key: cord-0060206-q4ckb8si
authors: Manna, Siddhartha Sankar
title: Restructuring State, Society, and Human Development: Projecting Post-COVID Pandemic Equations
date: 2020-12-29
journal: COVID-19 Pandemic Trajectory in the Developing World
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6440-0_7
sha: 523819af3750e7bce46b388ab10b6f52b6dde1c6
doc_id: 60206
cord_uid: q4ckb8si

The COVID-19 epidemic has not merely affected financial thinking on the path of GDP growth but also the pathway of human development. It has impacted one of the necessary foundations of human progress and development, i.e., a healthy and extensive way of life. The Coronavirus, an epidemic virus, outbroken from China, has been spreading all over the place of the world. The transformation of this virus from China to Europe and other parts of the world forced the people to continue in a social separation that affected social integration. The mode of human relations, interdependence, and interaction have been changed due to the emergence of epidemic conditions in social phenomena. In this paper, I highlight three significant aspects resulting from the COVID-19: (i) Society as a form of integration; (ii) Politics as power; (iii) Economy as material gain. The Coronavirus has affected the country’s monetary growth relentlessly, as the lockdown due to infection is producing momentous trouble across several sectors—manufacturing, oil, economics, and many other fields. Numerous estimations are available on the capital loss and the world may face a monetary crisis, and the crisis of human development. If not accurately tackled through political strategy, the social disintegration produced by the COVID-19 disease may develop the discrimination, isolation, inequity, and unemployment in an extensive period. So, the economic strategy may take a policy of inclusiveness, and collective social protection schemes, which may strongly function in safeguarding the right to work and life of the people in society. Subsequently, they perform as automatic stabilizers in decreasing the occurrence of poverty. The economic system in the post-COVID-19 must be settled by the state’s political arrangements, which would protect people’s basic income security. So, it can enhance people’s capability to control trouble and overcome the traumatization.

Human civilization has been suffering from an unprecedented worldwide health crisis. This crisis has been killing the people, increasing human distress, and culminating in people's lives. The COVID-19 epidemic has not merely affected financial thinking on the path of GDP growth but also the pathway of human development. It has impacted one of the basic foundations of the notion of human progress as well as development, i.e., a healthy and extensive way of life. The Coronavirus, an epidemic virus, outbroken from China, has been spreading all over the place of the world. The hostile virus, migrating to Europe and other parts of the world, forced people to maintain social separation, causing a strong negative effect on social integration. The mode of human relations, interdependence, and interaction has been changed due to the emergence of the epidemic condition, disrupting almost all social phenomena.

In this paper, I highlight three significant aspects resulting from the COVID-19: (i) Society as a form of integration; (ii) Politics as power; (iii) Economy as material gain ( Fig. 7 .1). The Coronavirus has affected India's monetary growth relentlessly, as the lockdown due to infection is producing momentous trouble across several sectors, as well as manufacturing, oil, economics, and many other fields. 

As states start to disburden the COVID-19 epidemic lockdown procedures, demands to not return to normalcy are intensifying. The contagion has revealed the general imperfections and foregrounded the extensive discrimination in the worldwide Neo-Liberal structural society. If not accurately tackled through political strategy, the social disintegration produced by the COVID-19 disease may as well develop the discrimination, isolation, inequity, and unemployment in an extensive period. So, the economic strategy may take the policy of inclusiveness and collective social protection schemes. They might strongly perform their functions in safeguarding the workers, labors, and unorganized workers. Subsequently, they perform as automatic stabilizers in decreasing the occurrence of poverty.

It is important to state that billions of people have been suffering from the effect of the worldwide disease of COVID-19. Its eruption affects all sections of the world population and is mainly harmful to members of those social groups in the most helpless conditions, continues to affect the different sections of populations, as well as people existing in poverty conditions, aged persons, people with disabilities, young men, and aboriginal peoples. There are three indispensable roles of civil society to combat the COVID-19. Three "ins" and "outs" wherefore the civil society has been prerequisite to COVID-19 resuming (Rick 2020 ):

• The COVID-19 epidemic has uncovered the broad-spectrum of imperfections and drastic disparity; • Civil society has a serious task to play in the universal contagion and monetary or commercial revival; • The civil society is responsible for providing and assisting the people and can play its role as a campaigner, a supervisor, and a reliable institute during the crisis.

It is the state's responsibility to guarantee the right to food, livelihood security, and healthcare of every citizen. In this context, the government should discharge its role to reconstruct the society, based on the values of the right to equality, the right to freedom, and integrity, which consolidate the solidarity of the society. The epidemic has also uncovered the embedded disparities: extensive discrimination and inequalities, operational variations, antique prejudices, insecurity of the healthcare, and further basic needs, vulnerability of labors, weak or insufficient health arrangements, and growing domestic violence or aggression. 1 On the other hand, the socioeconomic effects have been suffered much more by women who prepare the majority of the necessary workforce and have been more likely to function the unpaid householdworks and maintenance effort (Human Rights & Democracy Network 2020). Furthermore, a significant number of downgraded and deprived residents in the civil society have been most severely affected not only by the COVID-19 contagions but also by the international trade and economic crisis. Also, the disease has exposed the essential cost of under-paid situations in the healthcare and food manufacturing sections (Beardmore and Gibbons 2020) .

The extensive spread of COVID-19 has been unparalleled. In this regard, Sarah Beardmore and Michael Gibbons's opinion seems to be appropriate and significant. They (Beardmore and Gibbons 2020) rightly pointed out that:

This public health emergency will likely result in a global economic crisis -both of which will hit the poorest and most marginalized communities the hardest. These twin crises expose the widening inequality around the world and threaten to exacerbate the gap between rich and poor, sending us back decades in our progress towards a more equal world.

The capacity to diminish these effects trusts profoundly on the capability of civil society to carry on its function and provide a voice to social groups most likely to be left behind in the community emergency outcome. In spite of that, the crisis will also obstruct civil society's capability to react and act in response. The blocking of civil places, controls on movement, and growing authoritarian strategies in several states have made the situation for support and responsibility an extremely hard one to act in.

