key: cord-0255424-fig2ixqy authors: Makhesana, Mayurkumar A.; Patel, K. M. title: Investigations on machinability aspects of AISI 52100 with minimum quantity solid lubrication date: 2020-12-31 journal: Procedia Manufacturing DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.05.014 sha: ecd27c4dea4e26261592dc7fbd6f1ae88a71c9c0 doc_id: 255424 cord_uid: fig2ixqy Abstract Sustainability has been a major concern of today’s manufacturing industries. Various efforts have been made to improve the productivity and performance of machining. It is always aimed to reduce the heat generated during machining by various cooling and lubrication approaches. In the present work, efforts have been made to assess the effectiveness of minimum quantity lubrication and solid lubricants in machining. Experiments have been performed under MQL and MQSL environment with selected flow rate (300 ml/hr), 20 wt% of calcium fluoride (CaF2) and 10µm particle size of solid lubricant and results are compared with dry and flood cooling environment. The process performance is observed by measuring surface roughness produced, tool flank wear, the microhardness of machined workpiece, and forms of the chip produced. Results revealed the superiority of lubricant mixture applied in form of MQSL due to enhanced lubricating properties imparted by solid lubricant added with MQL. It is always aimed to develop productive, economic and sustainable manufacturing processes. Machining is to be performed with higher values of process parameters to achieve higher productivity. To control the amount of heat generated in machining, cutting fluids are introduced. The application of cutting fluids reduces the tool wear and thus improves tool life and surface quality of the workpiece. Good surface quality is always desired to conclude about the productivity and performance of the machine tool [1] . For many years, coolants, popularly known as metalworking fluids have continued to be used for heat removal until the effects of these fluids are realized in the form of a threat to the operator's health and its environmental effects. The same was reported in the form of some infections of operators due to skin contact with cutting fluids [2] . Also, the addition of total manufacturing costs due to the application of cutting fluids was reported. Due to requirements like preparation, maintenance, recycle, and processing before disposal makes it two to four times expensive than purchase cost [3] . In this context, it has raised the need to identify some effective alternatives to the use of these cutting fluids and the development of sustainable and cleaner machining approaches [4] . In past work, dry machining was considered as an alternative to avoid the use of cutting fluids. However, the application of cutting fluid cannot be avoided in some processes like grinding due to the higher amount of heat involved [5] . In another approach, the application of vegetable oil as a biodegradable cutting fluid is reported and the performance of the same was assessed in dry and near dry machining of AISI D2 steel. The results revealed the effectiveness of vegetable oil in the form of a reduction in heat generation with near dry machining applications [6] . The effectiveness of compressed air and cold nitrogen was concluded by Sharma et al., [7] . The machining performance was assessed by measuring surface roughness, cutting forces, It is always aimed to develop productive, economic and sustainable manufacturing processes. Machining is to be performed with higher values of process parameters to achieve higher productivity. To control the amount of heat generated in machining, cutting fluids are introduced. The application of cutting fluids reduces the tool wear and thus improves tool life and surface quality of the workpiece. Good surface quality is always desired to conclude about the productivity and performance of the machine tool [1] . For many years, coolants, popularly known as metalworking fluids have continued to be used for heat removal until the effects of these fluids are realized in the form of a threat to the operator's health and its environmental effects. The same was reported in the form of some infections of operators due to skin contact with cutting fluids [2] . Also, the addition of total manufacturing costs due to the application of cutting fluids was reported. Due to requirements like preparation, maintenance, recycle, and processing before disposal makes it two to four times expensive than purchase cost [3] . In this context, it has raised the need to identify some effective alternatives to the use of these cutting fluids and the development of sustainable and cleaner machining approaches [4] . In past work, dry machining was considered as an alternative to avoid the use of cutting fluids. However, the application of cutting fluid cannot be avoided in some processes like grinding due to the higher amount of heat involved [5] . In another approach, the application of vegetable oil as a biodegradable cutting fluid is reported and the performance of the same was assessed in dry and near dry machining of AISI D2 steel. The results revealed the effectiveness of vegetable oil in the form of a reduction in heat generation with near dry machining applications [6] . The effectiveness of compressed air and cold nitrogen was concluded by Sharma et al., [7] . The machining performance was assessed by measuring surface roughness, cutting forces, It is always aimed