key: cord-0038206-vkj12ulw
authors: nan
title: Abstracts cont.
date: 2015-12-28
journal: Clin Microbiol Infect
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.0902f.x
sha: db1ae61c11d43c2134a45d30e9f4bcad233a8a67
doc_id: 38206
cord_uid: vkj12ulw

nan

Background: Extended-spectrum b-lactams are commonly included in empirical antibiotic regimens for the treatment of Gram-negative infections. The emergence of extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria poses a serious threat to the continued use of this family of antibiotics. Since ESBLs have previously been uniformly susceptible to b-lactamase inhibitors (e.g. tazobactam or clavulanic acid), inhibitor/b-lactam combinations (e.g. piperacillin/tazobactam) have been advocated as potential therapeutically effective agents. Methods: In June 2003, a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli was recovered from a 82-year-old woman nursed on the high dependency surgical ward in St James's University Hospital Leeds, UK. The patient had received courses of ceftazidime and piperacillin/ tazobactam (Pip/Taz). The organism was isolated from a urine specimen. Speciation was confirmed biochemically with API 20E system. The organism was resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, Pip/Taz and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and was susceptible to meropenem, imipenem and cefoxitin using a disk diffusion method. ESBL production was sought using the disc synergy and the MAST ID tests. PCR using specific primers was used to screen for the presence of blaSHV and blaTEM. Nucleotide sequence analysis was used to determine the identity of the resistance determinants. Results: ESBL production was demonstrated with both the disc synergy and the MAST ID tests. PCR showed the organism to harbour a blaTEM. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified the resistant determinant as a TEM-26 b-lactamase with an additional mutation at amino-acid position 69 with the replacement of methionine by valine. This mutation has previously been shown to confer resistance to beta-lactamase inhibitors. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report of a TEM extended-spectrum b-lactamase also conferring resistance to Pip/ Taz. This highlights the continuing global emergence and mutability of this clinically important family of enzymes. It emphasises the importance for vigilance in identifying novel resistance mechanisms and the need for prudent use of antimicrobials to preserve their clinical efficacy. cephalosporins: ceftazidime and cefotaxime. b-lactamases were extracted by ultrasonication. Supernatants containing crude enzyme extracts were analysed by isoelectric focusing on ampholine polyacrylamide gels (pH 3.5-9.5) using a Multiphor II electrophoresis System (Pharmacia Biotech) and b-lactamases were visualised with an overlay of nitrocefin. Previously described primers VEBcasB and VEBcasF were used for detection of the blaVEB-1 gene. Automated DNA sequencing was performed in the amplified product. The 50 and 30-CS primers were used in combination with VEB-INV1 and VEB-INV2, respectively, in order to determine the size of the variable region of the integron. A newly design primer PVEB was used to demonstrate the colinearity of the integrase with blaVEB-1. Results: The P. mirabilis strain was isolated from an urine sample and showed resistance to all extended-spectrum cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and phosphomycin. An unusual synergy was observed between cefoxitin and cefotaxime and cefuroxime using double-disc synergy. Isoelectric focusing analysis revealed the presence of a b-lactamase with a pI of 7.6. DNA sequencing analysis revealed the presence of a blaV-EB-1 gene, which showed 98% identity with the blaVEB-1 gene found in P. mirabilis Lil-1. This gene cassette was located within a class 1 integron of approximately 3 kb. On both sides of the blaV-EB-1 gene there were two unsequenced regions of around 600 bp each, flanked by the integrase gene upstream and the 3'conserved segment (3'CS) downstream. Conclusions: These data indicate that the blaVEB-1 gene is part of a genetic environment comprised in a class 1 integron. However, the variable regions of the integron are different in size than previously described integrons containing blaVEB-1 gene in P. mirabilis, E. coli or P. aeruginosa. Further studies are needed to