In this way, the civil society will also face deteriorating resources, as the contributions that permit them to perform in support of the community interest desiccate as a consequence of the extensive monetary crisis. The contagion could breakdown the roles of civil society in several states. Although this might be one of the greatest problematic milieus for civil society, it has also been a serious moment where its effort has been more unimportant. So, the civil society has an immediate role to play in monitoring the effect of academic-institution closings on the underprivileged, particularly girls, and to support for operative responses to the contagion. Again, Sarah Beardmore and Michael Gibbons stated that (Beardmore and Gibbons 2020):

Governments struggling to respond and recover will need active open feedback loops helping them understand in real-time how decisions made are impacting their citizens. Civil society can facilitate engagement with affected communities, a critical part of ensuring contextually relevant responses.

The civil networks will make the revival of the academic arrangements. These civil networks would function dynamically with social groups to ensure the educational rights of underprivileged and deprived people in society. The educational arrangements must be strengthened to assist and assimilate the most marginalized sections (Beardmore and Gibbons 2020)-

• To articulate the receptive strategies of responsibility to counter the critical issues in the developing policy backgrounds;

• To develop the clarity, participation, and responsibility of education segment plan negotiation; • To upsurge the accessibility, sources, and various forms of information to articulate and have an effect on pertinent strategy resolutions; • To mobilize the national citizens, who have been entitled to enjoy the rights in the state as well society, to perform an effective function in monitoring the execution of education plans and monetary strategies and use this report to hold duty conveyors at all stages responsible.

It is essential to state that there are three types of power (Dey 2020) : (i) Position as the capacity to govern, (ii) People as the source of the authoritative-power, and (iii) Money-economy as the base of superstructure. So, the government gets a hold of authoritative-power from its position. It either acquires or captures this position in non-democratic states, or has been assumed this position through the electoral processes. Moreover, the world-trade acquires its power from the money-economy, which determines the superstructures. The third type of power has been the people who validate the power to govern and undermine the sovereign power, which we may well connect with civil society. 2 The emergence of the crisis necessitates the civil society to create a system of the network that cuts across the sovereign state. It is essential to find out the various organizations and volunteer groups that provide relief in every region, district, the zone of the block, and rural community. The civil society will be reorganized with the various units which would be responsible for their total zone identifying the total population in the zone, the relief desired, the lack of administrative relief provided by the government, the challenges of the zone, and so on. In civil society, these units should have to enable in the particular region for the assistance to each other like providing material or constructing supply connections. It is the most significant to state that the system of the network should have a voice at the national level. The people are entitled to enjoy the opportunities assisted by the government even if they have not the ration cards, or else they are the active labor-force under the scheme of MGNREGA.

The civil society can establish an apolitical system that provides social opportunities. It may include: bringing rations, food-distribution to the people, primary health services, and caregiving. Moreover, it could point out to the government how citizens can be used to engage in these functions. It will not only assist societies affected by the epidemic, but the apparatus of doing so could help others in turn. The civil society must include and promote the constructive and best practices in a state to be reproduced in others (Dey 2020) . In this regard, it is essential to state that civil society has the opportunity to focus on the despondency of migrant workers who got the opportunities to attain their job and way of living conditions before the outbreak. The labor-force has been the backbone of all economies. So, the state and society must take care of their life and security. The state and society both would create social opportunities that assist in empowering themselves in the way of life.

The civil society network might be a network of accessibility during the crisis. The government has not been to reach in various zones; the agents of government may use the networks of civil society to reach there. Citizens need to use their responsibility and mechanisms of transparency to supervise the administrative efforts and ensure the welfares of people that state capitals or resources have been adequately allocated and distributed in society. Furthermore, each citizen needs to think about the method in which they can assist the society for the wellbeing. In this regard, the comment made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations (23 March 2020) seems to be pertinent. He said that 3 :

We must come to the aid of the ultra-vulnerable -millions upon millions of people who are least able to protect themselves. This is a matter of basic human solidarity. It is also crucial for combating the virus. This is the moment to step up for the vulnerable. (United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs 2020) So, we, the people, have to utilize the Public Distribution Systems for the social phenomenon.

The government arrangement has been functioning well in various parts of the state, but it does not cover its functions in all corners equally. The government cannot widely perform its own functions all over the state equally unless civil society works in society. Indeed, civil society cannot perform the extensive role of the government in the wake of the emergence of the crisis in the social phenomenon. However, while civil society takes charge or responsibility of an area/region, the benefits of the state are supposed to reach everyone equally. Moreover, the state could discharge its duties of welfare and could guarantee the social and economic securities of its people with the help of local governments in the rural and urban areas.

The function of the state with local government reflects the government's response toward the people in the society. In this regard, the local government, i.e., panchayats and local self-governments, also have a very significant role to play in this attempt. If the state is to reach out to the people, it must use the civil society as an apolitical apparatus. This tendency can be called the transition from the function of the political society to the function of the apolitical society.

And, finally, let us not disregard or ignore the democracy at this time of crisishuman rights, like "the right to expression," "the right to challenge," "the right to argue" for the reason that now, the one thing a large number of underprivileged people have, is a voice (Dey 2020) . In this regard, it is essential to state that we have to intensify the voice of vulnerable people to ensure support.

The politics have been largely applied to the behavior of civil society, but it is perceived in all interactions and relations of the human group. It has been composed of social relations involving authoritative-power, the rule of political sections, and the systems used to form and put on the social strategy. Politics have been the process by which people in society have the opportunity to take participate in social decisionmaking. In this regard, the term is largely applied to the functions within civil governments. However, politics has been considered as an extensive range of human relations, including corporate, educational, and religious organizations. It is composed of social relationships in relation to the power and authority, the rule of political components, and the systems. Andrew Heywood (Heywood, 2004: 52) , the renowned Writer and Director of studies at Croydon College, London, identified three distinct perceptions of politics:

• "Politics has long been associated with the formal institution of government and the activities which take place therein" • "Politics is commonly linked to public life and public activities, in contrast to what is thought of as private or personal." • "Politics has been related to the distribution of power, wealth, and resources, something that takes place within all institutions and at every level of social existence."

There are several instances of power strategies that have been relatively common and active every day. Some of these strategies consist of harrying, association, grouchy, decrying, demanding, snatching, avoiding, absurdity, stimulating, controlling, bargaining, socializing, and appealing. The "Bio-power" 4 occurred with the transformation of power creations in Western civilizations beginning in the seventeenth century, but the furthermost extreme transformation befallen in the nineteenth century (Arnason 2012 ). This transformation is comprised of several systems of power, of several modes of managing the way of life. In this context, Michel Foucault's interpretation of Bio-power seems to be relevant. He (ibid.) defined:

(bio-power as a) "set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy, of a general strategy of power." Michel Foucault, an Eminent French Philosopher, demanded that this new-fangled power over the natural life, which has been called Bio-power, developed in two systems, which he termed (i) Anatomo-politics of the human body; (ii) biopolitics of the population. Foucault's understanding of power and discipline in his work Discipline and Punish (1975) had been a consideration of anatomo-politics of the human body, but concentrating obviously on the disciplinary arrangement, on jails, and penalty. Even now, there he had pointed to the extensive application of the disciplinary systems, for example, in academic institutes, infirmaries, army camps, etc. In this regard, Foucault depicted a mainly interesting instance of the transformation of the warrior during the beginning of the seventeenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. He argued that during the beginning of the seventeenth century, the soldier was a number of persons-not for a reason that of his training but for his physical power, bravery, and elegance. One might perhaps recognize soldier equipment by such appearances. However, on the other hand, in the end of the eighteenth century, the soldier was one who was made through training and discipline (Oleinik 2020) . He argued that practically someone might be formed into a soldier with new techniques and skills of disciplining the human-figure.

According to Foucault, parallel arenas of biopower have developed to surround patients, school children, nursery-children, along with workforces. He pointed out that the wide-ranging networks of power and knowledge function to form their bodies functional and submissive. This does not occur through any planned collusion of the government of technologically advanced societies. However, it is, to some extent, the combined outcome of numerous strategies and policies at several points in the social order throughout industrial-development and up to this period. Michel Foucault described the second form of power. He pointed out that this form of power, the biopolitics of the population, occurred for the period of the eighteenth century. According to him (Arnason 2012):

it was concerned not with the human body but with the human species or human populations. Managing populations means managing reproduction, births and deaths, behavior, and health and sanitation.

The biopolitics of the population comprises of several types of systems to interfere and regulate the members of the society. These interferences require the collection of a huge number of information about populations, data analysis, and, ultimately, the creation of knowledge. In the eighteenth century, this creation of knowledge controlled accurately the origin of human-ecology.

In this regard, the notion of biopower is pertinent at this moment for various subjects in applied ethics, furthermost perceptibly for subjects connected to the cases considered by Foucault's Punishment and Sexuality. G. Arnason's analysis of biopower seems to be pertinent here. He revealed that (ibid.):

The concept is also highly relevant for a great variety of other topics, for example reproduction, transformation of the body (from genetic and pharmacological enhancement to body-building, cosmetic-surgery, and body art), public health, medical practice, biomedicalsciences, race, and disability, to name just a few. The management of bodies and populations, and the sciences involved in that management, are so ubiquitous, that most topics in applied ethics may seem to invite an analysis of the mechanisms and micro-relations of power and knowledge.

By the way, the power/knowledge consideration does not assist us to a great extent if we have been largely interested in considering jeopardies, troubles, and benefits.

Subsequently, the society has been an important mechanism for power relations. Therefore, we cannot abscond and avoid the power relations without leaving society behind, but we can develop and expand our position in the power relations, protect ourselves against their influence, and expose new prospects for action and existence.

In "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison" and "History of Sexuality," another text, where Foucault recognized a modern form of power, an innovative understanding of power relations in society, and the notion of bio-power, which he assumes "as its object as life itself " (Arnason 2012) . The biopower works by founding its objects of knowledge, to which it then retorts with the progress of new knowledge, technologies, and techniques of government. In this regard, Arnason perfectly underlined the apparatuses of modern power. According to him (ibid.):

Far from being 'neutral' and power-free, the biological, medical, and social sciences are seen as parts of the apparatus of modern power. Through their scientific discourses, analytic categories, and intellectual practices, the natural and human sciences help to construct 'fertility,' 'the body,' 'population,' and 'the social,' in the process subjecting people to new, distinctly modern forms of power that affect how they constitute themselves as subjects. Given the sciences' close relationships with bureaucratic states in most settings, scientific knowledges of reproduction have often served the political objectives of regimes in promoting such goals as socioeconomic modernity, eugenic, purity, and national power.

In Foucault's interpretation, modern-power has been exemplified in dialogues and functional activities that have not been focused in any organization, such as the state or medical institution, but extensively isolated through the social structure. Even this concise analysis of some Foucauldian notions made it clear that Foucault's concepts unsettle the accepted conditions of dilemmas and debates about the reproduction. On the other hand, they focus on the language analysis, an important focus of study, set out the power, problematize the categories in which reproduction has been comprehended, and metamorphose the sciences, extensive understanding to be beyond the sphere of politics, into objectives of political analysis.

It is important to state that Foucauldian effort on the population focuses on the function of common people, sociology, social activity, social sanitization, urban arrangement, and other factors in constituting improper, i.e., very high or very low, fecundity or reproduction as a problem of society. So far, the Foucauldian conception of "population" has been a stimulating and significant paradigm that is positive to generate further such analysis and academic interpretations. Although a COVID-19 vaccine has been quiet in the producing, the notion of bio-power might assist make a better understanding of how we perceive the state handle and tackle the ongoing epidemic and wide-ranging contagion in the society.

Numerous estimations are nowadays available on the capital loss, and the world may face the monetary crisis. If not accurately tackled through political strategy, the social disintegration produced by the COVID-19 disease may as well develop the discrimination, isolation, inequity, and unemployment in an extensive period of time. So, the economic strategy may take a policy of inclusiveness, and collective social protection schemes, which may strongly function in safeguarding the workers and labors. Subsequently, they perform as automatic stabilizers in decreasing the occurrence of poverty. The economic system in the post-COVID-19 must be settled by the political arrangements in the state, which would provide the protection of the basic income security of People. So, it can enhance people's capability to control trouble and overcome traumatizes.

The COVID-19 epidemic challenges all sections of the population in the society and has been particularly harmful to people of those social groups who are in the maximum vulnerable conditions. It is continuously affecting the extensive segment of people, as well as people who are living in dearth conditions, older-persons, handicap-people, youth, and aboriginal persons. In this context, early indication suggests that the health and economic effects of the virus have been being tolerated disproportionately by the marginalized and underprivileged persons. For instance, displaced people, for the reason that they may not be able to take shelter in a secure place, are extremely unprotected to the peril of the contagion (United Nations Depart-ment… 2020). In the epidemic situation, the people without access to running water, migrants, asylum-seeker, or displaced persons as well stand to suffer excessively both from the epidemic and its outcome-whether owing to restricted movement, fewer employment prospects and opportunities developed racial intolerance, etc.