to develop productive, economic and sustainable manufacturing processes. Machining is to be performed with higher values of process parameters to achieve higher productivity. To control the amount of heat generated in machining, cutting fluids are introduced. The application of cutting fluids reduces the tool wear and thus improves tool life and surface quality of the workpiece. Good surface quality is always desired to conclude about the productivity and performance of the machine tool [1] . For many years, coolants, popularly known as metalworking fluids have continued to be used for heat removal until the effects of these fluids are realized in the form of a threat to the operator's health and its environmental effects. The same was reported in the form of some infections of operators due to skin contact with cutting fluids [2] . Also, the addition of total manufacturing costs due to the application of cutting fluids was reported. Due to requirements like preparation, maintenance, recycle, and processing before disposal makes it two to four times expensive than purchase cost [3] . In this context, it has raised the need to identify some effective alternatives to the use of these cutting fluids and the development of sustainable and cleaner machining approaches [4] . In past work, dry machining was considered as an alternative to avoid the use of cutting fluids. However, the application of cutting fluid cannot be avoided in some processes like grinding due to the higher amount of heat involved [5] . In another approach, the application of vegetable oil as a biodegradable cutting fluid is reported and the performance of the same was assessed in dry and near dry machining of AISI D2 steel. The results revealed the effectiveness of vegetable oil in the form of a reduction in heat generation with near dry machining applications [6] . The effectiveness of compressed air and cold nitrogen was concluded by Sharma et al., [7] . The machining performance was assessed by measuring surface roughness, cutting forces, It is always aimed to develop productive, economic and sustainable manufacturing processes. Machining is to be performed with higher values of process parameters to achieve higher productivity. To control the amount of heat generated in machining, cutting fluids are introduced. The application of cutting fluids reduces the tool wear and thus improves tool life and surface quality of the workpiece. Good surface quality is always desired to conclude about the productivity and performance of the machine tool [1] . For many years, coolants, popularly known as metalworking fluids have continued to be used for heat removal until the effects of these fluids are realized in the form of a threat to the operator's health and its environmental effects. The same was reported in the form of some infections of operators due to skin contact with cutting fluids [2] . Also, the addition of total manufacturing costs due to the application of cutting fluids was reported. Due to requirements like preparation, maintenance, recycle, and processing before disposal makes it two to four times expensive than purchase cost [3] . In this context, it has raised the need to identify some effective alternatives to the use of these cutting fluids and the development of sustainable and cleaner machining approaches [4] . In past work, dry machining was considered as an alternative to avoid the use of cutting fluids. However, the application of cutting fluid cannot be avoided in some processes like grinding due to the higher amount of heat involved [5] . In another approach, the application of vegetable oil as a biodegradable cutting fluid is reported and the performance of the same was assessed in dry and near dry machining of AISI D2 steel. The results revealed the effectiveness of vegetable oil in the form of a reduction in heat generation with near dry machining applications [6] . The effectiveness of compressed air and cold nitrogen was concluded by Sharma et al., [7] . The machining performance was assessed by measuring surface roughness, cutting forces, and obtained tool life and the results were compared with dry machining. The application of compressed air resulted in the improvement of tool life. It also helped to take away the chip from the tool rake surface. In recent years, the application of minimum quantity lubrication is considered as a cleaner and sustainable alternative compared to the use of cutting fluids [8] . The experiments were performed under dry and MQL in end milling of Inconel 718. Improvement in process performance was reported in terms of longer tool life and reduced cutting forces with MQL. In another work, MQL with different wt% of SiO2 nanoparticles was applied in the machining of AISI 4140 steel. Improvement in tool life was observed with 0.5% wt of SiO2 concentration in oil [9] . Experimental investigations under dry and MQL were carried out with ceramic and PCBN tools during the machining of Inconel 718. Encouraging results were reported in the form of improved surface finish and reduction in cutting forces and temperature due to effective cooling provided by MQL application [10] . Considerable reduction in cutting temperature and improved dimensional quality was observed with the application of MQL in the machining of AISI 1040 steel. Three machining environments namely dry, wet, and MQL with different feed and speed combinations. Also, the reduction in wear and thus retention of sharpness of tool was seen with MQL application [11] . Minimum quantity lubrication was applied with a flow rate of 60 ml/hr and 5 bar air pressure while hard turning of AISI 4340 steel with a PVD coated tool. Progression of the nose wear was observed and compared under dry and MQL machining. However, at higher cutting speed and feed, a larger amount of nose wear was reported in both dry and MQL machining [12] . In another approach, recent studies have found the application of solid lubricant in machining as an effective alternative as compared to cutting fluids [13] . Graphite and molybdenum disulfide as solid lubricants were applied during SiC grinding, which resulted in a reduction in heat generation in the grinding zone. As compared to dry grinding, improved grinding has been reported in the form of a reduction in tangential force and surface roughness [14] . Graphite was used as a solid lubricant to check its effectiveness on process performance by Shaji and Radhakrishnan [15] . The performance of the grinding process was improved in the form of a reduction in surface roughness, the heat generated and specific energy involved. Mukhopadhyay et al. [16] applied MoS2 and graphite as a solid lubricant in machining and performance is measured in terms of surface finish and chip thickness ration. Also, it was observed the reduction in cutting forces resulted due to the formation of an effective lubricant film between tool and workpiece. Moura et. al. [17] studied the effect of different particle sizes of graphite and MoS2. The quantity of solid lubricant used was 20% by weight with that of cutting fluid. It was concluded from the results that the MoS2 with selected particle size has performed better as compared to graphite by lowering tool flank wear and improving surface finish. A novel approach called electrostatic minimum quantity lubrication was developed by Huang et. al. [18] to improve the performance of end milling of AISI 304 steel. The experimental results are compared with dry, wet and MQL machining. Reduction in cutting forces, tool wear and surface roughness were observed with electrostatic minimum quantity lubrication. Also, the reduction in adhesive and abrasive wear is reported by scanning electron microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. Looking at the properties of solid lubricants, its use as an additive to the base oil can efficiently work under extreme conditions of machining. It has been suggested by researchers that to maintain thin film thickness in the machining zone with the use of solid lubricants, lubrication properties largely depend on particle size [19, 20, 21] . It is suggested from the experimental results that the 20 wt% of solid lubricant mixed with base oil provided significant enhancements in tribological properties between sliding surfaces during machining. However, adding solid lubricant of more than 20 wt% showed minor changes in process performance [22] . As discussed in the literature review section, it is of much importance to select an effective lubrication approach to improve machining performance. Hence, in the current work, a comprehensive experimental investigation has been carried out to exploit the efficacies of solid lubricant mixed with cutting fluid under minimum quantity lubrication environment on machinability parameters in comparison with dry, flood cooling, and MQL during the turning process. Experiments have been performed to assess the performance of MQL and MQSL approaches compared to dry and flood cooling. The Alloy/Bearing Steel, popularly known as AISI 52100 widely used in various industrial applications is selected for the present investigation. The chemical composition of AISI 52100 workpiece is: 1.040C, 0.330Si, 0.510Mn, 0.034P, 0.029S, 1.350Cr. The turning operation as a part of the experiments is carried out by using coated carbide insert of TN4000 grade of WIDIA make. The insert with the coating of (PVD) TiAlN has good toughness and strength. s. The measurements started from a depth of 100 μm below the machined surface up to 1600 μm. They are taken on a surface perpendicular to the machined surface. To prevent tension caused by the neighboring indentation region, it is used a distance 3 times higher than the diagonal edges between indentations. The tool wear is analyzed by capturing images of tool inserts by optical microscope equipped with image analysis software. The chips collected are examined and analyzed according to their shapes and sizes. Table 1 presents the experimental details used during the machining. The focus of the present investigation is to assess the performance of solid lubricants mixed in oil during turning operations. A minimum quantity solid lubrication setup (MQSL) is developed and used to supply the solid lubricant mixed in a base oil at the required pressure to the machining area. The arrangement of the MQSL experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1 . The compressed air is supplied at the required pressure from the air compressor. The lubricant mixture carried from the reservoir is mixed with compressed air in the mixing block and leaves the nozzle in the form of aerosols. The same is directed towards the interface between tool and workpiece during MQL and MQSL experiments. The constant lubricant flow at the rate of 300 ml/hr is maintained throughout the experiments with a 20% concentration of CaF2 with a 10 µm particle size of in SAE 40 base oil is selected for MQSL application. To assess the effectiveness of MQL and MQSL with selected flow rate (300 ml/hr), 20 wt% of calcium fluoride (CaF2) and 10 µm particle size, experiments have been performed and results are compared with dry and flood cooling environment. The experiments are performed by keeping similar values of cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut as mentioned in Table 1 . Process performance is observed by measuring surface roughness produced, tool flank wear, the microhardness of machined workpiece, and chip forms produced. The rubbing action between tool and workpiece results in form of flank wear of the tool. The flank wear of the tool is determined by measuring the width of the wear land (Vb) on tool flank. The progress of tool wear during turning operation with dry, flood cooling, MQL and MQSL are presented in Fig. 2 . The increasing trend in flank wear is observed with machining time for all machining environments. The rapid increase in flank wear immediately after 10 minutes of machining is observed with dry machining as the tool has experienced early wear cycle with higher friction resulted due to the absence of lubrication and cooling action. The same can be correlated with the images of the tool insert as shown in Fig. 3 observed with abrasion and adhesion wear and also the wear caused due to chip flow damage. The results are also in agreement with work reported by Babu et al. [23] , wherein MQL was applied with three nozzles during machining of turning of AISI 410 stainless steel. However, improved tool life is found with the application of MQSL followed by flood cooling and MQL. The reduction in tool wear with MQSL attributed to the ability of calcium fluoride (CaF2) to retain lubricity at a higher temperature and maintaining a thin film of lubricant between tool and work interface. The improvement in tool life can be also attributed to the better lubrication properties imparted by selected flow rate, particle size, and concentration of solid lubricant in MQSL. Also, the solid lubricant melts and smears forming a thin lubricating film on the rake face of the tool. The increase in tool life with MQSL can be attributed to the formation of the effective coating film of lubricant on the tool surface that reduces friction and combined with an amount of cooling action, resulted in reduced temperature and tool wear. The reduction in wear due to adhesion is also minimized due to enhanced lubrication with MQSL and flood cooling. However, the fluid delivery through MQL resulted in higher amounts of flank wear due to the difficulty of lubricant mixture to penetrate between tool and work interface. The same can be observed in terms of wear mechanism seen on cutting tool inserts as shown in Fig. 3 . The results are in agreement with the several works reported to the application of solid lubricants in machining. Longer tool life was observed with the use of graphite as a solid lubricant during milling of AISI 4340 steel. The effectiveness of graphite in the form of its ability to lower the cutting temperature with enhanced lubrication. Abrasion and adhesion were observed as a dominant wear mechanism for compared cutting conditions [24] . Similarly, the improved machining performance in form of longer tool life and improved surface finish was reported by authors during machining with the use of 20 wt% of graphite (20 µm, 40 µm) and MoS2 (6 µm) [17] . The improvement in surface finish and tool life was attributed to the ability of solid lubricant with selected particle size to penetrate between the tool-work and chip-tool interfaces. Also, the improvement in machining performance was reported in form reduction in surface roughness and tool wear during machining of Inconel 718 with MoS2 as a solid lubricant with MQL [22] . During machining, the tool wear is unavoidable due to the contact between the tool and the workpiece surface. The commonly observed mechanisms of tool wear are in the form of adhesive, abrasive, fatigue, diffusion and microchipping of tool material [25] . The cutting tool geometry, workpiece material, and cutting and lubricating conditions greatly affect the form of tool wear [26] . The characteristics of wear present on tool surface have been observed through the study of worn surfaces. Fig. 3 shows the SEM micrograph of cutting tool inserts used for machining during dry, flood cooling, MQL, and MQSL conditions. Parallel grooves indicating the abrasive wear of the flank face of the tool are observed in all cutting environments. It can be noted that the larger width and depth of these grooves are observed with dry machining due to increased heat generation and absence of lubrication. While machining with flood cooling, MQL and MQSL resulted in abrasion as a wear mechanism in the flank face of the tool. Another form of wear found in dry machining is adhesion due to higher cutting temperature resulted in the sticking of chips to the cutting tool. Similar resulted were reported during dry and wet machining by Dawood et al. [27] , in which adhesion was observed to be a more predominant wear mechanism along with crater wear and build-up edge in dry machining. The study of surface integrity of the machined workpiece is of much importance as it determines the efficiency of machining and quality of the workpiece. Also, it is important to consider as it is affected by many actors during machining. The surface roughness (Ra) produced during machining under various cutting conditions are presented in Fig. 