evaluate which gene cassettes are codified by these variable regions. the paediatric hospital from Iasi, Romania since 1994. This preliminary study was undertaken in order to obtain information on the epidemiology of these strains and the mechanism of 3GC resistance. Methods: A random sample of eight E. coli strains isolated in the period 2000-2001 were examined. Susceptibility status to various antimicrobial agents was assessed using the Mini Api System (Bio Merieux). Detection of extended spectrum b-lactamases (ESBL) was performed with the Etest method using strips containing ceftazidime plus clavulanic acid. The isoelectric points of b-lactamases produced by each strain were determined by isoelectric focusing (IEF) of crude cell extracts. Typing of the strains was carried out by a PCR-based method using the ERIC2 oligonucleotide primer. Results: All strains showed resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, cefoxitin. In seven cefoxitin-resistant strains the ESBL detection test was negative. Upon IEF these strains were found to produce b-lactamases with highly basic isoelectric points. It was therefore presumed that these strains produced acquired AmpC enzymes. In the remaining isolate ceftazidime MIC was significantly reduced in the presence of clavulanic acid. The strain expressed a b-lactamase that focused at 8.2 (probably an SHV-5 enzyme). ERIC2 PCR typing showed at least four different banding patterns suggesting a widespread of 3GC resistance mechanism to distinct strains. Conclusions: The frequent isolation of 3GC-R E. coli in the paediatric hospital of Iasi is dues to the dissemination of epidemiologically distinct strains. Resistance can be attributed to production of various b-lactamase types including AmpC (cephalosporinases)and extended-spectrum enzymes. Reduction of the use of 3 GC and enforcement of infection control measures must be applied. Objectives: Two clinically unrelated Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 101-4704 and 48-696, were isolated from hospitalised patients in Brasilia and Sao Paulo, respectively. Both isolated expressed class B carbapenem-hydrolysing metallo-b-lactamase (MBL) and . These genes were found embedded in class 1 integrons that also encoded aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. The aim of this study was further characterize the two novels aminoglycoside resistant genes (ARG). Methods: Primers targeting the 50CS and 30CS regions of class 1 integron were used to amplify the blaIMP-16 and blaIMP-1 containing integron. These primers yielded PCR products, which were sequenced on both strands using DuPont Automated systems. After integrons sequence analysis, the ARG were amplified by PCR and cloned into the expression vector pPCRScriptCam SK. The recombinant plasmids were transferred into Escherichia coli DH5alfa and their respective aminoglycoside resistance profile evaluated against gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, sisomicin, isepamicin and tobramycin. Nucleotides sequences and their deduced protein products, alignments and phylogenetic relationships were determined using the Lasergene software package. Results: Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two novel aminoglycoside genes just downstream of the blaIMP-16 and bla-IMP-1, namely aacA(6')-30 and aacA(6')-31, respectively. The aacA(6')-30 was fused with the following gene, aacA(6')-Ib', which formed an open reading frame of 984 bp and potentially encodes a protein of 36.7 kDa. The AAC(6')-30 possessed most similarity (52.7%) to the previously described AAC(6')-29b. The aacA(6')-31 was 555-bp long, encoded a putative protein of 20.5 kDa and was most similar (82.1%) to the aacA(6')-Ib' found in the blaIMP-16 carrying integron strain. E. coli strains harbouring the fused form aac(6')-30/aac(6')-Ib' and aacA(6')-31 showed MICs three to five-fold-higher than the recipient E. coli DH5alfa strain, including to gentamicin and amikacin. The MICs remained unaltered to isepamicin. Conclusions: The fused form AAC(6')-30/AAC(6')-Ib' is likely to be a bifunctional protein rather than the expression of both AAC(6')-30 and AAC(6')-Ib'. The AAC(6')-30/AAC(6')-Ib' and AAC(6')-31 conferred a resistance profile called AAC(6')-IV phenotype. The association of mobile MBL genes with ARG presents an immense concern since both enzymes cannot be neutralised by clinically available inhibitors.