Indeed, this Covid-19 has plunged the global economy at significant risk and threat. It affects the economic practicalities of the global business. Observers have recognized this occurrence as a result of hyper-globalization or opening of deglobalization. However, the global system is going to face a downturn and worldwide damages. This damage and downturn might go beyond the World Wars I and II combined. Simultaneously, the deteriorating world price of unpolished oil has added additional concerns and disquiets. Amidst the troubled time, when the noble coronavirus was spreading in the different parts of the world, United Nations Secretary-General (on 23 March 2020) accentuated the Humanitarian Response Plan. He told that (United Nations Department… 2020):

We must come to the aid of the ultra-vulnerable -millions upon millions of people who are least able to protect themselves. This is a matter of basic human solidarity. It is also crucial for combating the virus. This is the moment to step up for the vulnerable.

The COVID-19 is at presently spreading beyond urban to rural zones in various parts of the world. In low-income states, countryside health arrangements are being burdened, and lockdowns and further constrictions have been reducing the income and earnings of the people. By the way, the Governments are countering to the monetary disorder with an arrangement of social safeguard plans. In this regard, it is important to state that safeguarding the excellent governance and setting-up of services in rural parts is serious for livelihood security and progress-and therefore, central to COVID-19 strategy reactions. So far, academicians and experts have concentrated frequently on the complications of governance that COVID-19 pretends in urban zones, given larger exposure high-risks for contagion there.

On the contrary rural parts face a different type of epidemic challenges and threats deserving extraordinary consideration (Kosec and Ragasa 2020) . These include the followings:

• The logistic-assistance and communication obstructs obfuscate the facilities of services, as well as vital epidemic related health-cares services and agrarian amenities and other supports; • Rural parts have been comparatively underprivileged, and particularly dependent on government facilities like these; they are not well linked with the central government, and in this situation, the COVID-19 is probable to more undermine linkages, actually weakening the receptiveness of decision-makers to rural demands and requirements; • Several workers are coming back to their rural sections-perhaps increasing infection, damaging the local workforce in marketplaces, or stimulating conflicts; • The food system of the state and society is essentially dependent on rural zones, where the ranchers produce the maximum food-grains; agriculturalists need access to marketplaces not only for their productions, but also for essential inputs and facilities.

A small number of recent COVID-19 plans, however, emphasize on carrying on the production of agriculture and cultivation. Furthermore, in several developing states, Ministers of agriculture and cultivation have not been appropriately present in nationwide and regional COVID-19 Response Committees.

In this regard, Countering to COVID-19 and guaranteeing that high-quality facilities arrive at the rural poor claims a series of activities by regimes, donors, and systems of government. They should render high-quality information to preserve countryside inhabitants informed of necessary public health information about the infection and its spread, strategy retorts, and accessible facilities; rouse rural ventures and production of food-grains to alleviate disturbances to food supply manacles and rural livings, and galvanize citizen supervising of the administrative regime to promote reciprocal and mutual interaction between governments and rural people. Subsequently, the rural parts of the state, with an excessively high share of the marginal people, are minimum prepared to put up with the expenses of following such guidance, particularly within a serious monetary downfall. In various low-income states, concerns of the COVID-19 contagion have kept people from looking for essential health treatment, and disinformation about transmission has even abbreviated solid food and meat consumption-perhaps presenting a lost opportunity for developing the quality food and nutrition in village areas.

To make sure that rural inhabitants can receive and have faith in the high-quality reports and information, the governments and development practitioners must function with organizations and effective-institutions that people entrust. It is observed that the reliable and faithful information and communications campaigns have been arranged to reject the misinformation in city zones. Parallel policies should be addressed in rural zones. For instance, information propagation in several African states has embroiled employing rural leaders, conventional healers, personalities of religion, and young men to confirm that public wellbeing information reaches and resonates with the people (Kosec and Ragasa 2020) . In addition to this, the low-tech solutions, e.g., the Taking Books, have been assisting in interconnecting culturally suitable ideas and reporting on COVID-19 in rural parts and establish civic response networks.

At the same time, as it unsettles the process of the food supply, the COVID-19 instantaneously represents income-generating chances for rural people. Several states are inflicting export constraints to protect national food supplies, which could reduce food accessibility and increase prices in low-income states that import a large number of their foods and essential products. Then it is also a chance to make grow the homegrown food products, as well as farmstead horticultural, to improve the food and nutrition security, which helps to generate the income of the marginal people like migrant labors, unemployed persons, and other marginal people. In this context, the agrarian and essential food trades, as well as related projects, must be heldopen. The agrarian products should be permitted to free transport to take away the supply-side constraints and controls. Accordingly, some Loan plans and provisional relinquishments on excise charges and trade taxes can assist the traders of agricultural crops and service wage-earners. The provisional input parcels, money transfer, or lend-campaigns must be executed without deferring to assist marginal producers, manufacturers or cultivators, and businessmen to deal with the distractions and keep on in commercial occupations. Manufacturers and workforces will correspondingly need the protective equipment, the free test of COVID-19, and better-quality of hygiene and cleanliness.

On the other hand, the seed distribution and agrarian development are more necessary than continue to promote and accelerate domestic food production and crops produced from homelands in the period of crisis. The Information and communications technologies (ICT) can transmit accurate news and smooth the progress of imbursements and logistics-but then are often inadequately accessible and available in rural ranges. Subsidized information programs and training plans on their usage might help and support in accessing the opportunities regarding state assistance. In rural parts of the state, which have been often outside of the limelight of mass-media, and where healthcare employees might be struggling with a small number of equipment or facing a smaller amount of test than their civic parts, citizen involvement is enormously significant as new health, and social safeguard responses have been rolled-out.

The COVID-19-related administration and regime are needed to trace the infection and contagions in society and retorting to people. Subsequently, the particular goods and health facilities are much required e.g., public handwashing places, individual protective apparatus, test-facilities, or sanatorium services, and infirmary facilities for people. It is also essential to know where people are receiving effectual treatment or hospitality vs. being dismissed. In this regard, ICT could facilitate these objectives in the course of lockdowns, isolations, and social distancing actions. By way of ICT, rural inhabitants can specify what is needed or not. A robust public unions like Rapid Action Teams and associations should also be organized and reinforced for active and inclusive planning, project, and supervising of government's arrangements and schemes for development.

