key: cord-0052019-4m88xmbq authors: del Campo, Félix; López, Graciela; Arroyo, C. Ainhoa; de Frutos, Julio F.; Crespo, Andrea; Cerezo-Hernández, Ana; Álvaro, Tania M.; Ruiz, Tomás; Moreno, Fernando; Gutiérrez-Tobal, Gonzalo C.; Hornero, Roberto; Álvarez, Daniel title: Study of adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic() date: 2020-10-26 journal: Arch Bronconeumol DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.06.008 sha: cd0514b909afb7d957196e31ecd7599b6efc15e0 doc_id: 52019 cord_uid: 4m88xmbq nan To the Editor: The high transmissibility and lack of specific treatment for coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) has prompted the authorities of most countries to impose temporary lockdowns on their populations to contain the spread of the disease. 1, 2 The potential health consequences of home confinement in this setting are not well characterized. 3 Home continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 4 although its effectiveness depends largely on therapeutic compliance. 5 In this study, it was suggested that difficulties in accessing the healthcare system and the anxiety produced by the situation could have a negative impact on adherence to treatment. Given its known cardiovascular implications, OSA has been proposed as a risk factor for a negative outcome in Covid-19. 6 The main objective of the study was to compare the degree of compliance and adherence during lockdown in OSA patients previously included in a CPAP home monitoring program, compared with compliance during the previous 3 months, analyzing the influence of sex, age, and severity of OSA. Patients diagnosed with OSA treated with CPAP (AirSense 10, ResMed) participating in a telemonitoring program were included in the study. Two study periods were defined: 1) baseline, from December 15, 2019 to March 14, 2020; and 2) follow-up during the first month of lockdown, from March 15 to April 14, 2020. Patients had to have been receiving treatment for more than 3 months at baseline to avoid any learning bias. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee (CEIC PI090-20). CPAP telemonitoring data were received and stored automatically on the MyOSA web platform (Oxigen Salud, Barcelona, Spain), from which the following variables could be estimated: 1) daily use (number of hours divided by number of calendar days); 2) relative use (number of hours divided by days of use); 3) percentage of nights of use; 4) percentage of nights of use >4 h; 5) residual apnea-hypopnea index; 6) residual central apnea index; 7) residual obstructive apnea index; 8) mask leaks; and 9) 95% percentile of leaks. The criterion for adherence was use of CPAP for more than 4 h on 70% of nights. 7 Statistical differences between the study periods (baseline before lockdown vs. follow-up during lockdown) were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples. The threshold for statistical significance was set at a p value of < 0.01. A total of 2956 patients with a median age of 63 years (interquartile range 54-71) were included in the study, 77.7% of whom were men. In total, 75.1% of patients were compliant at baseline, while at follow-up this figure increased to 79.5% (p < 0.0001). During lockdown, only a history of depression showed a trend towards worse adherence (p = 0.017). Table 1 shows CPAP use and efficacy parameters during the study periods (baseline vs. follow-up). Overall, during the lockdown period, patients used CPAP for significantly more hours. With regard to treatment effectiveness, a significant decrease in residual obstructive events was observed during lockdown, although cen-F. del Campo et al. / Arch Bronconeumol. 2020;xxx(xx):xxx-xxx Table 1 Use of CPAP in the study periods for the overall series and compliers and non-compliers in the baseline period. tral events were significantly increased. In absolute values, leaks were significantly lower during lockdown. It is important to note that after 1 month of lockdown, 27.3% of patients initially considered non-compliant became compliant, while only 3.7% of previous compliers became non-compliers. Both men and women showed significant differences between the 2 study periods, with significantly greater use during lockdown regardless of sex. However, it should be pointed out that the number of residual obstructive events was significantly lower in men (0.51 vs. 0.48 events/h; p < 0.01) than in women (0.56 vs. 0.55 events/h); p < 0.059). Similarly, significantly greater compliance was observed during lockdown in all age ranges, particularly patients ≥65 years of age. With regard to OSA severity, the same general trends toward increased CPAP use during lockdown were observed. In terms of effectiveness, significantly lower rates of residual obstructive events (0.54 vs. 0.50 events/h; p < 0.01) and leaks (1.0 vs. 0.7 liters; p < 0.01) were observed during lockdown in patients with moderate to severe OSA. The rate of residual central events was systematically higher during lockdown, irrespective of sex, age, and severity of OSA. Our findings show that lockdown led to greater compliance. These results are consistent with a recent study conducted by Attias et al. 8 Similarly, Altena et al. found that the absence of strict working hours and the reduction of social activities may have led to an improvement in sleep quality during lockdown. 9 However, the fear of becoming ill may have promoted better CPAP adherence, despite the possibility of transmission of infection due to mask leaks. 10, 11 The pandemic has restricted the availability of healthcare for problems other than Covid-19, and this, combined with lockdown, has made it more difficult to access care. Telemedicine takes on special importance in this setting, 12,13 since therapeutic monitoring can continue as it did before lockdown and patients can continue to receive healthcare. The most important limitations of our study are that the degree of compliance with lockdown itself and the emotional, social, and employment status of patients are unknown, factors that could influence the observed trends. In conclusion, the lockdown resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic has not negatively affected short-term CPAP adherence and compliance. Our results show significantly higher compliance during 1 month of lockdown irrespective of sex, age, and severity of OSA. 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Telemonitor care helps CPAP compliance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by obstructive sleep apnoea patients Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy Home PAP devices in COVID-19 infected patients Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: A systematic review Does remote monitoring change OSA management and CPAP adherence? The role of telehealth in the medical response to disasters This study has been partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the DPI2017-84280-R project, and by the 'CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)' of the 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III' , co-funded by ERDF funds. The authors state that they have no conflict of interests.