key: cord-0073626-vrzlrpke
authors: Sabir, Zulqurnain; Raja, Muhammad Asif Zahoor; Guerrero Sánchez, Yolanda
title: Solving an Infectious Disease Model considering Its Anatomical Variables with Stochastic Numerical Procedures
date: 2022-01-07
journal: J Healthc Eng
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3774123
sha: 7257dc3b77333bb128bdc224266b9f59b1b067b6
doc_id: 73626
cord_uid: vrzlrpke

The aim of the current work is to perform the numerical investigation of the infectious disease based on the nonlinear fractional order prey-predator model using the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (LMB) based on the artificial neuron networks (ANNs), i.e., LMBNNs. The fractional prey-predator model is classified into three categories, the densities of the susceptible, infected prey, and predator populations. The statistics proportions for solving three different variations of the infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator model are designated for training 80% and 10% for both validation and testing. The numerical actions are performed using the LMBNNs to solve the infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator model, and comparison is performed using the database Adams–Bashforth–Moulton approach. The infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator model is solved using the LMBNNs to reduce the mean square error (M.S.E). In order to validate the exactness, capability, consistency, and competence of the proposed LMBNNs, the numerical procedures using the correlation, M.S.E, regression, and error histograms are drawn.

Infectious diseases occur when some viruses, fungi, germs, and parasites enter into the human body. ese forms are diffused through infection from one to another human, contaminated food, animals, or contact to any of the ecological factors that are polluted with any type of these bodies. Every infection-based disease has its own symptoms, types, and severity. A few common symptoms of these infections in the body include pain, flu, cough, and fever [1, 2] . Some of the infections have minor symptoms that do not need any cure or treatment. Alternatively, there are various serious deathly cases that may disturb the population equilibrium of numerous classes in the atmosphere. For the last few years, mathematical systems are used to predict the species evolution. It initiated from the Lotka and Volterra systems [3, 4] , where their expediency in evading several worst situations for many species as death was evidenced. Currently, researchers apply this tool to reveal the consequence of a certain policy used by some of the governments to handle few species that can be measured as a significant device to preserve each kind. e ecological systems are more complex for any type of infection, which can affect the growth of few classes, as a personification. In this study, a predator-prey collaboration is considered.

is contagion may distress the predator strength and the hunting competence that takes few of the predators in the position of death. In the previous studies, numerous investigations have examined the predator-prey interactions in the occurrence of transmittable viruses; see, for instance, [5, 6] where predator-prey models are treated with an analytical approach, while in [7] [8] [9] , these models have a numerical analysis. As an alternative, there are various approaches, which reflect the predators to accomplish an effective hunt. e hunting collaboration is one of the operating policies of the predator, where numerous predators work to hunt some prey. is scheme is valuable to reduce the rate of hunting, and a number of hunters behave in this technique. e high rate of efficiency is seen in hunting lions, wild dogs, and hyenas. e mathematical system of this precise predator behavior was modeled and presented for the first time in [10] , in which a simple model was applied to describe a cooperation. So far, there have been a few studies of the predator-prey interaction behavior presented in these references: in [11] , the hunting effect is considered, in [12] , the cooperation effect is considered, in [13] , hunting and cooperation effects are considerd at the same time, and finally, in [14] , hunting and cooperation effects are considered jointly with the Alle effect. erefore, it has investigated the effects of a transmittable virus in the predator-prey communication along with the occurrence of the collaboration of predator hunting.

A three-species system is considered an infection in a prey population, which is categorized into two classes, the infected and susceptible prey. It is found that the derivative forms of time fractional have widespread applications to describe various forms of actual conditions that are recognized by the memory outcomes of a dynamical form. e memory rate is known as the derivative order, and the function of memory is called the fractional-order derivative. e time-fractional derivative is implemented to model the phenomena of various real-world problems [15, 16] . e nonlinear fractional-order prey-predator model has three classes, mathematically written as follows [17] :

where S(τ) and I(τ) are the densities of the susceptible and infected prey, while P(τ) shows the densities of predator populations. e term e signifies the rate of conversion of prey into predator biomass (susceptible or infected). e parameter r represents the prey population's reproduction number, and it is supposed that this infection does not convey vertically. It can also be defined as mother-child, where the predator is not diseased by this virus after a direct interaction with the diseased prey. e rate of transmission of the prey population, i.e., infection rate, is represented by δ. e functional form (aP(τ) + λ)P(τ)S(τ) and (aP(τ) + λ)P(τ)I(τ) are the hunting cooperation values [10] . e death rate of the population of the prey is μ, which represents the natural mortality rate of the predator's population. e initial conditions are k 1 , k 2 , and k 3 , respectively.

e aim of the current work is to perform the numerical investigation of the infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator model using the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation (LMB) based on the artificial neuron networks (ANNs), i.e., LMBNNs. e LMBNNs are applied on three different variants of authentication, testing, training, and sample information. e statistics proportions for solving three different variations of the infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator model are designated for training 80% and 10% for both validation and testing. e numerical results are performed using the LMBNNs to solve the infectious disease based on the fractional preypredator model, and comparison is performed using the database Adams-Bashforth-Moulton approach. Recently, the stochastic computing solvers are applied based on the heuristic and swarming techniques in frequently reported articles of utmost significance [18] [19] [20] [21] . However, the infectious disease spread systems governed with the fractional prey-predator model have never implemented to study its solution dynamics by using the competency of LMBNNs' computing paradigm. A few novel features and contribution of the current investigations are provided in brief as follows:

(i) e design of stochastic computing solvers LMBNNs is presented for the first time to solve the infectious disease spread systems governed with the fractional prey-predator model (ii) e designed procedures of LMBNNs have been implemented effectively to study the behavior of different scenarios of the fractional prey-predator model, and comparative studies are found in decent resemblance with the state-of-the-art Adams-Bashforth-Moulton numerical approach for solving fractional differential equations (iii) e convergence performances on iterative updated of MSE, negligible absolute error (AE) from standard outcomes, correlation/regression index, and error histograms (EHs) further authenticate the efficacy of the designed LMBNN computing platform for fractional prey-predator models e paper is organized as follows: Section 2 shows the methodology based on LMBNNs. Section 3 presents the numerical outcomes through LMBNNs to solve the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator model. e final comments are reported in Section 4.

In this section, the proposed methodology of LMBNNs is presented for the infectious disease based on the fractionalorder nonlinear prey-predator system. e methodology is categorized in two steps. e necessary trials of the stochastic-based LMBNNs are provided, and the execution process of the stochastic computing scheme is given to solve the infectious disease based on the nonlinear fractionalorder prey-predator model.

A suitable optimization procedure-based proposed LMBNN is plotted in Figure 1 together with the outcomes and analysis of the results, while for a single neuron, the designed procedure is given in Figure 2 .

e stochastic computing-based procedures are executed using the "nftool" (MATLAB build-in command in the neural networks toolbox). e dataset for the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator system is designated for training 80% and 10% for both validation and testing in LMBNN operations.

e current section shows the numerical procedures of the infectious disease based on the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator system by applying the proposed computing stochastic LMBNNs. e literature parameter forms to solve the infectious disease based on the nonlinear fractionalorder prey-predator model are r � 1.5, λ � 0.5, a � 0.5, δ � 0.5, μ � 0.5, e � 0.5, m � 0.5, k 1 � 0.2, k 2 � 0.7, and k 3 � 0.6. ree cases using the variations of fractional-order derivative, i.e., α � 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, are provided to solve the infectious disease based on the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator system. e inclusive results have been performed for each category of the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator system which are in between [0, 1] with 0.01 step size. Ten numbers of neurons throughout this numerical study have been taken, and the data are designated for training 80% and 10% for both validation and testing. e achieved numerical values using the LMBNNs to solve the infectious disease based on the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator system are drawn in Figure 3 . e representations based on the LMBNNs to solve the infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator system are given in e testing, verification, and training plots designate the exactness of the LMBNNs to solve the infectious disease based on the fractional prey-predator model. In addition, the convergence performances through M.S.E based on the epochs, training, complexity, testing, backpropagation performances, and verification are provided in Table 1 to solve the infectious disease based on the nonlinear fractional prey-predator model. e comparative performances and the AE values are illustrated in Figures 9 and 10 for the fractional preypredator model. e outcomes for each category of the fractional prey-predator system presented using the stochastic LMBNNs are given in Figures 9(a)-9(c) ). e matching of the obtained and reference solutions for each Journal of Healthcare Engineering category of the infectious disease is perceived based on the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator model. ese outcomes matching represent the accurateness of the stochastic LMBNNs for each category of the infectious disease based on the fractional order nonlinear prey-predator system, e AE measures for each category of the infectious disease based on the fractional-order nonlinear prey-predator system are plotted in Figures 10(a)-10(c) ). e AE for S(τ) based on the fractional-order nonlinear preypredator system is calculated around 10 − 04 to 10 − 06 for case 1 and 3, while the AE is calculated 10 − 05 to 10 − 06 for case 3. e AE for I(τ) based on the fractional-order nonlinear preypredator model is calculated around 10 − 04 to 10 − 07 for case 1, 10 − 05 to 10 − 09 for case 2, and 10 − 05 to 10 − 07 for case 3. e AE for P(τ) based on the fractional-order nonlinear preypredator model is calculated around 10 − 05 to 10 − 08 for case each case of the nonlinear system.

In these investigations, the solutions of an infectious virus based on the nonlinear fractional prey-predator system are numerically presented by using the stochastic procedures based on the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation along with artificial neural networks. ese stochastic-based procedures LMBNNs are provided to solve three cases by taking different values of the fractional order. e numerical solutions have been performed using the sample data, testing, training, and authentication. e data proportions to solve the nonlinear fractional prey-predator model are designated for training 80% and 10% for both validation and testing. e numerical results of the infectious disease based on the nonlinear fractional prey-predator model are achieved using the LMBNNs, and comparison is performed using the database Adams-Bashforth-Moulton approach. e solutions of the fractional-order nonlinear model are obtained through the LMBNNs in order to reduce the M.S.E. To indorse the exactness, capability, dependability, and competence of the proposed LMBNNs, the numerical procedures are provided using the M.S.E, correlation, EHS, and regression. e matching of the results designates the precision of the designed scheme, and the values of the AE in good ranges for each case of the infectious disease based on the nonlinear fractional prey-predator model show the effectiveness of the scheme.

In future, the procedures based on the LMBNNs are applied to get the outcomes of the fractional-order systems and Lonngren-wave systems [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . Additionally, one may exploit the Bayesian regularization method-based neural networks for solving different scenarios of the fractional prey-predator model for better outcomes in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

No data were used to support this study.

All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. 

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All authors have worked in an equal way to develop this work. Prof. Sabir and Raja have developed the mathematical part, and Prof. Guerrero has led the medical modeling.