The extensive dispersion of COVID-19 is not only the international health crisis but also a systemic crisis of human development, demonstrating our relations with the ecology and environment, which has been now affecting the aspects of the socioeconomic development in unparalleled systems. Strategies to decrease susceptibilities and develop capabilities to confront the health issues are essential to empower persons and the social order to better conditions and get well from these traumatizes (Kovacevic and Jahic 2020) . The COVID-19 epidemic has been releasing the crises of human development and obstructing the possible capabilities of individual in society. On certain aspects of human development, situations currently are equivalent to stages of deficiency last perceived during the time of 1980s. However, the wide-ranging problem is exterminating all productive aspects of human development. The extensive global lockdowns indicate various people have to depend on the internet facilities to perform the functional activities, carry on their studies or academic training, and make the interaction with others in society. The digital share has turned out to be more important than ever, as a large number of people in the world still do not have the opportunity to access reliable broadband internet connections (ibid.).

The Human Development is based on three principal elements (UNDP 2020):

• Education (with effective out-of-school charges-implying, accounting for the incapability to retrieve the net connection-is expected to decrease or discontinue to the particular levels of original rate of the mid-1980s in primary schooling); • Health (exactly causing a demise toll over 300,000 and obliquely leading possibly to an extra 6,000 child demises per-day from avoidable reasons over the subsequent 6 months); • (iii) Income (per Capita) (with the enormous reduction in monetary motion since the Excessive Depression).

These are the visible outcome, including raising the gender-based violence; it will yet be totally recorded. Owing to slow the amplification of COVID-19 viruses, several countries stopped practically all nonessential functions, like sealed borders of the state and inflicted changing levels of testing, tracking the communication, solitaryconfinement, and social isolation. The social lockdown imposed by the state has dramatically reduced the business and marketing sales, industrial production, and condensed the employment opportunities and job security (Caparini 2020) .

The developed economies have tried to diminish several socioeconomic impacts resulted from the prolonged lockdowns by actions and strategies like the extension of tax submission, augmenting personnel, funding wage-earners salaries, protecting mislaid pay-cheques, and offering further jobless or redundant insurable coverage. These actions and policies would be funded by deriving from their Central Banks to generate monetary-space. On the other hand, underdeveloped states have very fewer means to accomplish the effect and deal with not only a monetary crisis but it is also a social crisis which develops the social disintegration and provides the wrong impression in the social orders what the United N Development Programme (UNDP) entitles a "Systematic Human Development Crisis" (Caparini 2020) . In these contexts, shocks have a major effect on human development, with previous crunches indicating two different outlines (UNDP 2020):

Firstly, the shocks have longstanding outcomes on human development and can be passed to the upcoming generations. Even after the end of contagion or monetary development, the effects of the shock can bring about long-term devastation, 5 and, secondly, the corollaries are inequitably allotted, with impressionable groups arbitrarily exaggerated.

These arrangements highlight the significance of an equity lens. As a crisis reveals, an effective approach recognizing its impacts and transmission apparatuses can apprise timely and reasonable effort. In this regard, it is necessary to differentiate between the short-term and longer-term effects of epidemics-and foremost, shocks as a whole. Depicting from an extensive and intense historical study, Walter Scheidel, a distinguished Historian of Austria, exposed that major shocks like wars and epidemics can decrease the income disparity but that the effect depends on the response of the strategies and arrangements. According to him: When pandemics result in high mortality, the relative returns to labour increase compared with the returns to capital because workers demand higher compensation-in part because there is lower labour supply due to mortality and in part because they are afraid to be infected and demand more to show up for work. (UNDP 2020) 

In the phase of the wide-spreading of COVID-19, each society, group of people, and individuals are vulnerable to opposing actions. Nonetheless, when contagions like the COVID-19 epidemic occur, the capability of people to respond has been expressively lower and inequitably disseminated. Table 7 .1 shows a sequence of statistics for human development sets, areas, and 189 states that present the echelon of preparation to respond and tackle the effects of COVID-19 infection, as well as a state's degree of human development, the capacity of the healthcare arrangement, and internet access to the people. In this way, it is found that the level of human development and its variation, simultaneously with the facilities of healthcare arrangement, can reveal the preparation of states to counter effectually and competently to a health emergency.

Let's say, a very developed state has on usual 55 hospital beds, above 30 medical doctors, and 81 nurses per 10,000 people, put side by side to 7 hospital beds, 2.5 doctors, and 6 nurses in an underdeveloped state (UNDP 2020). It is an analysis of 'economic growth before people's model of development'. So, the current pattern of analyzing human development has not been properly implemented because there has been no emphasis on the widespread pandemic prevention mechanisms in the hospital and public health when calculating the performances of states. With an emphasis on life expectancy, HDI has so far concentrated on decreasing the effect and transmission of local ailments without paying equivalent attention to the pandemics.

As systemic upsurges in the number of public health crises (SARS, MERS, H1N1, Avian virus) leading to pandemics over the years have augmented, it has become significant to calculate the wide-ranging pandemic management dimensions of states to avert development in life expectancy.

In the background of the continuing COVID-19 infection, the study of the information in Table 7 .1 for viruses and mortalities in states by means of their HDI positions reveals this inadequacy. It has been found that though states like Germany, Sweden, the USA, Italy, and the UK position very high on the HDI and have the uppermost life expectancies in the world, they are surprisingly the most affected. As of 31 May 2020, these states outdid the diagrams of coronavirus demises worldwide per million of the people. 6 An epigrammatic study of this bizarre phenomenon indicates that if healthcare services have been well arranged in a habitual period of time, all the improvements made are got rid of in a particular case of the epidemic (Fig. 7.2) .

On the other hand, both South Korea and New Zealand states have performed a significant role in increasing a high life expectancy of 83.50 years and 82.80 years correspondingly, and they protected high HDI for the people in society. Their ranks are very high in the contest of the HDI. The systems and tactics executed by these states in maintaining a little number of contagions and demises have been being addressed as an ideal type for replication of the various states of the globe. However, another important factor in the study is the extraordinary performance of emerging states like India, Vietnam, and South Africa. Accordingly, these middle HDI positioned states have been able to maintain average life expectancies because of high occurrences of extensive viruses, and they are capable of confronting the COVID-19 contagions and reduce the mortality rates.