S. Besier, A. Ludwig, V. Brade, T.A. Wichelhaus Frankfurt/ Main, D Objectives: Antibiotic resistance due to chromosomal mutations causing structural modifications in the cellular target of the drug is often associated with a fitness burden for the resistant bacteria. This loss of biological fitness, however, can be overcome in some cases by the acquisition of compensatory mutations. As shown recently, certain amino acid exchanges in elongation factor G (EF-G) of Staphylococcus aureus, such as H457Y, cause resistance to fusidic acid. Interestingly, fusidic acid-resistant clinical S. aureus isolates carrying the exchange H457Y frequently harbour additional amino acid substitutions within EF-G (e.g. S416F) which do not contribute to resistance. The aim of the present study was (i) to analyse the biological costs of the mutation H457Y and (ii) to investigate whether the mutation S416F is able to compensate for this fitness burden. Methods: The influence of amino acid exchanges within EF-G on the biological fitness of S. aureus was analysed by measuring growth kinetics and by means of fitness assays and plasmacoagulase activity assays, using isogenic recombinant S. aureus strains carrying either the wild-type EF-G gene (fusA) or a mutant fusA derivative (H457Y, H457Y/S416F or S416F) on a multicopy plasmid. All assays started with a defined cell number of bacteria and were repeated three times to ensure reproducibility. Results: The assays showed that the fusidic acid resistance-mediating mutation H457Y causes a marked impairment of biological fitness. The amino acid exchange S416F, however, did not influence the fusidic acid susceptibility and impaired the biological fitness of the bacteria only slightly when present individually. The strain expressing the EF-G derivative with the double mutation H457Y/S416F, however, grew significantly faster, showed enhanced fitness in competition with the wild-type and exhibited a higher plasmacoagulase activity than the strain harbouring the single exchange H457Y. Conclusions: The presented data provide evidence that the amino acid exchange S416F in EF-G functions as a fitness-compensating mutation in fusidic acid-resistant S. aureus harbouring the EF-G mutation H457Y, thereby demonstrating that the biological cost of fusidic acid resistance in S. aureus can be considerably reduced by secondary mutations within the bacterial genome. Objective: GIM-1 was recently described as the fourth type of mobile MBL. Primary studies showed that blaGIM-1 was embedded in a class 1 integron with unusual size and structure. The aim of this study was to characterise the genetic environment of bla-GIM-1. Methods: The integron structure was revealed with a walking sequencing strategy, using custome primers. Sequencing of the fragments was performed in both strands using DuPont Automated systems and the results analysed using DNAstar. The plasmid obtained from the isolate harbouring blaGIM-1 was electroporated into Escherichia coli DH5alfa and a rifampin-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pA01 (RifR). Selection was performed in nutrient agar plates containing 4 lg/mL of ceftazidime. Restriction profiles of the plasmid were carried out with different restriction enzymes, to obtain the plasmid size. Results: In77 is a 6-kb integron showing all the key genetic components commonly found in a class 1 integron (the intI1 integrase gene with its own promoter regions, an attI1 recombination site and in the 3'-CS, the fused structure qacEdelta1/sul1). This integron harbour in the first position the recently described blaGIM-1. Downstream of the MBL gene was found an aacA4, followed by an aadA1. However, this second aminoglycoside resistance gene was interrupted by the insertion sequence, IS1394, previously described in a Pseudomonas alcaligenes isolate. This integron also carried an ESBL gene, blaOXA-2 in the last position. Two frame shifts were found in this integron, one in the integrase gene and the second in the IS1394. Further characterisation of the In77, revealded that this integron is likely to be located in a nontrasferable 22-kb plasmid. Conclusions: This work describes a novel integron, In77, carrying the lately mobile MBL gene described, blaGIM-1. Distinct features, such as the addA1 interrupted by the IS1394 and the frame shifts that make the integrase and the insertion sequence stationary. It has been argued that significant decrease in activity of antimicrobial agents in testing with high inocula may be predictive of a possible therapeutic failure in cases of severe infections. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of large inocula on in vitro activities of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), piperacillintazobactam (PTZ) and cefoperazone-sulbactam (CPS) against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing various types of ESBLs. Methods: Twenty laboratory strains producing the knows ESBLs, TEM-3-TEM-7, TEM-9-TEM-12, TEM-26, TEM-47, SHV-2-SHV-6, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-5, CTX-M-9 and CTX-M-15 and 198 ESBL-producing clinical isolates of E. coli (n ¼ 46) and K. pneumoniae (n ¼ 152) collected in 21 Russian hospitals were included in this study. ESBL production was detected by a double-disc synergy test. Activities of AMC (2:1), PTZ (4 mg/L -fixed tazobactam concentration) and CPS (1:1) were determined by broth microdilution tests using standard (5 Â 10 5 CFU/mL) and 100-fold higher inocula. Results were interpreted according to the current NCCLS guidelines. The susceptibility to CPS was determined on the basis of cefoperazone MIC breakpoints. Results: In testing with standard inocula, the rates of resistance to AMC, PTZ, and CPS were 10.6, 36.2 and 5.5%, respectively. The data on the MICs of each drug tested with different inocula are summarised in the table. The inoculum effect, defined as an eightfold of greater MIC increase on testing with the higher inoculum, was commonly observed with PTZ (84.4%) and less-frequently detected with AMC (28.0%) and CPS (25.7%). The extent of the inoculum effects with these drugs was largely independent of the type of ESBL produced. In high-inoculum tests, all but two (0.9%) strains appeared resistant to FEP and PTZ, whereas 5 and 25.5% of strains remained susceptible to AMC and CPS, respectively.

