key: cord-0062139-ukqt0qls
authors: nan
title: Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 Patients (Tentative 8th Edition)
date: 2021-04-20
journal: nan
DOI: 10.1097/01.id9.0000733564.21786.b0
sha: 4066cdbc9c94096e4f6f0ad5818e3b0518b06c73
doc_id: 62139
cord_uid: ukqt0qls

nan

The source of infection is mainly patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as asymptomatic infection. Patients are infectious during the incubation period and are highly infectious within 5 days after the onset of disease.

SARS-CoV-2 is spread mainly through droplets and close contacts. Contact with items contaminated by the virus can also cause infection.

Prolonged exposure to high-concentration aerosols in a relatively closed environment may spread the virus through aerosols.

Since SARS-CoV-2 can be isolated in feces and urine, attention should be paid to contact or aerosol transmission in an environment contaminated by the virus.

Everyone is susceptible to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). After infection or vaccination, one can develop some immunity, with unknown duration.

The following are pathological changes in major organs caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the testing results (excluding underlying diseases):

The lungs can show consolidation in varying degrees, which is mainly manifested by diffuse alveolar damage and exudative alveolitis. The lung lesions in different regions are complex and varied, and the old and new lesions are interlaced.

Serous and fibrinous exudates, in addition to formation of hyaline membrane can be found in the alveoli; the exudatives contain mainly mononuclear and macrophages, and occasionally multinucleated giant cells. Proliferation of type II alveolar epithelial cells can be observed, with shedding of some cells. Inclusion bodies are occasionally found in type II alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. Congestion, edema, and mononuclear and lymphocyte infiltration can be seen in the alveolar septum. A few alveoli are over-inflated, with breaks of the alveolar septum or formation of cystic cavity. Part of the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa in the lungs sheds and exudates, and mucus are detected in the cavity. Mucus plug can be seen in the small bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary vasculitis, thrombosis (mixed thrombus, hyaline thrombus), thromboembolism, focal hemorrhage, and hemorrhagic infarction can be observed in the lungs, as well as bacterial and/or fungal infections. In the case of a longer course of disease, the organization of alveolar exudate (sarcoidosis) and pulmonary fibrosis can be seen.

Under electron microscope, coronavirus particles are found in the cytoplasm of bronchial mucosa epithelium and type II alveolar epithelial cells. The antigen of the novel coronavirus can be detected by immunohistochemical staining, as well as the nucleic acid by means of PCR, in some bronchial epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and macrophages.

The splenic volume is reduced, with atrophy of white pulp, decreased lymphocytes, and necrosis of some cells. Hyperemia of red pulp, focal hemorrhage, and proliferation of macrophages, accompanied by phagocytosis, can be seen in the spleen. Anemic infarction can also occur in the spleen. Lymphocyte count is reduced in lymph nodes, together with necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining shows reduced CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in both the spleen and lymph nodes. Nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 may be present in lymph nodes, while the antigen can be detected by immunostaining in macrophages. Increased and decreased hematopoietic cells may be seen in bone marrow, with increased granulocyte-to-erythrocyte ratio. Hemophagocytosis is occasionally seen.

Degeneration, necrosis, interstitial congestion, and edema can be found in some cardiomyocetes, with infiltration of few monocytes, lymphocytes, and/or neutrophils. Occasionally, the nucleic acid test is positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Shedding of endothelial cells, and inflammation of intima or full-thickness can be observed in small blood vessels throughout the body. Mixed thrombosis, thromboembolism, and infarction in corresponding sections can be found in blood vessels. Visible thrombosis can be seen in the microvasculatures of the major organs.

Degeneration and focal necrosis of hepatocytes, with neutrophil infiltration, can be seen, as well as liver sinusoid congestion, lymphocyte, and monocyte infiltration in the portal area, and microthrombosis. The gallbladder is fully expanded. Nucleic acid for SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the liver and gallbladder.