Consequently, what could be the possible decisions for the offbeat tendency viewed in this time? Firstly, success in administering widespread health crises in the normal periods need not be reformed in times of an epidemic; Second, the diseases have few traits owing to the emphasis on increasing the quality of living, but it can also have a flip sideways as well. States began to improve their health systems or arrangements for granted to provide the health facilities to the people; Third, taking away of policies of privatization by the state could provide the essential services and fulfill the basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare amenities at the time of infections. In this regard, the state could minimize the excessive privatization and develop the quality of life; Lastly, effective government's intercession and interference can have a constructive outcome on managing healthcare crises such as contagion or epidemic in society. 

After studying the effect of epidemics on the HDI, understood with the high mortality in states taking high life expectancies, the need for calculating pandemic management turn out to be essential. A new indicator termed 'pandemic preparedness' is the need of the hour. This new indicator has three fundamental standards of consideration, which are as follows (ibid.): (i) Strategy response by the government/state; (ii) Determining health structure capability to manage epidemics; (iii) Mobility and Utilization of resources.

The response of a government to any crisis is significant. A stable and comprehensible strategy arranged according to expert suggestion and using a scientific method can have an enormous effect in taking care of public health crises like COVID-19. The policy response indicator pursues to study the time taken by the state and government to construct a comprehensible response to manage the epidemic in human society. In the lack of pharmaceutical measures, it also tries to focus on a number of non-pharmaceutical courses of actions and policies, i.e., lockdowns, home isolation, quarantine, social distancing at the initial stages of health crises like COVID-19. But this is not a long-lasting solution. The pharmaceutical solutions, which can protect the human society and civilization, are needed to get rid of this crisis. Figure 7 .3 has been curated using the doubling period of founded COVID-19 cases (three-day duration). Using the five-day average times when the cases extended 100 or so, and two days before and after that day-the time was counted twice. 7 So, therefore, the same type of average was calculated again using a similar system accurately one month later when 100 or more cases were attained. The one month limit was the period of time when governments started to introduce measures like lockdowns and social isolation, and home confinement.

Lastly, the "Ratio of Doubling Time" mentioned in Fig. 7 .3 was estimated in the first limited number of cases after using strict procedures to reduce the harmful infection in society (Mittal and Mishra 2020) :

It shows the efficiency of non-pharmaceutical interferences by governments, like lockdowns, home confinement, quarantine, and social distancing. The higher the ratio, the better it is. It is observed from Fig. 7 .2 that the positive effect of operative government response to the harmful virus has been successful in states like South Korea, New Zealand, and Vietnam (Mittal and Mishra 2020) . Furthermore, successes are similarly observed in other developing states like India and South Africa. These states may not have the strong health structures and healthcare facilities, but they have restricted the rapid growth of infection in the community and have been able to assist states in terrible necessity by way of exports of medicines, serious pharmaceuticals, PPEs, etc. These fruitful effects have not only been effective in reducing and controlling the functional growth of the virus in the initial stage but have curtailed in the wave of the second stage of the virus or prevented it on the whole. In this regard, all these achievements could be projected to an effective and systematic governmental response, which is necessary to represent in the scope of HDI.

The important factor that enables confronting epidemics is having a strong healthcare structure and pharmaceutical facilities that can resist the anxieties and provide prerequisites to enhance the remedy in using the pharmaceutical vaccines, which prevent the infections. In this context, the COVID-19 has appeared as an incomparable challenge for the medicinal alliance and pharmaceutical nuts and bolts. In the present epidemic, states which have been providing the advanced healthcare facilities and developed infrastructural services they are found lacking in terms of drugs, medicines, testing facilities, and critical medicinal apparatuses such as ventilators, oxygen-mask, PPEs breathing apparatus, and masks. In a few states such as the United States, Italy, and France, the condition has deteriorated and has been getting worse by the day. The small cases of widespread infections because of an upgraded standard of living have formed a healthcare structural arrangement which is lacking in managing the virus Covid-19 as an epidemic crisis.

The planned index seeks to measure these severe insufficiencies in the healthcare structural facilities and services of states so as to make them for any awaited epidemic occurrence. The essential values will be measured would consist of:-first, the existing capacity of infirmaries, public health center, nursing hospices, etc., to manage an outburst in incidents (10,000 or more); second, studying the inadequacies in the standard technical response to an epidemic like testing facilities, procurement, and manufacture of vital medicinal products such as PPEs, surgical-mask, and necessary hand-gloves etc.; lastly and furthermost significantly, guaranteeing that there has been a minimum disruption of the established healthcare facilities and services while fighting against the unprecedented epidemic crises.

The epidemics disrupt numerous features of daily lives as well as access to necessary goods and public services like food, medicines, pharmaceutical facilities, and health facilities. The states are forced to establish precise apparatuses to defend people in society. Deployment of resources and capital turns into a dynamic responsibility in such periods. In this context, it is, therefore, important to understand what mobilization of resources and capitals means in the course of an epidemic and why it is vital to assess a state's preparation in terms of its capability to maintain an impeccable arrangement.

The deployment of resources at the time of an epidemic implies reducing the effect of shock, and confronting deficiency of farmhouse requirements, food scarcities, lack of necessary medical kit effectually through out-of-the-box resolutions. For instance, India transmuted its unaccustomed railway sections, guest houses, private hospital, or nursing homes, and boarding houses into quarantine accommodations to safeguard that there is no lack in a long period. The notion is similarly vital to measure for the reason that it decreases the twofold burden and guarantees that all resources have been used to confront the infection and wide-ranging disease.

The planned indicator will logically consider the scope to which a number of vital supply manacles of food and medicinal goods are resistant to commotions instigated by such catastrophes. It will similarly assess the time taken by states to remedy the commotions in the supply chain and the innovative systems employed to work so. Lastly, the indicator would similarly ascertain to what scope a state is self-sufficient in essential products such as food, medical commodities and kit, pharmaceutical facilities, and healthcare arrangement.