Conclusions: A strong inoculum effect detected with PTZ is probably predictive of a high risk of failure if this drug is used for treatment of serious infections caused by ESBL-producing organisms. Based on the lowest resistance rate and the least pronounced inoculum effect, CPS may be considered as the most effective b-lactam-b-lactamase inhibitor combination. Objective: Analysis of the genetic context of MBL containing integrons in carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from Poland and Germany. Methods: Carbapenem resistant strains were analysed by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The MBL-containing integrons from these strains were amplified using primers designed to class 1 integron specific 5 0 and 3 0 conserved sequences (CS). Upstream sequences were amplified by PCR by a novel degenerate primer approach using one primer anchored to the 5 0 and 3 0 CS sequences and degenerate primers designed to randomly hybridise to upstream and downstream sequences. Sequencing was performed on both strands by the dideoxy-chain termination method. Results: The 11 Polish isolates all contained an identical class 1 integron containing a novel VIM-4 cassette which contained a 5' direct repeat of 169 bp of the 3' portion of the blaVIM-4 gene. The 11 strains represented four different PFGE types. In all of these isolates the class 1 integron was inserted into the tnpA gene of a Tn501 type transposon, the tnpA gene having 100% identity to the tnpA gene of Tn501. The German isolates were all of an identical ribotype and contained a class 1 integron harbouring the GIM-1 MBL. Interestingly this class 1 integron was also inserted into the tnpA gene of a Tn501-like transposon but at a different site. Conclusions: The Polish integrons harbour an unusual blaVIM-4 gene cassette that has a 3' duplication, which can be explained by a mechanism involving deletion of a segment of an ancestral tandem repeat of blaVIM-4 via slipped strand replication, mediated by a combination of polymerase and integrase. Interestingly both the Polish and German MBL containing isolates contain class 1 integrons that are harboured by Tn501-like transposons. In all cases the integrons are inserted into the tnpA gene of the transposon. This is the first time that MBL gene cassettes have been associated with Tn501-like transposons and this observation adds another level of mobility to these gene cassettes.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains from Greek hospitals C. Masgala, I. Galani, M. Souli, Z. Chryssouli, H. Giamarellou Athens, GR Objectives: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important emerging pathogen causing a variety of nosocomial infections. Being inher-ently resistant to many antibiotics, this species poses a therapeutic challenge to the clinician. Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Gram-negatives has been attributed to amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE). The aim of this study therefore was to determine the sequence of the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, and parC genes in nonclonal S. maltophilia clinical isolates, resistant to quinolones. Methods: Six nosocomial isolates from five Greek hospitals, collected during the period April 1998 to May 1999 were studied. Susceptibility testing was performed by the agar diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test and Etest, according to NCCLS guidelines. Epidemiologic relatedness between the isolates was assessed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SpeI-restricted genomic DNA. The QRDR regions of gyrA, gyrB, and parC of all strains were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers and sequenced. Active efflux of ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefepime, meropenem, chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, aztreonam and tetracycline was examined by determining the MICs with broth microdilution method in the presence and absence of CCCP. Results: Ciprofloxacin MICs ranged from 4 to 32 mg/L. A substitution at position 47 (Argâ) of gyrA particle was present in all six strains studied. A strain with MIC of 4 mg/L harboured two more aminoacid changes at positions 127 (Metâ) and 137 (Aspâ). GyrB presented an 11-aminoacid gap in all strains, while no aminoacid substitutions were found in ParC, even in the single strain with a CIP MIC of 32 mg/L. All six isolates showed a fourfold decrease in MICs of the above-mentioned antimicrobials in the presence of CCCP, suggesting the presence of an active efflux system. SmeABC and SmeDEF efflux pumps should be overexpressed in all strains tested, except one in which only SmeDEF pump was overexpressed. Conclusions: No clear correlation appears between MIC of ciprofloxacin, mutations in QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, and parC, and active efflux. The resistance of S. maltophilia to fluoroquinolones seems to be complicated and further work is required to clarify the mechanisms behind the wide phenotypic variations observed. Objectives: The incidence of resistance to ESBL antibiotics is increasing in Turkey. In this study, in-vitro activities of 17 antimicrobial agents against 601 Pseudomonas and 318 acinetobacter species isolated between 01 January 2000 and 31 August 2003 were studied for the production of ESBLs. Methods: Identification and susceptibility tests were done using VITEC 2 system. Conventional methods and BBL Crystal (Bio-Merieux, Fr) were studied additionally when necessary. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of panresistant strains were determined by agar dilution method. Results: A total of 177 (87%) of isolated Acinetobacter spp was from inpatient clinics, 41 (12.8%) were from outpatient specimens. Intensive care unit was accounted for 36.7% of positive cultures in hospitalised patients. Among Acinetobacter species 317 were Acinetobacter spp.; saccharolytic, nonhaemolytic, one was Acinetobacter spp., asaccharolytic, nonhaemolytic. Acinetobacter isolates were generally more resistant than Pseudomonas isolates. Fifty-seven per cent of all acinetobacter strains were ESBL-positive. Panresistance rate was 8.4%. Of the antimicrobials tested, imipenem and b-lactams with b-lactamase activity were found most active with susceptibility rates 50-60%. Rates of susceptibility against amikacin, ampicillin, cefazoline, cefotetan, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, tobramycin were lower than 40%. Eighty-seven per cent (524) of Pseudomonas isolates were P. aeruginosa, 1.16% (7) were P. fluorescence. One-third of all isolates were from intensive care units. Fifty-six per cent of Pseudomonas isolates were ESBLpositive. Imipenem (70%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (83%) have the highest activity against Pseudomonas spp. Ciprofloxacin Drug % of isolates with n-fold MIC increase MIC 50; 90% mg/L* n ¼ 1 n ¼ 2 n ¼ 4 n ¼ 8 n ¼ 16 n !32 10 5 CFU/mL 10 7 CFU/mL 3.6% in S. mitis; 3.5% in S. sanguinis), while erm(A) was never found. In all MLSB strains erm(B) was always associated with tet(M) in all species. In M-strains, tet(M) was associated in 7.1% in mef(A)-positive strains (3.5% in S. milleri and 3.6% in S. sanguinis) and in 3.5% in S. pneumoniae mef(E)-positive. Southern blotting analysis indicated that erm(B) and tet(M) always hybridised in a single band in all cases, suggesting a localisation in the same genetic element; on the contrary mef(A) and tet(M) hybridised on different fragments, demonstrating the different localisation on the streptococcal genome; in only one case mef(E) and tet(M) appeared to be associated. The sequence analysis of long-PCR of two strains with erm ( The strains were recovered from foods (four) and faecal samples of healthy animals (eight) and humans (five). Susceptibility testing to 25 antimicrobial agents was performed by agar-dilution method (NCCLS) . Mutations in the gyrA, gyrB and parC genes, and the analysis of blaTEM, blaOXA and blaSHV genes were determined by PCR and sequencing. The tet, aac (3), ant(2''), aphA, sul, aadA, cmlA and floR genes were detected by PCR, whereas dfr genes were identified by PCR and RFLP. Chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) activity was also studied. Type 1 and 2 integrons were analysed by PCR and sequencing. Results: All strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and rifampicin, and most also to trimethoprim (14 strains), sulphamethoxazole (16 strains) and streptomycin (16 strains) . Four and eight strains were resistant to gentamicin and kanamycin, respectively. Ten strains (ciprofloxacin MIC range 0.125-1 mg/L) showed a single amino acid change in GyrA (S83L). The amino acid changes found in the remaining seven strains (ciprofloxacin MIC range 4-64 mg/L) were (GyrA/ ParC changes): S83L+D87N/S80I: four strains; S83L + D87H/S80I: one strain; S83L + A84P/S80I + A108V: one strain; and S83L + D87N/S80I + E84G: one strain. The resistance genes detected were the following (no. strains): blaTEM1 (17); tetA (10), tetB (seven); cmlA (five); aac(3)-IV (three), aac(3)-II (one); aphA1 (two), aphA2 (six); aadA1 (12), aadA2 (five), aadA5 (two); sul1 (10), sul2 (11), sul3 (six); dfrA1 (nine), dfrA12 (five), dfrA17 (two), and a new dfr gene was also found in one strain. None of the 17 strains had blaOXA, blaSHV, ant (2 00 ) or floR genes. More than five different resistance genes were found in 15 of the 17 strains and one strain harboured 11 of the 18 genes detected. Ten strains showed more than one gene implicated in the resistance to the same antimicrobial agent. CAT activity was found in six of the 17 strains. Eleven strains harboured one or two type 1 integrons, which included the following gene cassettes (no. strains): aadA1 (one), dfrA1+aadA1 (six), dfrA12 + orf + aadA2 (four), dfrA17 + aadA5 (two). Type 2 integron was detected in four strains, which included the dfrA1 + sat + aadA1 gene cassettes. Conclusions: The multiple-antibiotic-resistance phenotype in E. coli strains of different origins is associated with heterogeneous resistance mechanisms, some of which are located in integrons.

Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Korea J.K. Lee, Y.S. Yoo, Y.S. Lee, J.I. Yoo, B.S. Kim

Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii has recognized as a important opportunistic pathogen of nosocomial infections and the resistance to fluoroquinolone among Acinetobacter spp. has rapidly emerged in Korea. The mechanism of resistance to fluoroquinolone has been associated mainly with mutations in quinolone-resistancedeterminig regions (QRDR) of the gyrA gene of DNA gyrase and the parC gene of topoisomerase IV. The genetic analysis of fluoroquinolone resistance in A. baumannii isolates in Korea remain to be investigated. To investigate the prevalence of mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, we analysed the QRDRs of the gyrA and parC genes against ciprofloxacin-resistant A. baumannii isolates from Korean hospitals. Methods: A total of 59 clinical isolates of A. baumannii were collected from nontertiary hospitals in [2002] [2003] . A. baumannii isolates were identified by the API 20NE kit and recA-RFLP analysis with-Tsp5091. MICs of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were determined according to the criteria of NCCLS. The QRDRs of gyrA and parC genes were amplified by PCR using specific primers. To detect mutations in the QRDRs, digestion of the PCR products with Hinf I were analysed and sequencing was performed by the dideoxychain termination method. Results: Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance rates of A. baumannii isolates were 89.8 and 78.0%, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin of these isolates were 32 and 128 and 8 and 16 mg/L, respectively. All of 53 ciprofloxacinresistant A. baumannii had only a substitution of Ser83 with Leu in the GyrA protein. Other mutations in the gyrA gene, Gly81Val and Ala84;Pro, did not be detected. Among 53 A. baumannii isolates with alteration in Ser83 of GyrA, mutations with substitution of Ser80 to either Leu or Trp in the ParC were found in 41 and one isolate, respectively. Nine isolates had a substitution of Glu84 to Lys and two isolates contained no mutation in the ParC. Conclusions: In this study, double mutation at codons Ser83 in GyrA and Ser80 in ParC were more frequently found among A. baumannii isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of 16 mg/L. In ParC protein, the novel substitution of amino acid, Ser80 to Trp, was detected. The CTX-M-type b-lactamases are acknowledged among the most important secondary extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) spreading in Enterobacteriaceae. CTX-M-producers have mostly been reported among nosocomial isolates, but recently also from outpatients and animals, pointing to the presence of a large reservoir of these resistance genes. In this paper we describe the detection of different CTX-M genes in commensal Escherichia coli from healthy children living in Bolivia and Peru.

Methods: E. coli were from faecal swabs of healthy children from four urban areas of Latin America, two in Bolivia and two in Peru. Susceptibility testing and detection of ESBL production were carried out as recommended by NCCLS. Characterisation of b-lactamases was carried out by analytical isoelectric focusing (IEF), and by molecular analysis of genes by PCR and sequencing. The genetic support and transferability of the CTX-M determinants were investigated by mating experiments, plasmid profiling, and Southern blot experiments. The phylogenetic group of E. coli isolates was determined by multiplex PCR. Results: During a large screening (3208 subjects) carried out to investigate antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli of healthy children from Peru and Bolivia, ceftriaxone-resistant E. coli isolates were recovered from four subjects (one from each urban area). The four isolates tested positive for ESBL production in a double-disc synergy test and IEF revealed multiple bands of b-lactamase activity. Molecular analysis showed that three isolates (two from Bolivia and one from Peru) produced the CTX-M-2 enzyme, while one (from Yurimaguas and Peru) produced CTX-M-15. The CTX-M-2 determinants were carried on large conjugative multidrug resistance plasmids (of heteogeneous restriction profiles in different isolates) that also encoded a TEM-1 b-lactamase. Transferability could not be detected for the CTX-M-15 determinant. The isolates producing CTX-M-2 belonged in three different phylogenetic groups (A, B2 and D), while the CTX-M-15 producer in phylogenetic group D.

Conclusions: These findings underscore the widespread distribution of CTX-M genes, and the role that the commensal E. coli microbiota can play as a potential reservoir of these resistance determinants. ) compared with other sensitive isolates (6-60 Â 10 À8 ). Successive generations of U51 exhibited a greater increase in MICs of CIP (parent to second-step, 0.5 to 4-32 mg/L) than other sensitive isolates, their MICs remaining low. One U51 second-step mutant (MIC ¼ 32 mg/L) developed a target site mutation of gyrA Ser83 to Leu. No parC target site mutation was found, despite the high-level CIP resistance. Six identical aa substitutions were found in the gyrA QRDR of both the parents and mutants of E21 and E33. No target site mutations were found. Conclusions: Mutants generated from a sensitive isolate that displayed an identical aa MutS pattern to resistant strains developed higher levels of resistance to CIP compared with other sensitive strains. This correlated with a higher mutation frequency and a gyrA mutation at Ser83 in contrast to mutants of the other sensitive isolates in which no corresponding mutations were seen.

Methods: Susceptibility measurements using Etests for amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefoxitine, clindamycin, imipenem and metronidazole, PCR and PCR-mapping to detect the cfiA genes and IS elements, nucleotide sequencing and imipenemase production assays were applied. Results: Seven imipenem-resistant B. fragilis strains were detected that all produced imipenemase and were cfiA-positive. The resistance genes were shown to be preceded by IS elements that were already described (IS942, IS1186) in two strains or that were recently detected among isolates from the USA or Nottingham, UK in five strains. Obtaining the the full nucleotide sequence of IS element (IS614B and IS614C) representatives of this latter strains showed that they resemble to IS612 and IS614 detected in imipenem-resistant B. fragilis strains in Japan but may be hybrid or mosaic forms of these elements from Japan. The proteome of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was characterised by two-dimensional HPLC mass spectrometry to provide a platform for subsequent proteomic investigations of low level multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Methods: Cells (2.15 AE 0.23 Â 10 10 CFU; mean AE SD) were harvested from liquid culture and proteins differentially fractionated, on the basis of solubility, into preparations representative of the cytosol, cell envelope and outer-membrane proteins (omps). These preparations were digested by treatment with trypsin and peptides separated into fractions (n ¼ 20) by strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX). Tryptic peptides in each SCX fraction were further separated by reverse phase chromatography and detected by ion-trap mass spectrometry. Peptides were assigned to proteins and consensus rank listings compiled using SEQUEST. Results: A total of 816 AE 11 individual proteins were identified which included 371 AE 33, 565 AE 15 and 262 AE 5 from the cytosolic, cell envelope and omp preparations, respectively. A significant correlation was observed (r 2 ¼ 0.62 AE 0.10; P < 0.0001) between consensus rank position for duplicate cell preparations and an average of 74 AE 5% of proteins were common to both duplicates. A total of 35 outer membrane proteins were detected, 20 of these from the omp preparation. A range of proteins (n ¼ 20) previously associated with MAR in E. coli were detected including the key effectors AcrA, AcrB, TolC and OmpF. Conclusions: Characterisation of the Salmonella typhimurium proteome will provide information for the discovery of protein biomarkers for multiple antibiotic resistance, enable the production of specific tests and thereby, evaluation of control strategies. Methods: Sixty-two Salmonella strains isolated from patients affected with TD were analysed. The antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 antibiotics: ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TET), trimethoprim/sulphametoxazole (SXT), chloramphenicol (CHL), gentamicin, amikacin, imipenem, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, were performed using the agar dilution method. The molecular mechanisms of resistance to several antimicrobial agents was detected by PCR and the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity by a colorimetric assay. Results: Twenty different serovar were identified, being Salmonella enteritidis the most prevalent [20 isolates (32.3%) of 62], followed by S. typhimurium [with six isolates (9.7%)]. The remaining isolates belonged to a wide variety of serovar. The highest levels of resistance were found against TET and AMP (20.9 and 19.4%, respectively), followed by resistance to nalidixic acid (16.1%) . The resistance to NAL was related to the presence of mutations in the amino acid codons 83 or 87 of the gyrA gene. In the isolates resistant to ampicillin different b-lactamases were found: OXA-1 (one isolate) and TEM-like (seven isolates, in one case concomitantly with a CARB-2). Resistance to TET, was related to tetA (five cases) and tetB and tetG in one case each. Resistance to CHL was related to the presence of the floR gene in one case, while CAT activity was present in one strain. Different dihydrofolate-reductases (dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA17 and dfrA1) were detected in SXT-resistant isolates.