There are congestions of glomerular capillaries, and segmental fibrinoid necrosis, with proteineous exudates in Bowman's space. Degeneration of the epithelium of the proximal renal tubules can be observed, with some necrosis and shedding. Casts are seen in the distal renal tubules. There are congestion of renal interstitium, with microthrombosis. Nucleic acid test is occasionally positive for SARS-CoV-2 in kidney tissues.

Congestion and edema can be seen, with degeneration, ischemic changes and loss of some neurons, and occasional phagocytic phenomenon. There is infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes in the perivascular space. Focal necrosis of adrenal gland can also be found. The epithelium of the esophagus, stomach, and intestinal mucosa shows degeneration, necrosis, and shedding to varying degrees, with infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes in the lamina propria and submucosa, respectively. Adrenal cortex cells exhibit degeneration, focal hemorrhage, and necrosis. In the testes, the number of spermatogenic cells decreases in varying degrees, with degeneration of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.

SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the nasopharynx, gastrointestinal mucosa, testes, salivary glands, and other organs.

The incubation period is 1-14 days, mostly 3-7 days. Main manifestations are fever, dry cough, and fatigue. Anosmia and/or ageusia may be presenting symptoms in some patients. A few patients have symptoms such as nasal congestion, running nose, sore throat, conjunctivitis, myalgia, and diarrhea. Severe patients often develop dyspnea and/or hypoxemia one week after the onset of the disease. In critical cases, symptoms can quickly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, refractory metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, and multiple organ failure. A very small number of patients may also have central nervous system involvement and peripheral ischemic necrosis. Severe and critically ill patients may have moderate-to-low-grade fever, or even no fever, during the course of the illness.

Mild patients can be characterized by low fever, mild fatigue, anosmia, and ageusia. No pneumonia is present. Few patients may remain asymptomatic after novel coronavirus infection.

Most patients have a good prognosis, with a few patients becoming critically ill, mainly in elderly patients, patients with chronic underlying diseases, women in late pregnancy or perinatal period, and obese patients.

Symptoms in children are relatively mild. Some children and newborns have atypical symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Some children just exhibit poor response and shortness of breath. Very few children may develop multiple system inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), which often occurs in the recovery phase, with symptoms similar to Kawasaki disease or atypical Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, or macrophage activation syndrome. Clinical manifestations may include fever with rash, non-purulent conjunctivitis, mucosal inflammation, hypotension or shock, coagulopathy, and acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Once MIS-C occurs, the condition can deteriorate rapidly.

In the early stage of COVID-19, white cell count is often normal or decreased, while lymphocyte count is decreased. Some patients may have increased levels of liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, muscle enzymes, myoglobin, troponin, and ferritin. Creactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is elevated in most patients, whereas procalcitonin is normal. Increased D-dimer level can be seen in severe and critically ill www.idi-cma.org patients, together with progressive decrease in lymphocyte count, and increased inflammatory cytokines.

The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, and other specimens of lower respiratory tract, blood, feces, and urine, by means of real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or next generation sequencing. More accurate results can be obtained with specimens from the lower respiratory tract (sputum or tracheal aspirates). The accuracy of nucleic acid tests may be affected by multiple factors, such as the course of the illness, sampling, testing, and test kits. In order to improve sensitivity, the sampling procedure should be standardized, and specimens should be sent for testing as soon as possible after collection.

The seroconversion rate within 1 week after disease onset remains very low, with regards to SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM antibody and IgG antibody.

False-positive results of serology tests may be related to the test (cutoff value), the patient (presence of interfering substances, e.g., rheumatoid factor, heterophilic antibody, complement, lysozyme, etc.), or specimen preparation (hemolysis, bacterial contamination, excessive storage time, and incomplete coagulation). Serology tests cannot be used alone; they should be considered in the context of epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, and underlying diseases, in order to confirm the diagnosis.

The following patients can be diagnosed through serology tests: (1) patients who are clinically suspected of COVID-19 but have a negative nucleic acid test, and (2) patients who are in the recovery phase and have a negative nucleic acid test.

In the early stage of COVID-19, multiple small patchy shadows and interstitial changes are seen, mainly in periphery lungs. This may progress into bilateral multiple ground glass opacities and infiltrations. In severe cases, consolidation may occur, but pleural effusion is rare. In MIS-C, patients with cardiac insufficiency can show enlarged heart silhouette and pulmonary edema. 

Suspected cases who meet any of the following criteria:

(1) RT-PCR test positive for SARS-CoV-2;

(2) gene sequencing of the virus highly homologous to the known sequence of SARS-CoV-2;

(3) positive tests for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG antibodies; and (4) seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody, or four-fold increase in IgG antibody titer in convalescent plasma than that in the acute phase.

The clinical symptoms are mild, and there is no evidence of pneumonia in chest radiology.

Patients have fever and respiratory symptoms. Chest radiology suggests pneumonia.

Adult patients meeting any of the following:

(1) shortness of breath, respiratory rate (RR) ≥ 30 breaths/min; (2) SpO 2 93% on room air in resting status;

(3) PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio 300 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa);

In areas with high altitude (more than 1000 meters above sea level), PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio should be adjusted according to the following formula:

PaO 2 =FiO 2 Â ½760=atmospheric pressure ðmmHgÞ:

(4) rapid progression of clinical symptoms, with > 50% progression within 24-48 h in the lung lesions in chest radiology.

Children meeting any of the following:

(1) high fever lasting > 3 days;

(2) shortness of breath (< 2 months, RR ≥ 60 breaths/min; 2-12 months, RR ≥ 50 breaths/min; 1-5 years, RR ≥ 40 breaths/ min; > 5 years, RR ≥ 30 breaths/min) independent of fever and crying;

(3) SpO 2 93% on room air in resting status; (4) respiratory distress (nostril flapping and infrasternal, supraclavicular, and intercostals retraction);

(5) drowsiness, convulsions; and (6) feeding difficulties with signs of dehydration.

Meeting one of the following conditions:

(1) severe respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, (2) Deterioration of tissue oxygenation or progressive hyperlactatemia.

(3) Rapid decrease in lymphocyte count or steady increase in inflammatory markers such as IL-6, CRP, and ferritin.

(4) Significant increase of D-dimer and other related indexes of coagulation function.

(5) Chest imaging showing rapid progression of lung lesions.

(1) Tachypnea (2) Poor mental response and lethargy (3) Progressive hyperlactatemia (4) Significant increase of inflammatory markers such as CRP, 1.2 Critical cases should be admitted to ICU as soon as possible.

2.1 Patients are advised to have bed rest and to enforce supportive treatment to ensure adequate calorie intake. Any water and electrolyte disorder should be corrected to maintain homeostasis. Vital signs, including pulse oximetry, should be closely monitored.

2.2 Routine laboratory tests include complete blood cells, urinalysis, CRP, blood chemistry (liver enzymes, cardiac enzymes, and kidney function), coagulation test, arterial blood gas analysis, and chest imaging. Serum levels of cytokines can be measured if available.

2.3 Oxygen therapy should be provided in severe and critical cases, including nasal cannula, face mask, and high flow nasal oxygen therapy. Inhalation of mixed H 2 /O 2 (66.6%/33.3%) may be considered if available.

2.4 Avoid abuse or misuse of antibiotics and be cautious about combination therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Although many clinical trials have been conducted under emergency situation, no anti-viral drugs have been proved to be effective in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. However, observational studies suggest potential benefit of some anti-viral agents. The current consensus is that anti-viral agents with potential efficacy should be used early in the course of the disease, especially in those who are at risk of becoming critically ill.

Monotherapy with lopinavir/ritonavir or ribavirin is not recommended. It is recommended against the use of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin. The following antiviral agents can be used, the efficacy of which remains to be proved.

(1) Alpha-interferon: adults: 5 million units (or equivalent dose) in 2 ml sterile water for inhalation, bid. The course of treatment is up to 10 days.

(2) Ribavirin: Adults: 500 mg iv bid or tid, with treatment duration up to 10 days. Combination therapy with interferon (dose as above) or lopinavir/ritonavir (adults: 400 mg/100 mg, bid) is recommended.

(3) Chloroquine phosphate: indicated for adults aged 18-65 years. Body weight > 50 kg: 500 mg bid for 7 days; body weight < 50 kg: 500 mg bid on day 1 and 2, followed by 500 mg qd on days 3-7.

(4) Abidol: adults: 200 mg tid for up to 10 days.

Be cautious about any adverse effects, contraindications, and drug-drug interactions. It is recommended against combination therapy with three or more anti-viral agents. Any anti-viral agents should be discontinued if intolerable. For pregnant or postpartum women, anti-viral agents with minimal effects on fetus should be used, with the consideration of whether to terminate the pregnancy before treatment. Informed consent must be obtained. 4.2 COVID-19-specific human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG): indicated in moderate and severe cases with rapid progression. The recommended dose is 20 ml for moderate cases, and 40 ml for severe cases. Based on clinical response, COVID-19-specific human IVIG can be administered every other day, up to five treatments. 4.3 Tocilizumab: indicated in patients with extensive lung disease and severe cases with elevated IL-6 levels. Recommended dose 4-8 mg/kg, or 400 mg in 100 ml normal saline iv over 1 h. For non-responders, the same dose can be repeated 12 h after the first dose. Patients should not be treated with more than two doses, with maximum dose no more than 800 mg. Allergic reactions must be monitored. Contraindicated in patients with active infections, such as tuberculosis.

For patients with progressive hypoxemia, rapid progression of chest imagins, and hyperinflammatory response, short-term (3-5 days, no more than 10 days) glucocorticoids should be considered, with recommended daily dose as 0.5-1 mg/kg methylprednisolone equivalent. Of note is that higher dose of glucocorticoids may delay viral clearance due to immunosuppression.

6. Treatment of severe and critical cases 6.1. Principle Apart from the abovementioned treatment, principle of treatment should include treatment of underlying disease, prevention of complications including secondary infections, and life-sustaining treatments.

6.2. Respiratory support 6.2.1. Oxygen therapy with nasal cannula or face mask Severe patients with PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio < 300 mmHg should receive oxygen therapy with nasal cannula or face mask immediately, under close monitoring for 1-2 h. For those without improvement in respiratory distress and/or hypoxemia, high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be used.

Patients with PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio < 200 mmHg should be treated with HFNC or NIV. Prone positioning for > 12 h per day should be performed in patients treated with HFNC or NIV, if not contraindicated.

Some patients have a high risk of treatment failure with HFNC or NIV, and they should be closely monitored for any deterioration of symptoms and signs. If the patient does not improve after a short trial (1-2 h), as suggested by refractory hypoxemia, tachypnea, or excessive tidal volume or inspiratory effort, especially after prone positioning, this usually indicates treatment failure with HFNC or NIV, and invasive mechanical ventilation should not be delayed.

Intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation should not be delayed in patients with PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio < 150 mmHg. However, due to the atypical presentation of hypoxemia in patients with severe COVID-19, indication for endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation should be based on integral assessment of clinical manifestation and organ function, rather than PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio alone. Of note is that delayed intubation may cause more harm in selected patients.

Early and appropriate treatment with invasive mechanical ventilation treatment is crucial in the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Lung protective mechanical ventilation strategy is the cornerstone. Recruitment maneuver should be considered in patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, or when FiO 2 > 0.5. In selected COVID-19 patients with low recruitability, high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) may lead to barotrauma and should be avoided.

Active heating humidifier is recommended, with heating wires in ventilator circuit if available, to ensure airway humidification. Closed suction is recommended to minimize the risk of aerosol transmission, while suctioning under bronchoscopy may be necessary. Vibration expectoration, high-frequency thoracic oscillation, and postural drainage is recommended to maintain airway patency. Passive and active mobilization are encouraged, if tolerated, to promote sputum drainage and pulmonary rehabilitation.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is indicated if patients meet any of the following criteria, despite optimal settings of mechanical ventilation (FiO 2 ≥ 0.8, tidal volume of 6 ml/kg ideal body weight, PEEP ≥ 5 cmH 2 O, with no contraindications), and prone ventilation:

PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio < 50 mmHg over 3 h; PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio < 80 mmHg over 6 h; pH < 7.25 and PaCO 2 > 60 mmHg over 6 h, and RR > 35 breaths/min; RR > 35 breaths/min, pH < 7.2 and plateau pressure > 30 cmH 2 O; presence of cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. Critically ill patients who meet the above indications for ECMO and have no contraindications should receive ECMO as soon as possible. Delayed ECMO is associated with poor prognosis.

Mode of ECMO: Venous-venous ECMO is most commonly used in patients requiring respiratory support only; venousarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) is indicated in patients requiring both respiratory and circulatory support. In patients with ischemia in the head and upper extremities during VA-ECMO treatment, veno-arterial-venous EMCO should be used. Lung protective ventilation strategy is crucial even in patients treated with ECMO. Recommended initial settings include tidal volume < 4-6 ml/kg ideal body weight, plateau pressure 25 cmH 2 O, driving pressure < 15 cmH 2 O, PEEP 5-15 cmH 2 O, RR 4-10 breaths/min, and FiO 2 < 0.5. Prone positioning should be performed in patients with refractory hypoxemia, excessive inspiratory effort, bilateral consolidation in dependent regions, and needs for drainage of airway secretions.

Children with severe COVID-19 should be treated more aggressively with oxygen therapy and lung protection ventilation strategy, due to vulnerability to hypoxia and compromised cardiopulmonary reserve. Recruitment maneuver is not recommended.

Critically ill patients with COVID-19 can be complicated with shock. In these patients, vasoactive agents should be administered after adequate fluid resuscitation. Vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, and urine output, should be closely monitored, in addition to lactate and base excess. Hemodynamic monitoring may be necessary to guide fluid therapy and titration of vasoactive agents, in order to improve tissue perfusion.

Severe or critically ill patients are at high risk of thromboembolism. For those who have elevated D-dimer level and no contraindications to anticoagulation, prophylactic anticoagulation should be used. In cases of thromboembolism, patients should be receiving anticoagulation therapy according to practice guidelines.

In critically ill patients who develop acute kidney injury, any specific etiology (such as hypoperfusion and pharmacologic nephrotoxicity) should be sought and corrected accordingly. Water, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders should be corrected. Indications for continuous renal replacement therapy include (1) hyperkalemia, (2) severe acidosis, and (3) pulmonary edema or fluid overload refractory to diuretics.

Blood purification, including plasmapheresis, plasma absorption, hemoperfusion, blood/plasma ultrafiltration, may alleviate organ injury caused by cytokine storm by removal of inflammatory cytokines. It may be used in severe and critically ill patients with cytokine storms.

The patients should be treated under multidisciplinary approach, with early anti-inflammatory therapy, reversal of shock and coagulopathy, life-sustaining treatment, and anti-infective agents if necessary. For those with typical or atypical manifestations of Kawasaki disease, standard treatment for Kawasaki disease should be used with IVIG, glucocorticoids, and oral aspirin.

Other treatment includes the use of Xuebijing injection, and probiotics to restore to gut microecology and to prevent secondary bacterial infections. For children with severe or critical COVID-19, IVIG can also be used.

Pregnancy should be terminated in patients with severe or critical COVID-19, preferably by caesarean section.

Psychological consultation is important as these patients often have anxiety and fear, and pharmacological therapy may be necessary. 

Scope of application: It is suitable for light, moderate, and severe patients, and can be used reasonably in combination with the actual situation of patients in the treatment of critically ill patients.