The strategy response to COVID-19 has to balance between the public health primacies with monetary and social accomplishments, adjusting the short-term courses of action to alleviate the widespread of the infection and their longstanding outcomes. Therefore, the healthcare and economic responses to the COVID-19 need to be formed and systematically arranged to protect and develop abilities during the spread to infection in society and afterward the emergency: The health response to develop the extensive healthy lives, the monetary response to adjust a well-standardized downtime with the fortification of the standards of living (Atkeson 2020) . From the perspective of the people's capabilities and the health response, it is important to state that the inequities in human development demonstrate a scarcity of proficiencies for a large section of the population in the world. In emergencies, these inequities must be curtailed by the political arrangements in a concise period. Consequently, the priority must be decreasing these disparities by enhancing the abilities of those who were previously deteriorating behind before the infection and wide-ranging syndrome. A tactic in accordance with this strategy devolves on the accessibility of resources. Lacking investments, insurance schemes, or access to open markets, which is based on capitalism, the national and global public region has to intervene and accelerate transfers to overcome momentary shocks. This unit explains how abilities and their allocations matter to the healthcare and monetary responses to the emergency. The support for essential abilities is crucial to cover the indirect harmful impacts of COVID-19 on public sphere. Improved abilities like easy access to technology, networking facilities, and standard healthcare facilities have been not a luxury, but they provide the basic necessity of people and function a key role in managing the critical emergency in both accommodation and extenuation.

People's abilities perform an essential function in response to the COVID-19 emergency. Non-pharmaceutical interferences are related to enablers that form the interference less expensive or facilitate its achievement (Table 7 .1). All the interferences act for a system of social isolation that distresses peoples' capability to interrelate with others in the work-place, academic institution, shopping, refreshment, and social life. 8

The enabled persons could decrease the human development damages in accompanying with COVID-19 constraints in numerous scopes, beginning alternative abilities: opportunities in education, access to income-generating actions, facilities of goods and services, and opportunities in social life and recreation. They equally improve the likelihood of the interferences' success and diminish their human development detriments. On the other hand, without these enablers, there has been the jeopardy of a disastrous choice between non-pharmaceutical interferences at a mitigating human cost and deficiency of non-pharmaceutical intercession use.

In this regard, various enablers have been interrelated to the enhanced abilitiesthe new requirements of the twenty-first century-which are inequitably allocated to the entire population in the world. The gaps and disparities have been widening in the context of the COVID-19. These developed abilities can diminish the effect of the interruption to overcome the healthcare emergency caused by Corona infections. Thus, in underdeveloped states, the non-pharmaceutical interferences will tax people's wellbeing more and, therefore, can also be less effectual. Creating improved abilities-even in these serious periods-would decrease such inequalities. So, the emphasis on improved abilities does not indicate that the work on basic abilities is worked on. As per the Report of Human Development 2019, 785 million people do not have the facility to access the fundamental sources of pure drinking water, and about 3 billion persons do not have the facilities of handwashing with cleanser and soaps in their domestic functions. In the absence of addressing basic abilities could even reverse the transformation in response to the COVID-19 emergency.

In this situation, Public schooling means, in part, to be an equivalent to the amount that it can pause the intergenerational transition of discrimination. Quality education, irrespective of the educational situations of the parent, means to provide the services of equal opportunity to everybody. By disrupting education, in the epidemic situation, millions of children are taking away from the opportunities of education and creating the disadvantages among the intergeneration conversions. In several states, academic organizations and institutions of higher education, Colleges, Universities have learned their courses through the online mode. As per the Human Development Report of 2019, access to technological facilities is not equivalent and has been insufficient in all states. The digital capabilities like mobile phones, network subscription digital amenities have been enhanced but not sufficiently and satisfactorily provided between states and within the states. The epidemic interactions and the discrimination in improved capabilities mean that various states lack the opportunities for online education and to move their lessons and schoolwork online. If things keep on, the states left behind will also lack this choice in the future (discrepancy). The digital gap is accountable for excessive dissemination in effective school dropout in 2020. The following table signifies the index of Human Development:

The human development should be enhanced with two different conditions: (a) Directly Enhancing Human Capabilities; (b) Creating Conditions for Human Development. These two types of capabilities must be arranged by state policies. If not accurately tackled through political strategy, the social disintegration produced by the COVID-19 disease may as well develop the discrimination, isolation, inequity, and unemployment in an extensive period. So, the economic strategy may take a policy of inclusiveness, and collective social protection schemes, which may strongly function in safeguarding the workers and labors. Subsequently, they perform as automatic stabilizers in decreasing the occurrence of poverty.

The economic system in the post-COVID-19 must be established by the political arrangements in the state, which would provide the protection of the basic income security of People. In this regard, Marni Evans's revealing observation seems to be relevant. Evans (Evans 2020) argues that environmental sustainability has been concerned by means of whether environmental resources will be preserved and wellmaintained for the upcoming generation. At what time preparing economic decisions, it is necessary to emphasize not only the existent day but also on the implications for future generations as well as human civilization. Therefore, the protection and safeguard of the environmental have been considered as the third pillar, which should be the primary concern for the protection of human civilization. The protection of the ecological arrangements, in terms of the quality of air, restoration of resources, and emphasis on the many aspects of the ecosystem that stress on the environment need to be maintained and safeguarded.

The Strategies to safeguard the environment of the earth does not depreciate to a fact where the coming generations should face water deficiencies, dangerous weather actions, and extreme temperature. People in society have a function to perform, but so do organizations that contribute to the cause on a larger scale (Evans 2020) . The systems in which we can altogether live much more sustainably can take numerous forms of the arrangement, for example (ibid.):

• To restructure livelihood conditions in the procedure of eco-villages, ecomunicipalities, and sustainable towns; • To reconstruct the financial fields like green foundation, sustainable agronomy, e.g., sustainable planning; • To improve innovative technologies and apparatuses, green machinery technologies, renewable power and resources, etc.; • To make adjustments in individual lives that preserve the natural resources in the ecosystem. Figure 7 .4 shows features of human development that are directly enhancing the human capabilities considered as the foundational portion of human development; and features that are more relevant. They help to make the conditions in which men have the opportunities to be their best selves. Three foundations for human development (Education, Health; and Per Capita Income) have been necessary to enhance human capabilities. On the other hand, many other significant features may well be arranged to enhance the conditions for human development such as political participation, rights, and security, equality and justice, environmental sustainability. When necessary conditions for human development increase, the creating conditions automatically enlarged. The necessary conditions make guarantees for creating conditions and creating conditions assist in enhancing the necessary conditions. When one rises, the other increases, and when one reduces, the other declines. There has been intimate relationship between the basic human capabilities and creating conditions of human development. 

