key: cord-0073940-6dfzi4rh authors: I. J. Green, James title: Medical Device Regulations for custom-made devices: answers to ten important questions date: 2022-01-21 journal: BDJ Team DOI: 10.1038/s41407-022-0802-5 sha: 78d8460ba367537c7d6e7f4116984a334279d8d4 doc_id: 73940 cord_uid: 6dfzi4rh nan and The Medical Devices (Amendment) 3 . In terms of UK dental professionals, who is the manufacturer of custommade devices? In a typical dental scenario, the role of manufacturer will be shared by the prescriber and the dental professional who constructs the device (Table 1) : the prescriber 'has a device designed, manufactured or fully refurbished' while the constructor 'manufactures or fully refurbishes a device' . Custom-made devices in a dental context can be constructed by dental technicians, clinical dental technicians and dentists. Other dental professionals are permitted to construct certain custom-made devices, provided they are trained, competent and indemnified to do so. 18 The medical device legislation that applies to custom-made devices fabricated by dental technicians in dental laboratories applies equally to custom-made devices constructed by other dental professionals in dental practices. Table 2 summarises the aspects of the General Dental Council Scope of practice that can pertain to custom-made devices and could be concentrated on the response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic. 9 The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 and entered an 11-month implementation period (IP), during which EU law continued to apply. In preparation for the UK's withdrawal from the EU, Regulation (EU) 2017/745 was largely transposed into The Medical Devices (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, 10 4 ) and was expected to be fully implemented on exit day. 11, 12, 13, 14 Despite this, the UK MDR 2002 was then further amended by The Medical Devices (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 (Statutory Instrument 2020/1478 [UK MDR 2020]), which essentially removed the provisions of the EU MDR and substituted 'exit day' for 'IP completion day' . 15 In summary, medical devices in Great Britain can conform to either: The UK MDR 2002 (as amended) or The EU MDR until 30 June 2023. Northern Ireland remains in line with the EU legislation 16 under the terms of the protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland. 17 1. From a dental perspective, what is a custom-made device? Under medical device legislation, a custommade device is a medical device intended for the sole use of a particular patient. While its definition has been revised under the new legislation, the essential meaning of what defines a custom-made device remains the same (Table 1 ). In a dental context, custom-made devices cover a wide variety of appliances and prostheses; Figure 1 provides examples of commonly prescribed custommade devices in a dental setting. 2. In terms of UK dental professionals, who prescribes custom-made devices? Custom-made devices are usually prescribed by a dentist, although clinical dental technicians can prescribe and provide complete dentures direct to patients. 18 (b) in the context of any requirement relating to any other medical device, the European Economic Area a marking by which a manufacturer indicates that a device is in conformity with the applicable requirements set out in this Regulation and other applicable Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing Custom-made device a relevant device that is-(a) manufactured specifically in accordance with a written prescription of a duly qualified medical practitioner or a professional user which gives, under his responsibility, specific characteristics as to its design; and (b) intended for the sole use of a particular patient, but does not include a mass-produced product which needs to be adapted to meet the specific requirements of the medical practitioner or professional user any device specifically made in accordance with a written prescription of any person authorised by national law by virtue of that person's professional qualifications which gives, under that person's responsibility, specific design characteristics, and is intended for the sole use of a particular patient exclusively to meet their individual conditions and needs. However, mass-produced devices which need to be adapted to meet the specific requirements of any professional user and devices which are massproduced by means of industrial manufacturing processes in accordance with the written prescriptions of any authorised person shall not be considered to be custom-made devices Fully refurbishing -for the purposes of the definition of manufacturer, means the complete rebuilding of a device already placed on the market or put into service, or the making of a new device from used devices, to bring it into conformity with this Regulation, combined with the assignment of a new lifetime to the refurbished device Health institution -an organisation the primary purpose of which is the care or treatment of patients or the promotion of public health Manufacturer (a) the person with responsibility for the design, manufacture, packaging and labelling of a device before it is placed on the market under his own name, regardless of whether these operations are carried out by that person himself or on his behalf by a third party; or (b) any other person who assembles, packages, processes, fully refurbishes or labels one or more ready-made products or assigns to them their intended purpose as a device with a view to their being placed on the market under his own name, apart from a person who assembles or adapts devices already on the market to their intended purpose for an individual patient a natural or legal person who manufactures or fully refurbishes a device or has a device designed, manufactured or fully refurbished, and markets that device under its name or trademark Medical device an instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in combination, together with any software necessary for its proper application, which-(a) is intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of-(i) diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease, (ii) diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap, (iii) investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process, or (iv) control of conception; and (b) does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, even if it is assisted in its function by such means, and includes devices intended to administer a medicinal product or which incorporate as an integral part a substance which, if used separately, would be a medicinal product and which is liable to act upon the body with action ancillary to that of the device any instrument, apparatus, appliance, software, implant, reagent, material or other article intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination, for human beings for one or more of the following specific medical purposes: -diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, prediction, prognosis, treatment or alleviation of disease, -diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of, or compensation for, an injury or disability, -investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological or pathological process or state, -providing information by means of in vitro examination of specimens derived from the human body, including organ, blood and tissue donations, and which does not achieve its principal intended action by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, in or on the human body, but which may be assisted in its function by such means. The following products shall also be deemed to be medical devices: -devices for the control or support of conception; -products specifically intended for the cleaning, disinfection or sterilisation of devices as referred to in Article 1(4) and of those referred to in the first paragraph of this point. Notified body a body authorised in accordance with these Regulations to carry out tasks of a notified body or the importing Party under these Regulations or a mutual recognition agreement in respect of a conformity assessment procedure but, unless the context requires otherwise, does not include a UK notified body a conformity assessment body designated in accordance with this Regulation Placing on the market in relation to a medical device, the first making available in return for payment or free of charge of a new or fully refurbished device, other than a device intended for clinical investigation, with a view to distribution, use, or both, on a relevant market and related expressions must be construed accordingly 5. Which requirements remain the same for providers of custom-made dental devices? The following requirements remain as they were before the implementation of the EU MDR: Medical device manufacturers will continue to be required to inform the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) before placing devices on the market Under the EU MDR, there are 22 classification rules instead of 18, but those for custom-made dental devices remain unchanged. Devices are classified according to risk level, which is based on factors including intended duration of use, intended purpose and invasiveness. Custom-made dental devices are categorised under Rule 5 (invasive devices intended to be used in the oral cavity as far as the pharynx) and Rule 8 (implantable devices and long-term surgically invasive devices) (see Table 3 ) Under the MDD, manufacturers of custom-made devices were required to prepare documentation regarding the design, manufacture and performance of the devices they produce, which must be kept available for the MHRA (Annex VIII [3-3.1] ). This obligation is unchanged under the EU MDR (Annex XIII [2] [3] ) As before, custom-made device manufacturers must review and document experience gained in the post-production phase, and report serious incidents and field safety corrective actions. These obligations are given in EU MDR Annex XIII(5). 6. Which new requirements relate to providers of custom-made dental devices? The new legislation has introduced numerous changes and the following apply to custommade dental devices: Under the MDD, devices manufactured within a health institution (defined in Table 1) were not considered to have been placed on the market (also defined in Table 1 ) so were exempt from these requirements. 20 This remains the case for health institutions in Great Britain but those in the EU and Northern Ireland that wish to maintain an exemption will now need to satisfy the conditions given in EU MDR Article 5(5) (see Table 4 The above changes were transposed into the UK MDR 2019 and it was anticipated that they would be implemented when the UK left the Union but they now only apply applicable, the name and address of the authorised representative now need to be included (EU MDR Annex XIII [1] ) Custom-made device manufacturers were mandated to keep a copy of the statement that accompanies such devices for at least five years under the MDD. This has be included on the statement that accompanies custom-made dental devices is broadly as it was under the MDD, but there are additional requirements. As well as the name and address of the manufacturer, the name and address of any additional manufacturing sites and, where in the EU or Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, manufacturers in Great Britain are free to adopt these enhanced provisions and can manufacture their devices in accordance with the EU MDR until 30 June 2023. In addition, the requirement for manufacturers outside the EU who place medical devices on the EU market to appoint an authorised representative remains the same, but with additional obligations (EU MDR Article 11). This also applies to manufacturers outside Northern Ireland who place medical devices on the Northern Ireland market. Manufacturers outside Great Britain who place devices on the Great Britain market are required to appoint a UK responsible person (UK MDR 2002 regulation 60 [as amended by the UK MDR 2019]). As stated previously, in a typical dental setting, the role of manufacturer will be shared by the prescriber and constructor of the device. Table 5 provides a summary of the legislative obligations that relate to manufacturers of custom-made devices. 7. Will custom-made devices need to be registered with the new unique device identification system for medical devices? One of the most significant changes is the introduction of a unique device identification system for medical devices based on a Unique Device Identifier (UDI) (definition given in Table 1 ). The identification system aims to improve the traceability and post-market safety-related activities of medical devices, but does not apply to custom-made devices ( Table 6) . Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on medical devices 8 With the exception of the relevant general safety and performance requirements set out in Annex I, the requirements of this Regulation shall not apply to devices, manufactured and used only within health institutions established in the Union, provided that all of the following conditions are met: the devices are not transferred to another legal entity, (b) manufacture and use of the devices occur under appropriate quality management systems, (c) the health institution justifies in its documentation that the target patient group's specific needs cannot be met, or cannot be met at the appropriate level of performance by an equivalent device available on the market, (d) the health institution provides information upon request on the use of such devices to its competent authority, which shall include a justification of their manufacturing, modification and use, (e) the health institution draws up a declaration which it shall make publicly available, including: (i) the name and address of the manufacturing health institution; (ii) the details necessary to identify the devices; (iii) a declaration that the devices meet the general safety and performance requirements set out in Annex I to this Regulation and, where applicable, information on which requirements are not fully met with a reasoned justification therefor, (f) the health institution draws up documentation that makes it possible to have an understanding of the manufacturing facility, the manufacturing process, the design and performance data of the devices, including the intended purpose, and that is sufficiently detailed to enable the competent authority to ascertain that the general safety and performance requirements set out in Annex I to this Regulation are met; Before placing a device, other than a custom-made device, on the market, the manufacturer shall assign to the device and, if applicable, to all higher levels of packaging, a UDI created in compliance with the rules of the issuing entity designated by the Commission in accordance with paragraph 2. Before a device, other than a custom-made or investigational device, is placed on the market the manufacturer shall ensure that the information referred to in Part B of Annex VI of the device in question are correctly submitted and transferred to the UDI database referred to in Article 28. Devices, other than custom-made or investigational devices, considered to be in conformity with the requirements of this Regulation shall bear the CE marking of conformity. Contact lenses or other items intended to be introduced into or onto the eye. Products intended to be totally or partially introduced into the human body through surgically invasive means for the purpose of modifying the anatomy or fixation of body parts with the exception of tattooing products and piercings. Substances, combinations of substances, or items intended to be used for facial or other dermal or mucous membrane filling by subcutaneous, submucous or intradermal injection or other introduction, excluding those for tattooing. Equipment intended to be used to reduce, remove or destroy adipose tissue, such as equipment for liposuction, lipolysis or lipoplasty. High intensity electromagnetic radiation (eg infra-red, visible light and ultra-violet) emitting equipment intended for use on the human body, including coherent and non-coherent sources, monochromatic and broad spectrum, such as lasers and intense pulsed light equipment, for skin resurfacing, tattoo or hair removal or other skin treatment. Equipment intended for brain stimulation that apply electrical currents or magnetic or electromagnetic fields that penetrate the cranium to modify neuronal activity in the brain. (Table 7) . In Great Britain, the CE marking has been replaced by the UKCA marking. 23 9. Do custom-made devices require the intervention of a notified body? A notified body (also referred to as a UK-approved body in the UK) (defined in Table 1 ) assesses whether medical devices meet the legal requirements. 24 Under the new legislation, notified bodies have extended obligations and face greater supervision. However, custom-made devices do not require the intervention of a notified body. 19 10. Do tooth-whitening trays fall under the jurisdiction of the MDR? Tooth-whitening trays do not fall under the definition of a medical device (Table 1) . Unlike the MDD, the EU MDR regulates devices that are similar to medical devices in terms of their function and risk level, but do not have an intended medical purpose. EU MDR Annex XVI lists the products without an intended medical purpose (Table 8 ), but tooth-whitening trays do not fall under this category either so they continue to be outside the jurisdiction of the EU MDR. The regulations that govern medical devices in the UK and the EU have recently undergone a period of transition, which became more complex due to the UK's departure from the EU and the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper answers some important questions for dental professionals who provide custom-made devices but is not a substitute for reading the legislation itself. on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to active implantable medical devices Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices amending Council Directive 90/385/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to active implantable medical devices, Council Directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices and Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market Statutory Instruments. 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Regulating medical devices in the UK. 2020 General Dental Council. Scope of practice Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Custom-made devices in Great Britain In-house manufacture of medical devices in Great Britain Medical devices -Quality management systems -Requirements for regulatory purposes Medical devices -Application of risk management to medical devices Using the UKCA marking Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Approved bodies for medical devices This article is based on a paper that was originally published as Medical device legislation for custom-made devices after the UK has left the EU: answers to ten important questions in the BDJ on 22