key: cord-0043383-ienet82k authors: Cheke, Rameshwar S.; Shinde, Sachin; Ambhore, Jaya; Adhao, Vaibhav; Cheke, Dnyaneshwar title: Coronavirus: Hotspot on coronavirus disease 2019 in India date: 2020-04-30 journal: Indian J Med Sci DOI: 10.25259/ijms_33_2020 sha: 8fbb5326c6e469403f6a2f7dcf191a517eb2b875 doc_id: 43383 cord_uid: ienet82k The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or also known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized as the cause of respiratory infection in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in late December 2019. As of April 5, 2020, this epidemic had spread to worldwide with 12,03,485 confirmed cases, including 62,000 deaths. The World Health Organization has declared it a Global Public Health Crisis. Coronavirus causes respiratory illness coughing, sneezing, breathlessness, and fever including pneumonia. The disease is transmitted person to person through infected droplets. At present, the research on novel coronavirus is still in the primary stage. Based on the published study, we thoroughly summarize the history and origin, microbiology and taxonomy, mode of transmissions, target receptor, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment about COVID-19. This short report writes in hope for providing platform to community and researcher dealings against with the novel coronavirus and providing a reference for further studies. by Canada in 2001. A total of 17-18 cases were confirmed as infected with coronavirus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were treated as uncomplicated non-fatal virus till 2002. Later, 2003, β-genera species of coronavirus were originated from bats and transmitted to human through mediator host of palm civet cats in the Guangdong territory of China and designated as SARS, 8422 people get affected from coronavirus and 916 caused death before being controlled in China and Hong Kong. [8] Nearly, in 2012, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as well bat origin, emerged in Saudi Arabia with camel as the mediator host and affected 2494 people and caused 858 deaths. [9] Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first recognized and isolated from pneumonia patient belongs to Wuhan, China. [10, 11] Coronavirus is spherical; single stranded, enveloped RNA viruses from 60 to 140 nm in diameter and covered with club shaped glycoprotein when observed in electron microscope, [12] as shown in Figure 1 . According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, coronavirus is belonging to order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae. Based on serological evidences, coronavirinae is divided into four genera: Alphacoronavirus (α), betacoronavirus (β), gammacoronavirus (ϒ), and deltacoronavirus (δ). [13] Some of them were affected human and causes respiratory infection as well as other affected to animal such as cats, mice, pigs, and dog. Classification of coronavirus according to their class and subclass is as shown in Table 1 . Person to person contact is major way of transmission of COVID 19 according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Human can get infected through close contact with a person has respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing or sneezing), spreads primarily through airborne droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose, and transmission route represent in Figure 2 . Communication may also occur through object in the direct environment around the infectious people. [14] Therefore, spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus can happens by direct contact with infectious person and indirect contact with objects in the immediate environment. Some evidence shows that it may also transmit through intestinal infection and are present in feces. [15] DRUG TARGET According to recently publish research, SARS-CoV attaches to the target cell with the help of spike protein host cell protein interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme-2 and MERS-CoV to dipeptidyl peptidase-4. [16] [17] [18] Later receptor identification, the virus genome with its nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm of the host cells. In addition, seven major targets such as membrane protein, envelope protein, spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, hemagglutinin esterase, and helicase [10] for designing of lead can considered. Moreover, 16 non-structural proteins may also consider for the development of CoV-specific drugs. According to the healthcare professional and study published, most people infected with coronavirus will experience with many common features such as mild to moderate respiratory illness coughing, sneezing, sore throat, breathlessness, low grade fever, and fatigue even as diarrhea. COVID 19 is mild in most peoples in some elderly peoples having underlying medical problem such as diabetes, chronic respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular disease which is more possible to develop severe illness. In neonates, infants and children have been also reported to be notably milder than adults. The coronavirus was isolated form bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in blood sample. Common symptoms of COVID-19 are summarized in Table 2 . [19] [20] [21] At present, few laboratory tests are available that can recognize the virus that causes COVID-19 in respiratory specimens. State and local public health departments have received tests from CDC while medical providers are getting tests developed by commercial manufacturers. For suspected infection person, performing real-time PCR fluorescence use to detect the positive nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in the lower respiratory tract samples such as throat swab, nasopharyngeal swab, sputum, endotracheal aspirates, and bronchoalveolar lavage. [22] [23] Coronavirus may also be detected in the stool and in severe cases, the blood. As the epidemic progresses, commercial tests will also become available for diagnosis of COVID-19. At present, there is no prescribe treatment for COVID 19, some guidelines were present by the world health organization (WHO) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). There is so many evidences published in studies about person to person transmission of corona virus. Some characteristics of this coronavirus make precaution difficult particularly, non-specific features of the disease, transmission from asymptomatic person, elongated incubation period, prolonged duration of the illness, and transmission even after clinical recovery. Separation of infected patient to other family member with mild illness at home quarantine is recommended. According to ECDC, some general guidelines were published such as avoid direct contact with sick person in particular those having cough, avoid visiting places were alive or dead animals are handled, maintaining overall good personal hygiene, wash your hand with soap or alcohol base sanitizer after using toilet and before eating, avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, and coughing or sneezing into a tissue and putting the tissue directly into a waste container. Those who may already have infection have been advised to wear a surgical mask and avoid visiting to public places. Health-care providers taking care of infected person are recommended to use standard precautions, contact precautions, and eye protection. [24] [25] [26] [27] There is no vaccine/drug have yet been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19. At present, the treatments of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are mainly symptomatic treatments and supportive management strategy, followed by health professionals. However, a number of medicines have been suggested as potential investigational therapies, many of which are now being or will soon be studied in clinical trials. Supportive treatment may include administration of antipyretic and analgesic for fever and cough, maintenance of hydration and nutrition, and mechanical ventilation and even extra corporeal membrane oxygen as respiratory support may be needed. Renal replacement therapy may be needed in some instant and use of antibiotics and antifungal is necessary if coinfections are proven. [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] Antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, lopinavir/ ritonavir have been used based on the experience with SARS and MERS. In a historical control study in patients with SARS, patients treated with lopinavir-ritonavir with ribavirin had better outcomes as compared to those given ribavirin Shortness of breath -alone. [33] Apart from this, remdesivir, [34, 35] chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nucleoside derivatives, neuraminidase inhibitors, and peptide EK1 can also be the choices of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 treatment. [36] Still health professionals were not fully satisfied with any therapy so further clinical research needed. Table 3 and date wise graphical representation of COVID-19 confirmed cases up to April 5, 2020, as represented in Figure 3 . [37] CONCLUSION 1 0 0 4 Assam 26 0 0 5 Bihar 30 0 1 6 Chandigarh 18 0 0 7 Chhattisgarh 9 3 0 8 Delhi 503 18 7 9 Goa 7 0 0 10 Gujarat 122 18 11 11 Haryana 59 25 1 12 Himachal Pradesh 6 1 1 13 Jammu and Kashmir 106 4 2 14 Jharkhand 3 0 0 15 Karnataka 144 12 4 16 Kerala 306 49 2 17 Ladakh 14 10 0 18 Madhya Pradesh 165 0 9 19 Maharashtra 490 42 24 20 Manipur 2 0 0 21 Mizoram 1 0 0 22 Odisha 20 0 0 23 Puducherry 5 1 0 24 Punjab 57 1 5 25 Rajasthan 200 21 0 26 Tamil Nadu 485 6 3 27 Telangana 269 32 7 28 Uttarakhand 22 2 0 29 Uttar Pradesh 227 19 2 30 West Bengal 80 10 3 Total number of confirmed cases in India 3577* 275 83 *Count up to 5 th April 2020 as per WHO website prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic origin. Till only "Social Distancing" is best vaccine against COCID-19. Patient's consent not required as there are no patients in this study. Nil. There are no conflicts of interest. 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