key: cord-0066266-0akmx5vl
authors: Rizzo, Manfredi; Nauck, Michael A.; Mantzoros, Christos S.
title: Incretin-based therapies in 2021 – current status and perspectives for the future
date: 2021-07-30
journal: Metabolism
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154843
sha: 853a7c6986be84985cfd112552dcd667d6d8629e
doc_id: 66266
cord_uid: 0akmx5vl

nan

It has generally been accepted that diabetes increases significantly morbidity and mortality but during the current pandemic diabetes has attracted particular attention since its presence has been associated with the most severe forms of COVID-19 and related mortality [1, 2] . It's therefore of crucial importance to keep diabetic patients under proper management not only to control short term complications and to prevent liver and cardio-renal-metabolic complications, but also to reduce the risk of a potentially severe course and limit adverse outcomes due to COVID-19 [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Several authors have emphasized the importance of novel anti-diabetic agents during this pandemic, such as incretin-based therapies, for patients with type-2 diabetes (T2DM) [8] [9] [10] . Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4)-inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) have the ability to support near-normoglycemic glucose control without increasing the risk for hypoglycemic episodes and most of GLP1-RAs have demonstrated significant cardio-renal benefits that help the prevention of such complications and prolonging patients' healthy lives [11, 12] .

This editorial is part of the special issue entitled "The role of incretin hormones and incretin-based glucose-lowering medications", containing ten publications from distinguished international experts in the field, and edited by the authors of the present article. Firstly, JJ Holst reviewed available evidence on the role of GIP and GLP-1 in the incretin system in healthy humans, concluding that both hormones act to improve glucose tolerance and that their effects are additive: GIP seems to be quantitatively the most important, particularly regarding insulin secretion, while GLP-1 action seems to be mainly displayed via inhibition of glucagon secretion [13] . suggest with respect to GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors [22] .

Commentary: COVID-19 in patients with diabetes

Diabetes and the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Insights from Recent Experience Might Guide Future Management

COVID-19 in people living with diabetes: An international consensus

Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Issues for the management of people with diabetes and COVID-19 in ICU

Management of patients with diabetes and obesity in the COVID-19 era: Experiences and learnings from South and East Europe, the Middle East, and Africa

Diabetes and COVID-19: IDF perspective in the Western Pacific region

Commentary: COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: What we know, how our patients should be treated now, and what should happen next

COVID-19 and diabetes management: What should be considered?

Incretin-based therapies: where will we be 50 years from now?

Incretin-Based Therapies Role in COVID-19 Era: Evolving Insights

The incretin system in healthy humans: The role of GIP and GLP-1

Of mice and men: incretin actions in the central nervous system

The rollercoaster history of using physiological and pharmacological properties of incretin hormones to develop diabetes medications with a convincing benefit-risk relationship

Initial injectable therapy in type 2 diabetes: Key considerations when choosing between glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and insulin

The efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors compared to other oral glucose-lowering medications in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Cardiovascular outcomes trials with incretin-based medications: a critical review of data available on GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors

Will medications that mimic gut hormones or target their receptors eventually replace bariatric surgery?

Use of incretin-based medications: what do current international recommendations suggest with respect to GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors?

CAPTURE: a cross-sectional study of the contemporary (2019) prevalence of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes across 13 countries. Poster presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes

Adoption of the ADA/EASD guidelines in 10

Eastern and Southern European countries: Physician survey and good clinical practice recommendations from an international expert panel

Liraglutide Reduces Carotid Intima-Media Thickness by Reducing Small Dense Low-Density Lipoproteins in a Real-World Setting of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Novel Anti-Atherogenic Effect

The GLP-1 Analogs Liraglutide and Semaglutide Reduce Atherosclerosis in ApoE

Cardiovascular Safety and Benefits of Semaglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)

Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial

Filling the gap between Guidelines and Real World in the cardiovascular approach to the diabetic patients: the need for a call to action

Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials

ELIXA Investigators. Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome