key: cord-0051854-z5sfl0be
authors: nan
title: November 2020 New in Review
date: 2020-10-21
journal: J Acad Nutr Diet
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.09.016
sha: ac530ed75717ecb30164508f78e60135f6da19f5
doc_id: 51854
cord_uid: z5sfl0be

nan

The researchers aimed to establish age-and sex-related reference values of total and regional body composition parameters, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass, and reference values for lean mass index with regard to fat mass index quantities and body mass index by way of GE-Lunar Prodigy dual X-ray absorptiometry scans. A cohort study using 10,894 participants was designed to address this issue. The sample was drawn from participants in the LEAD study, a single-center, longitudinal, observational, and populationbased cohort study conducted in Austria. Participants were included if aged 18 to 81 years with a body mass index 18.5 to 40 and valid whole-body dual X-ray absorptiometry scans from between 2011 and 2019. Subjects were excluded if pregnant, breastfeeding, or weighing in excess of 159 kg. The sample was 53% female. Mean height of the males was 177.6 cm with a weight of 83.8 kg, and the women averaged 164.3 cm and 67.5 kg. Participants' body mass index was calculated as kg/m 2 , with body composition parameters analyzed by software enCORE, version 17 (GE Healthcare, 2016) and VAT measured by CoreScan (GE Healthcare). Variables of interest derived from the VAT included fat mass, lean mass, fat mass index, lean mass index, appendicular lean mass index, appendicular fat mass index, fat mass trunk/limbs, and fat mass android/gynoid. The data set was stratified by sex and divided into the following age groups: 18 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to 50, 50 to 60, 60 to 70, and to 82 years. Statistical analyses were performed using R (2004 -2016 . The researchers reported all lean mass and fat mass parameters, indicating central fat accumulations were higher in men and other fat mass indices were higher in women.

Short-term improvements in diet quality in people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are associated with smoking status, physical activity and body mass index: The 3D case series study. Burch E, Williams L, Thalib L, Ball L. Nutr Diab. 2020;10(1):25.

The researchers aimed to quantify shortterm improvements in diet quality and identify factors associated with improvements post type 2 diabetes diagnosis. A cohort study was designed for this purpose using 203 participants. The sample was recruited from the 3D study conducted in Australia with adults older than 18 years recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Excluded were those prescribed a specialized diet. The sample was 56% male, with a mean age of 58.5 years. Participants were monitored through five 30-minute intervieweradministered telephone surveys at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Demographics, including height, were collected at baseline only. Health characteristics were collected at each interview point to include smoking status, weight, and waist circumference. Physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, with mental health assessed using the Kessler Psychology Distress Scale. Information on medication use was queried over the phone. The Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour tool was used to record 24-hour dietary recall and data were entered into the dietary analysis program Food-Works to calculate Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores between 8 and 40. Change in diet quality was calculated by subtracting Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores at baseline from the scores at the 3-month point. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way analysis of variance and Fisher exact tests. The researchers report findings that diet quality after diagnosis does not appear to be associated with demographic characteristics but was associated with lifestyle behaviors.

Impact of overweight and obesity on US papillary thyroid cancer incidence trends . Kitahara C, Pfeiffer R, Sosa J, Shiels M. JNCI. 2020;112(8):810-817.

Investigators estimated the proportion of US papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) rates attributable to being overweight and/or obese between 1995 and 2015. Data from a cohort study using 457,331 participants were used to assess this issue. Data were obtained from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort, which was established in 1995-1996 to survey 567,169 members of AARP aged 50 to 71 years. The investigators excluded results based on proxy respondents, individuals with a prior diagnosis of cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer, and those with no follow-up information or missing data pertinent to the study. At baseline, the sample was 58.9% female, with 91.2% non-Hispanic White, 4.3% non-Hispanic Black, 1.3% Hispanic, 1.8% other, and 1.3% unknown. Anthropometric and socioeconomic demographic information was pulled from the survey, with cancer diagnoses obtained through 2011 by linking individual participants with state and local cancer registries. Cases were individuals diagnosed with first primary PTC during follow-up, and were further classified by stage at diagnosis: Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program summary stage, localized, regional, distant, and tumor size. Annual overweight and obesity prevalence data for adults aged 50 years or older during 1985-2015 were taken from the National Health Interview Survey. Incidence rates of PTC among those 60 years and older during 1995-2015 were estimated from data collected by 13 cancer registries as part of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program. Regression models were used to estimate the association between body mass index categories and first primary PTC risk. Additional models estimated associations between body mass index and PTC by tumor stage and size at diagnosis, as well as sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. The investigators reported that being overweight and obese were associated with a 1.26-fold and 1.3-fold increased risk of PTC, respectively, and nearly 3-fold and more than 5-fold increased risk of large PTCs relative to peers of normal weight. 

Trends in adiposity and food insecurity among US adults. Myers C, Mire E, Katzmarzyk P. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8):e2012726.

The investigators examined national trends in food insecurity among US adults between 1999 and 2016 according to surrogate measures of adiposity. A cross-sectional study using 46,145 participants was designed to address this issue. Participant data were obtained from nine 2-year cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and only participants older than 20 years were included. The sample was 52% female with a mean age of 46.9 years. Data were pulled from survey cycles between 1999e2000 and 2015e2016 with analyses performed between July 2019 and March 2020. The investigators assessed food security status using the US Household Food Security Survey Module composed of 18 items assessing nutrition-related conditions during the 12 months prior. Physical examinations included height, weight, and waist circumference measurements. Sociodemographic characteristics included sex, race/ethnicity, age, education level, poverty-to-income ratio, and marital status. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, 2013). The investigators reported that the results indicated that the prevalence of food insecurity was highest among adults with obesity, but the prevalence rose across all groups to some degree between 1999 and 2016.

Managing excessive weight gain in children <2 years of age: Interviews with primary care providers. Andersen L, Thompson D. Childhood Obes. 2020;16(5):332-339.

The researchers assessed primary care providers' (PCPs) perspectives on evaluating and communicating about early excessive weight gain in search of barriers. A qualitative descriptive approach was taken in creating an interview-based study to address this issue using a sample of 20 PCPs. Inclusion criteria for the study were being a pediatrician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant and conducting at least 1 well-child visit per week for children older than 2 years. The sample was 80% pediatrician, 5% physician assistant, 5% nurse practitioner, and 10% pediatric nurse practitioner. A semistructured interview guide was developed based on intervention domains for obesity prevention and early treatment for children younger than 2 years in the primary care clinic, including assessment and evaluation of growth patterns, diet, and activity and communicative delivery of anticipatory guidance to caregivers related to child weight, diet, physical activity, and behavior. Phone interviews were conducted from October 2017 to February 2018 by a nonpracticing general pediatrician. Interviews ranged from 25 to 60 minutes and were audiorecorded for transcription. A thematic analysis methodology was used to examine the transcripts and develop an initial codebook.

Atlas.ti, version 8.1.3 (Atlast.ti, 2018) was used for data organization and management. The researchers identified 3 major themes-high variability in the approach to identifying weight gain in children; multiple barriers impeding the execution of weight-related conversations with caregivers; and providers perceived the need for additional support in addressing excessive weight gain in children older than 2 years.

Four main barriers to weight loss maintenance? A quantitative analysis of difficulties experienced by obese patients after successful weight reduction. Fischer M, Oberander N, Weimann A. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74 (8):1192-1200.

The investigators assessed the frequency of difficulties experienced during the first 3 years after successful completion of a nonsurgical weight loss and lifestyle intervention for morbid obesity. A principal component analysis of 88 participants was conducted to examine this issue. Inclusion criteria were age 18 to 70 years, body mass index 35 with associated comorbidities, or a body mass index 40 alone. Exclusion criteria were bedridden status, cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency, malignant disease, pregnancy or lactation, binge eating disorder, or other severe mental disorders. The sample was 61% female with a mean age of 46.7 years, mean body weight of 139 kg, and body mass index 49.5. Participants were drawn from an observational study utilizing a 12-month multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention with a verylow-calorie diet, 5-year follow-up care with mandatory annual checkups, and a prospective evaluation. Post treatment, the follow-up treatments included monitoring of disease progression and individualized assessments. Body weight and maintenance difficulties were assessed using a list of 26 probable difficulties rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The lists were assembled collectively by members of the multiprofessional teams, experienced staff, and patients themselves. Weight regain was computed as the relative change between weight at 12 months and the latest annual checkup. Responses to the 26 weight maintenance difficulties were analyzed in terms of frequencies, median, mean, and standard deviation. The Kaiser criterion was used to determine factors retained for rotation, and associations between the derived factors and clinical data were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation or Mann-Whitney test. The investigators report that 4 solid factors explained 56% of variance, including "hedonic hunger," "mental distress," "binge eating," and "demoralization." When controlling for age and follow-up time, "binge eating" was the most important predictor.