4 . It has been observed from Fig. 4 that the Ra is not affected significantly under the considered machining conditions. However, based on the average values, the flood cooling and MQL condition without solid lubricant at 40and 250 mL/h presented averages of Ra parameter between 2.2 and 2.8 µm respectively. The application of Solid lubricant with MQSL showed the smallest value of Ra (1.9 µm) compared to other conditions. It can be concluded here that the improvement in the surface quality when using CaF2 and MQL can be attributed to its good lubricating action (reducing friction) under the severe conditions encountered at the chip-tool and tool-workpiece interfaces during machining. It concludes the importance of lubrication properties of lubricant mixture when added to the solid lubricant. The improvement in the tribological properties at work tool and chip-tool interface retained cutting edge geometry, as it can also be correlated with the lowest flank wear produced with MQSL as shown in Fig. 2 . Whereas, larger surface roughness value is observed with dry machining due to excessive tool wear and MQL due to less effective lubrication during machining. According to the results reported by previous researchers, solid lubricant combined with cutting oil could form more stable and continuous lubricant film while machining and attributed to the improvement in machining performance [28] . Also, the surface roughness is more dependent on the lubricant and cooling actions of the fluids. If lubricant action prevails at the machining zone, the material will have higher shearing resistance resulting in easy chip formation and improved surface finish. Microhardness as a response parameter is affected by many machining factors. It can be seen that the amount and intensity of heat generated during machining affect the functionality of the material. Therefore, an effort has been made to assess the performance of MQL and MQSL on the microhardness of the surface and the results are compared with dry and flood cooling. Experiments have been performed on AISI 52100 alloy steel material with the hardness of 55 ± 5 HRC maintained through the hardening process. Fig. 6 shows the trend of microhardness below the machined surface of the workpiece when machining is performed with selected parameters and lubricating conditions. No major change in microhardness of the machined surface is observed, as the values are almost near to the value of bulk material hardness measured before machining. From the results, the effectiveness of MQSL in the form of a minor change in hardness is observed compared to selected machining conditions. This is pointing towards the improved lubricating conditions with MQSL resulted in reduced work hardening with efficient shearing of material. systematic analysis and an acceptable form of a chip are of importance in machining. The main two classifications of chip forms, one is acceptable chips and another is unacceptable chips. Acceptable chip forms do not deposit and whirl around the workpiece and tool and hence easily disposable. As it can move easily from the machining area, not affecting the quality of the workpiece surface or tool wear. However, unacceptable chip forms by whirling around the workpiece and tool cause problems like affecting surface quality, difficulty in handling and safety issues to the machine operator. Also, it is affecting the tool wear rate and may lead to tool failure during machining. Looking to the characteristics of chip produced, short tubular, washer type, helical, spiral and arc shape chips are acceptable chip forms while ribbon, tangled and needle type chips are unacceptable chip forms. In current work, characteristics and forms of the chips have been analyzed and compared. The chip samples are collected during machining of AISI 52100 material with coated cutting tools under dry, flood cooling, MQL and MQSL conditions. The comparison of different chip forms produced is shown in Fig. 7 . From the comparison of chip forms produced, it is observed that the dry and flood cooling resulted in the formation of long snarled chips which is difficult to handle during machining. However, while machining with MQL and MQSL resulted in the formation of conical and washer type helical long chips which can be easily handled. Helical or tubular-shaped chips are observed, particularly with MQSL application. The formation of acceptable chip forms during MQL and MQSL indicates the cooling and lubrication efficiency in the form of a reduction in cutting temperature and improvement in chip tool contact geometries. This can be also attributed to the high-pressure supply of lubricant mixture resulting in the reduced chip-tool contact area and friction thus easy chip breaking [29] . Furthermore, the chips produced during machining with MQL and MQSL can be easily collected and creating no safety issues for the machine operator. So, the characteristics of chips produced during MQL and MQSL are much acceptable as compared to dry and flood cooling. The improved machinability with the use of solid lubricant assisted MQL is due to the fact that the lubricant mixture has a higher heat transfer rate because of the high specific surface area, which enhances the thermal conductivity with the addition of solid lubricant. With this merit of micron-sized particles, the tribological condition between tool-work and tool-chip is improves compared to conventional cutting fluids [30] . Further, with the