between media exposure, health-protective behaviors, and viral spread 131 amid COVID-19. The first strategy is to identify all English-language studies that were 132 published since 2020 from Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. A 133 combination of the following keywords was used to search for titles and abstracts: 134 "media" OR "response". Figure 1 shows two types of search categories with different 135 keywords in each category of search terms. The category "media" can be specified as 136 media-related behavior ("media coverage" / "media use") and media type ("social 137 media" / "legacy media"). The category "response" mainly includes psychological 138 responses, for instance, including "risk perception", "health purposes" and "mental 139 health consequences" and behavioral responses such as "behavioral response", "travel" 140 / "stay at home" / "hand wash", etc. Each keyword in Figure 1 relates to the pandemic 141 using "AND" and the keyword "COVID-19" in every search. The second strategy was 142 collecting articles from the reference list of existing literature. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Note: Some studies conducted a case study in different countries so that the total number is 200 greater than the number of articles. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint media, and other communication tools. Krawczyk (2021) found that the quality and 257 quantity of information from various communication channels, including social media 258 and legacy media platforms, collectively influenced individuals' understanding of 259 public health measures. Melki (2020) found that those who would like to enhance 260 protective behaviors were highly exposed to both legacy media and social media. Gozzi Melki (2020) found that people who show a higher fear level were 287 more likely to be exposed to a large volume of information from TV. Also, those who 288 obtained information frequently from both TV and social media are more likely to 289 exhibit a high level of anxiety. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint 11 social media users believe, the less protective behaviors will be done. Tang et al. (2021) 296 found that government social media promote users' information security behavior 297 towards COVID-19 scams. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint Weibo is linked to lower levels of compliance. Times or USA Today, and another for conservative media outlets such as Fox News. The results indicate that, compared to left-leaning media, right-leaning media discussed is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint 13 who are exposed to conservative media outlets had low trust in the reliability of is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint of social media was associated with psychological strain such as a higher degree of is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint information literacy skills facing the fact message fatigue, misinformation, and equity 495 gaps. The concept of eHealth literacy should be included in future work, which is 496 integrated into the concepts of health and media literacy (Norman and Skinner, 2006) . Future research needs to discuss eHealth Literacy during the pandemic in three ways. 498 First, the ability of health information acquisition from multiple information resources 499 should be exploited (Farhan et al., 2020) . Second, paying attention to good information 500 literacy skills is essential, particularly in terms of the impacts of information literacy on 501 appraisals of information, which can help filter overloaded information such as fake is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint media was not effective in containing misleading information due to the highly partisan is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint The copyright holder for this this version posted December 16, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267757 doi: medRxiv preprint 657 . 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