As history teaches, the effect and responses to epidemics have the potential to restructure the state, society, and human conditions for the development as well as the world for future generations. As the aftermaths of the emergency revealed as well as the impacts of responses amid excessive uncertainty-enunciating a hallucination can donate to set up plans for consequences associated with the objectives of the 2030 Program for the Sustainable Development Aims. The unprecedented plans between March and April 2020 disrupted the normal and regular functions of the socioeconomic life. At present, the concern is affecting rapidly toward the economic components-correctly thus, given the intense reduction in productivity and its social entities. This tendency will reinforce as states and groups of people go through the epidemic waves to discover themselves under economic stress. In this framework, it is necessary to safeguard the lens system of human development, to concentrate on human beings. This statement focuses three factors for a concept for the strategy response:

• Examine the response through the lens of equality. States, society, and groups of people before now in improved abilities will be most impacted, and placing them more behind will have longstanding effects in progressing the human development; • Emphasis on the longstanding capabilities of people. It could comprise the ostensible adjustments between public health and economic functions (a means to the end of growing abilities) but would correspondingly assist build resilience for upcoming crises and dangers;

• Abide by a reasonable multidimensional tactic. In view of the fact that the crisis has various interrelated dimensions like health and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, a systemic approach is important. The United Nations has already represented a guideline along with these outlines in its original structure for essential socioeconomic retorts.

Equality is the concept of fairness for each individual, between male and female. Sustainable development is the notion that we, the people, have the right to livelihood security that can withstand our existences and have access to a more even distribution of goods. The participation of people is the necessary condition of the development. In this regard, it means that further effective social welfare programs need to be arranged by the government for the wellbeing of the people in society. Therefore, empowerment means a process by which liberty of the individuals is granted to influence the decisions, and it improves the capabilities of people to directly participate in the development processes that have an effect on their existence. The security proposes people for the development opportunities spontaneously and securely with self-confidence that they will not evaporate abruptly in the future (United Nations Development Programme… 2020).

The United Nations articulates that the COVID-19 has been considered as much more than a medicinal crisis. The epidemic has been retreating human development, which is rotating the regulator back to the 1980s. The UN declares that we should begin by protecting health facilities and social security. Then states must as well confront disparity and shape societal consistency. The UN concentrates on the five main concern for the socioeconomic development from the infection are (The UN's 5-point framework… 2020):

(1) To develop and protect the healthcare arrangements and facilities;

(2) To build up social security;

(3) To safeguard the jobs, small and medium-sized industries and safeguard the workers in unorganized divisions; (4) To make the macro-economic strategies work for all in the world-society; (5) To promote peace and harmony, accountability and good governance, and trust to develop social unity and integrity.

In this regard, the state and governments have been accelerating strategies to support the healthcare systems and improve the deteriorating economy. The plans to be executed have the potential to have an effect on the shape of scientific innovation, which mobilizes the new technology, mixing the power between renewables and fossil fuels, and the distribution of resources. There will be numerous inevitable functional choices like saving the productive sections, advocating various types of innovations with several impacts on employment opportunities, reshaping social facilities, and infrastructural investment. And so far, at the various stages, people around the globe have replied jointly. The acceptance of social distancing policy, which in various cases began before formal strategies came in force-was not probably wholly implemented and could depend on the voluntary teamwork of billions of people.

Consequently, there must be transparency and responsibility in stages of human development. The people have the ability to lead their lives in harmony with the environment. It is important to state that there have been five primary concern and priorities for allocating the financial resources that would improve both the welfare effect and ecological goals (UNDP 2020):

• Investment in the hygienic physical infrastructure;

• Emphasis on the skill-recovery structure;

• Put stress on the investment in education and training to combat the immediate joblessness from the COVID-19 pandemic and structural redundancy for the environmental change; • Investing in the natural wealth for ecological resilience and redevelopment; and • Adequate investment in Research & Development.

Learning from the COVID-19 emergency, in addition to the development in morals and priorities, will have an effect on our opinions of what human development appearances like as we move toward the middle of the twenty-first century and of what we are willing to do there. The world is off-target to prevent the environmental change, and it is corroborating a new generation of discriminations in human development, and even anticipating to have 800 million people existing in tremendous deficiency and scarcity by 2030 (COVID-19 And Human …). Subsequently, the digital economy and society turn out to be the only technique to maintain economic functions and public interactions in society. More usage of tele-education and telemedicine could develop access to these services if investments are arranged in decreasing disparities in improved abilities.

More essentially, the emergency is absolutely a reminder that civilization is unlikely to be healthy in a sickening world. We disregard the barriers of nature in our threat. But the emergency showed the capacity of humans to work together to confront the common global challenges. Absolutely, the response was blemished, traumatized, and illogical, but practically far and wide, billions of people reformed their behavioral manners to face a shared peril. It makes it copiously perfect that we have within our reach to address other common threats-from weather variation and biological death of species to increasing disparities and discriminations in improved abilities.

It is concluded that this systemic emergency knockouts a world that has been taking care of the unsettled tensions: between individuals and technology, between man and the world, and between the haves and the have-nots-these have been creating a new generation of disparities. But the response to the crisis is an opportunity to reimagine how those tensions are addressed. The epidemic produced by COVID-19 has been an enormous systemic traumatize involving both public health devastation and an extreme economic emergency. The twofold emergency rests bare cleavages and organizational vulnerabilities both in individual states and in the extremely interrelated worldwide structure. This is a serious challenge to governments and multifaceted organizations to form and execute an operative and comprehensible response.

It intensifies the pre-existing dynamics of disparity and frangibility both within countries and in the global organization. The Human Development Index is a significant indicator that measures a state on its socioeconomic aspects. The coronavirus, therefore, gave a wake-up call to reconsider the HDI in terms of epidemic preparation for the future. The outcomes determine that developments in education, healthcare organizations, and income have been jeopardized by the coronavirus epidemic that generated the greatest retrenchment in financial activities.

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Sankar Manna is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Gour Banga. The focal theme of his research is the analysis of international relations, political theory, democratic politics, and human development. He published more than twenty papers in reputed national and international journals