Prescription composition: Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 9 g, Zhi Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) 6 g, Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen) 9 g, Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum fibrosum) (decocted first) 15-30 g, Gui Zhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus) 9 g, Ze Xie (Alismatis Rhizoma) 9 g, Zhu Ling (Polyporus) 9 g, Bai Zhu (Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma) 9 g, Fu Ling (Poria) 15 g, Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) 16 g, Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) 6 g, Jiang Ban Xia (Pinellinae Rhizoma Praeparatum) 9 g, Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma recens) 9 g, Zi Wan (Asteris Radix) 9 g, Kuan Dong Hua (Farfarae Flos) 9 g, She Gan (Belamcandae Rhizoma) 9 g, Xi Xin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma) 6 g, Shan Yao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma) 12 g, Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus immaturus) 6 g, Chen Pi (Citri reticulatae Pericarpium) 6 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 9 g.

Suggested use: TCM decoction pieces for decocting in water. One dose daily with half of the dose taken in the morning and half in the evening (40 min after meal) with warm water. Three days make a course of treatment.

If conditions permit, the patient can take half a bowl of rice soup each time after taking the medicine, and can take up to one bowl if the patient has a dry tongue and is deficient in bodily fluids. (Note: If the patient does not have a fever, the amount of gypsum should be little. If having a fever or high fever, the amount of gypsum can be increased). If the symptoms improve but do not fully recover, then take the second course of treatment. If the patient has special conditions or other underlying diseases, the prescription of the second course of treatment can be modified based on the actual situation and the medicine should be discontinued when the symptoms disappear. 

Early rehabilitation targeting respiratory function, physical function, and psychological disorders should be started as soon as possible, to restore physical fitness and immunity.

Basic nursing care should be tailored based on the assessment of the patient's condition. In patients with severe COVID-19, the vital signs (especially mental status and pulse oxymetry) should be closely monitored. In critically ill patients, continuous monitoring of cardiopulmonary function is necessary, including hourly heart rate, RR, blood pressure, and SpO 2 , in addition to body temperature every 4 h. Venous access should be secured and patent. Postural changes should be scheduled in bedridden patients to prevent pressure sores. Protocols of nursing care should be available in patients receiving NIV, invasive mechanical ventilation, prone positioning, sedatives/analgesics, and ECMO, as well as in patients with artificial airway. Special attention is needed for oral care and fluid balance. Prevention of aspiration is important in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Psychological care may be of help based on careful assessment.

XIII. Discharge criteria and precautions after discharge

Those who meet all the following criteria can be discharged:

(1) normalization of body temperature for > 3 days, (2) significant improvement in respiratory symptoms, (3) significant improvement in lung infiltrates in chest imaging, and (4) two consecutive respiratory tract samples (at least 24 h apart) negative for nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2.

For patients who meet discharge criteria 1 -3, but with persistent positive test of nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 for more than 4 weeks, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the infectivity through methods antibody test, and viral culture, before hospital discharge.

(1) Designated hospitals and local healthcare facilities should develop an infrastructure of mutual communication, to share medical records and relevant information of discharged patients.

(2) Discharged patients are recommended to continue home quarantine for 14 days, in addition to monitoring of health status. Discharged patients are advised to wear face mask, living in single room with adequate ventilation if available. Hand hygiene is important, and unnecessary public activities and close contact with family and others should be avoided.

(3) It is recommended to complete follow-up visits after 2 and 4 weeks since hospital discharge.

Healthcare providers are required to follow the Work Plan for the Transfer of Pneumonia Cases Infected by the Novel Coronavirus (Trial) issued by the National Health Commission.

Medical institutions shall strictly follow the requirements of the Technical Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Health Care Settings (First Edition) issued by the National Health Commission and the Guidelines for the Use of Common Medical Protective Products in the Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial).