Effect of dairy consumption and its fat content on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study. Mitri J, Tomah S, Mottalib A, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(2):293-302.

Researchers hypothesized that increasing dairy consumption 3 or more servings per day, irrespective of fat content, would not negatively affect glycemic control or other cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled single-center clinical trial using 111 participants was designed to test this hypothesis. Eligible participants included patients with type 2 diabetes for more than 3 months; between 18 and 75 years old; body mass index 25; body weight maintained within a 10% weight loss or gain during the 6-month lead-up to study enrollment; and on stable doses of antihyperglycemic, antihyperintensive, and lipid-lowering medications for 3 or more months. The sample was 47% female with a mean age of 58.5 years and duration of diabetes of 13.2 years. Primary end points were the changes in hemoglobin A1c concentrations from baseline to 24 weeks in the 3 groups. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to 1 of 3 trial groups. The control group was instructed to change neither their baseline dairy consumption nor other aspect of their diet. The lowfat group consumed 3 or more servings of low-fat dairy products (<2% fat) per day. The high-fat group consumed 3 or more servings of high-fat dairy products (>2% fat) per day. During the 24-week trial, participants maintained stable doses of medications without change, except those taking calcium supplements, who were asked to take <500 mg during the study. Participants received nutritional counseling regarding baseline energy maintenance and serving sizes. All participants completed a 3-day food log before baseline. Participants attended 3 study visits during the trial and received 5 follow-up calls throughout. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were taken at each visit for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, 2013) and STATA SE, version 15.0 (Stata Corp, 2017) . The researchers report that the increased dairy consumption had no effect on hemoglobin A1c, body weight, body composition, lipid profile, or blood pressure. A metabolomics study of red and processed meat intake and acylcarnitine concentrations in human urine and blood. Three-year outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and hypertension: A randomized clinical trial. Schiavon C, Bhatt D, Ikeoka D. Ann Intern Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-3781. 

Food insecurity and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among WICenrolled families in the first 1,000 days. Fernandez C, Chen L, Cheng E, et al. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2020; 52(8) :796-800.

low vitamin D levels: The VDKA Randomized Clinical Trial

Mighty or SmalleMusic for All! Developing an interactive online storybook to promote body positivity in children

Efficacy of Ketogenic Diet, modified Atkins Diet, and low glycemic index therapy diet among children with drug-resistant epilepsy: A randomized clinical trial

Development and preliminary testing of a technology-enhanced intervention to improve energy intake regulation in children

Cross-site process evaluation results for the Early Childhood Education Center Setting: CORD study

Maternal caffeine consumption and pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review with implications for advice to mothers and mothers-to-be

POLICY & ADVOCACY Medical marijuana, recreational cannabis, and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the

The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics

PUBLIC HEALTH Food insecurity and mortality in American adults: Results from the NHANES-linked mortality study

Examining perceptions of Spanish language health information among Hispanics living in the United States: A qualitative study assessing videos, brochures

to transit: National Household Transportation Survey

Healthy and unhealthy food environments are linked with neighborhood socio-economic disadvantage: An innovative geospatial approach to understanding food access inequities

Association between bariatric surgery and all-cause mortality: A populationbased matched cohort study in a universal health care system

Association of sex or race with the effect of weight loss on physical function: A secondary analysis of 8 randomized clinical trials

):e2014631. Demographic groups likely affected by regulating sugar-sweetened beverage portion sizes

Pitfalls in the diagnosis of hereditary fructose intolerance

):e20193324. Genetically modified plants: Nutritious, sustainable

Diet patterns and prodromal features of Parkinson's disease

SCHOOL NUTRITION Kindergarten to 12 th grade schoolbased nutrition interventions: Putting past recommendations into practice

WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Starch digestion-related amylase genetic variants, diet, and changes in adiposity: Analyses in prospective cohort studies and randomized dietary intervention

Association of sex or race with the effect of weight loss on physical function: A secondary analysis of 8 randomized clinical trials

):e2014631. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep before and after bariatric surgery and associations with weight loss outcome

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS)-Analysis of practices in nutritional aspects from five continents

Provider advice and patient perceptions on weight across five health systems

e2013448. WOMEN'S HEALTH

A single load of fructose attenuates the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes on ultra-long-acting basal insulin: A randomized, open-label, crossover proofof-principle study. 

A small molecule, UAB126, reverses diet-induced obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Ren G, Kim T, Kim HS, et al. Diabetes. 2020; 69(9):2003 -2016 .