application of MQL, the cutting zone gets connected with small droplets of aerosol by direct contact. To improve the properties of MQL, the micron-sized solid lubricant articles are added with the base fluid. Which enabled cooling and lubricating effect at the cutting zone. The work investigated the effect of solid lubricant mixed with a base oil under minimum quantity lubrication under various machinability characteristics. The effectiveness of MQL and MQSL is assessed by comparing the results with dry and flood cooling. From the experimental results, the following important conclusions can be summarized: 1. MQSL with selected conditions has proved to be an effective alternative over compared machining conditions. The process improvement is reported in the form of improved surface finish, longer tool life and negligible change in microhardness of machined workpiece. 2. From the optical images of cutting tool inserts, adhesion and abrasion are seen as common wear mechanisms. However, less adhesive wear is observed with the MQSL application due to enhanced lubrication and cooling action. 3. An important outcome based on the results available from the comparison of previous experimental results is that MQSL has improved machining performance compared to flood cooling and dry machining. 4. Results also showed the potential of MQSL and created a possibility to replace the use of cutting fluids. Looking into the harmful effects and costs involved with the use of flood cooling, it is advisable to use MQSL over wet machining. The results revealed the encouraging potential of solid lubricant added with minimum quantity lubrication by improving machining performance, and enlighten the possibility of replacing the conventional flood cooling. The effect of parameters such as machining parameters, the flow rate of lubricant mixture, nozzle position, etc. can be investigated. The viscous property of oil has an impact on lubrication capacity and penetration ability. Different combinations of air and oil mist at different temperatures of air may be investigated to provide a better understanding. Due to difficulty in directly measuring stress, strain and cutting temperature distribution in the cutting areas, the finite element model can be developed to predict the distribution of cutting temperature, stress, and strain generated in the machining zone. Also, the influence of the particle size of the powder from micron to nanometric range should be evaluated on various machining characteristics. Investigations into the effect of cutting conditions on surface roughness in turning of free machining steel by ANN models Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluid-an evolution Environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids Evaluation of near-dry machining effects on gear milling process efficiency Cutting Fluid Selection for a Given Machining Application Investigation of effects of dry and near dry machining on AISI D2 steel using vegetable oil techniques for improved productivity in turning Tool life and cutting forces in end milling Inconel 718 under dry and minimum quantity cooling lubrication cutting conditions Novel uses of SiO2 nano-lubrication system in hard turning process of hardened steel AISI4140 for less tool wear, surface roughness and oil consumption Performance of the minimum quantity lubrication technique in turning Inconel 718 at high cutting speed The influence of minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) on cutting temperature, chip and dimensional accuracy in turning AISI-1040 steel Comparative evaluations of nose wear progression and failure modes during hard turning under dry and near-dry cutting conditions The influence of solid lubricant particle size on machining parameters in turning Performance improvement of sic grinding using solid lubricants. Machining science and technology A study on calcium fluoride as a solid lubricant in grinding to study the application of solid lubricant in turning AISI 1040 steel The Effect of Application of Cutting Fluid with Solid Lubricant in Suspension during Cutting of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Experimental evaluation on the effect of electrostatic minimum quantity lubrication (EMQL) in end milling of stainless steels Some investigations on the influence of particle size on the lubricating effectiveness of molybdenum disulphide An investigation on tribological properties of graphite nanosheets as oil additive Deformation and friction of MoS2 particles in liquid suspensions used to lubricate sliding contact Performance Assessment of MQSL: Minimum Quantity Solid Lubricant during Turning of Inconel 718 Experimental estimation of minimum quantity lubrication in turning on AISI 410 stainless steel of Electrostatic Solid Lubrication System for Improvement in Machining Process Performance Metal cutting principles Wear and Tool Life of Tungsten Carbide, PCBN and PCD Cutting Tools A comparative study on the machinability of Ti-6Al-4V using conventional flood coolant and sustainable dry machining Evaluation of Solid Lubricants in Terms of Machining Parameters in Turning The effect of highpressure coolant supply when machining a heat-resistant nickel-based superalloy. Lubrication Engineering Application of nanofluids during minimum quantity lubrication: a case study in turning process The authors would like to acknowledge the experimental facility provided by Nirma University to carry out this research work.