People are encouraged to maintain good personal and environmental hygiene. Nutrition should be balanced, and exercise customized to personal needs to ensure adequate rest and to avoid fatigue. The importance of social distancing, hand hygiene, and wearing face mask should be emphasized. People should cover their mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing. Adequate ventilation of the room needs to be maintained. People must go to fever clinics in case of respiratory symptoms. Those with recent travel history to high-risk areas or history of exposure to confirmed or suspected cases should be tested for nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2.

None.

The General Office of National Health Commission Office & National TCM Administration Printed and distributed on August 18, 2020

The "Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7)" is available at http://rs.yiigle. com/CN112154202009/1194922.htm (Supplemental Material).

The material was translated through WHO Representative Office in China and the contents are the sole responsibility of the original authors. www.idi-cma.org

Tongue has thin fat tooth mark or is light red, and the coating is white thick rot or white greasy and the pulse is soggy or slippery. Recommended prescription: epidemic due to cold-dampness formula Prescription composition

Notopterygii Rhizoma seu Radix) 15 g, Ting Li Zi (Lepidii/Descurainiae Semen) 15 g, Guan Zhong (Cyrtomii Rhizoma) 9 g, Di Long (Pheretima) 15 g, Xu Chang Qing (Cynanchi paniculati Radix) 15 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 15 g, Pei Lan (Eupatorii Herba) 9 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 15 g, Yun Ling (Poria) 45 g, Sheng Bai Zhu (Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma) 30 g

Arecae Semen) 9 g, Wei Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 9 g, Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma recens) 15 g. Suggested use: One dose daily, boiled with 600 ml water, taking one third of the dose in the morning

heavy head and body, muscle soreness, dry cough, sore throat, dry mouth without desire of drinking much water, or accompanied by chest tightness, no sweat or sweating, or vomiting and loss of appetite, diarrhea, or sticky stool. The tongue is reddish, and the coating is white, thick, and greasy or thin yellow, and the pulse is slippery or soggy. Recommended prescription: Bing Lang (Arecae Semen) 10 g, Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 10 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae officinalis Cortex) 10 g, Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) 10 g, Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) 10 g, Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) 10 g, Chi Shao (Paeoniae Radix rubra) 10 g, Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus) 15 g, Qing Hao (Artemisiae annuae Herba) (added later) 10 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 10 g, Da Qjng Ye (Isatidis Folium) 10 g, Sheng Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) 5 g

Clinical manifestations: fever, cough and scanty sputum, or yellow sputum, suffocation, shortness of breath, bloating, and constipation. The tongue is dark red and fat; the coating is greasy or yellow and the pulse is slippery or stringy. Recommended prescription: lung-diffusing and toxin-resolving formula Prescription composition

Coicis Semen) 30 g, Mao Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 10 g, Guang Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 15 g, Qing Hao Cao (Artemisiae annuae Herba) 12 g, Hu Zhang (Polygoni cuspidati Rhizoma) 20 g, Ma Bian Cao (Verbenae Herba) 30 g, Gan Lu Gen (Phragmitis Rhizoma) 30 g, Ting Li Zi (Lepidii/Descurainiae Semen) 15 g, Hua Ju Hong (Citri grandis Exocarpium rubrum) 15 g, Sheng Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) 10 g. Suggested use: One dose daily

Cold-dampness lung syndrome: Clinical manifestations: low fever, submerged fever or absence of fever, dry cough, scanty sputum, fatigue, chest tightness, stuffy and full sensation in the stomach, or nausea. The tongue is pale or red, and the coating is white or greasy, and the pulse is soggy. Recommended prescription: Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 15 g, Chen Pi (Citri reticulatae Pericarpium) 10 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae officinalis Cortex) 10 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 10 g, Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 6 g, Sheng Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 6 g, Qiang Huo (Notopterygii Rhizoma seu Radix) 10 g, Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma recens) 10 g, Bing Lang (Arecae Semen) 10 g

poison and lung-closing syndrome: Clinical manifestations: fever, flushing, cough, yellowish phlegm, or blood in sputum, wheezing, shortness of breath, tiredness, fatigue, dryness, bitterness and stickiness in the mouth, nausea, loss of appetite, poor stool, and short urination. The tongue is red; the coating is yellow greasy and the pulse is slippery. Recommended prescription: dampness-removing and toxinresolving formula Prescription composition

Glycyrrhizae Radix) 3 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) (added later) 10 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae officinalis Cortex) 10 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 15 g, Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 10 g, Fa Ban Xia (Pinellinae Rhizoma Praeparatum) 9 g, Fu Ling (Poria) 15 g, Sheng Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) (added later) 5 g, Sheng Huang Qi (Astragali Radix) 10 g, Ting Li Zi (Lepidii/Descurainiae Semen) 10 g, Chi Shao (Paeoniae Radix rubra) 10 g. Suggested use: one or two doses daily

Blazing of both qi and ying syndrome: Clinical manifestations: Hot fever, thirst, shortness of breath, delirium and unconsciousness, blurred vision, or spotted rash, or hematemesis, epistaxis, or convulsions in the limbs. The tongue is crimson with little or no coating. The pulse is deep, fine and rapid, or floating, large and rapid. Recommended prescription: Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum fibrosum) (decocted first) 30-60 g

Paeoniae Radix rubra) 30 g, Xuan Shen (Scrophulariae Radix) 30 g, Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus) 15 g, Dan Pi (Moutan Cortex) 15 g, Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 6 g, Zhu Ye (Phyllostachys nigrae Folium) 12 g, Ting Li Zi (Lepidii/Descurainiae Semen) 15 g, Sheng Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) 6 g. Suggested use: One dose per day, decoction, first decoct Sheng Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) and Shui Niu Jiao (Bubali Cornu), then apply other pieces, boiled with 100-200 ml water, finish the dose(s) in 2-4 times across the day, orally or nasally. Recommended Chinese patent medicines: Xiyanping injection, Xuebijing injection, Reduning injection, Tanreqing injection, Xingnaojing injection. Drugs with similar efficacy can be selected according to individual conditions

Critical cases (Internal blockage and external desertion syndrome)

Recommended Chinese patent medicines: Xuebijing injection, Reduning injection, Tanreqing injection, Xingnaojing injection, Shenfu injection, Shengmai injection, Shenmai injection. Drugs with similar efficacy can be selected according to individual conditions, or can be used in combination according to clinical symptoms. TCM injection can be used in combination with TCM decoction. Note: Recommended usage of TCM injections for severe and critical cases The use of TCM injections follows the principle of starting from a small dose

High fever with disturbance of consciousness: 250 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride injection plus 20 ml of Xingnaojing injection bid. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome or/and multiple organ failure: 250 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride injection plus 100 ml of Xuebijing injection bid. Immunosuppression: 250 ml of glucose injection plus 100 ml of

The tongue is pale and greasy. Recommended prescription: Fa Ban Xia (Pinellinae Rhizoma Praeparatum) 9 g, Chen Pi (Citri reticulatae Pericarpium) 10 g, Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 15 g, Zhi Huang Qi (Astragali Radix) 30 g, Chao Bai Zhu (Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma) 10 g, Fu Ling (Poria) 15 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 10 g, Sha Ren (AmomiFructus) (added later) 6 g, Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) 6 g. Suggested use: One dose per day, boiled with 400 ml of water

Clinical manifestations: fatigue, shortness of breath, dry mouth, thirst, palpitations, sweating, poor appetite, low or no fever, dry cough, dry tongue, fine or weak pulse. Recommended prescription: Nan Sha Shen (Adenophorae Radix) 10 g, Bei Sha Shen (Glehniae Radix) 10 g, Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) 15 g, Xi Yang Shen (Panacis quinquefolii Radix) 6 g, Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Fructus) 6 g, Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum fibrosum) 15 g, Dan Zhu Ye (Lophatheri Herba) 10 g, Sang Ye (Mori Folium) 10 g, Lu Gen (Phragmitis Rhizoma) 15 g, Dan Shen (Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix) 15 g, Sheng Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) 6 g. Suggested use: One dose per day, boiled with 400 ml of water