Conclusions: A wide variety of serovars was found among Salmonella isolates causing TD, being S. enteritidis, followed by S. typhimurium the most frequently isolated. A low percentage of strains presented multi-resistance, however the highest levels of resistance were found for TET, AMP and NAL, being worthy of remark the steadily increase of the resistance to nalidixic acid since 2000. Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance is important to detect any trend and therefore give a more accurate empiric treatment.

P1739 Gene for aac(6')-Ib, conferring resistance to amikacin, found in four different isolates of enterobacteria (14), endocarditis (13), eye infections (13), prosthetic devices (10), lung infections (6), and other infections (10). The organisms were identified using biochemical tests, gas-chromatographic analysis and PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for further characterisation. The size of chromosomal fragments was 40-400 kb. Mutanolysin mixed with lysozyme was used for inducing lysis. The restriction enzyme for DNA digestion was Spe1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of four antimicrobial agents (clindamycin, erythromycin, linezolid, and tetracycline) against the P. acnes strains were determined by the agardilution method according to NCCLS and EUCAST. Brucella base-sheep blood agar with 100 000 CFU of inoculum per spot was used. The agar plates were incubated in anaerobic jars for 48 h at 37°C. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent resulting in a marked change in the appearance of growth when compared with the control plates.

Results: A total of 18 clusters and 78 banding patterns were identified among the isolates of P. acnes. The similarity between major PFGE types ranged from 54 to 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration values were: for clindamycin, MIC50 0.032 mg/L, MIC90 0.25 mg/L, range 0.032-64.0 mg/L; erythromycin, MIC50 0.25 mg/L, MIC90 0.5 mg/L, range 0.032-256 mg/L; linezolid, MIC50 0.5 mg/L, MIC90 1.0 mg/L, range 0.25-2.0 mg/L; tetracycline, MIC50 0.5 mg/L, MIC90 1.0 mg/L, range 0.032-32.0 mg/L. No strains were resistant to linezolid, 3% of the strains to tetracycline, 15% of the strains were resistant to clindamycin and 17% of the strains to erythromycin. The most resistant strains to clindamycin and erythromycin were found in Croatia and Slovenia and the most susceptible strains in the Netherlands. The blood isolates were dominating among the resistant strains. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance among P. acnes strains is increasing in Europe.

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with the M phenotype J. Powis, S. Pong-Porter, J. Fuller, D. Low -Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network 1

Objectives: Erythromycin resistance is increasing among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) in Canada. We examine the longitudinal trend in the proportion of erm and mef espression (M or MLSB phenotype, respectively) within Canada, and the distribution of erythromycin MICs for each phenotype. Methods: SPN isolates were collected by the Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network, which is comprised of private and hospital-affiliated laboratories from across Canada. Laboratories were asked to collect a defined number of consecutive clinical isolates followed by all sterile site isolates of SPN. In-vitro susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution using NCCLS guidelines. Erythromycin-resistant isolates were classified as either M or MLSB phenotype based on clindamycin resistance, corresponding to mef and erm genes respectively. Results: There were a total of 13 177 isolates, including all patient age groups, were obtained from across Canada between 1997 and 2003. Erythromycin resistance has increased over that time from 6.8% in 1997 to 16.2% in 2003 The emergence of macrolide-resistant SP is a growing concern since macrolides are commonly used to treat Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) infections. Two important mechanisms of resistance include ER ribosomal methylase (erm) genes and macrolide efflux (mef) genes. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) is a novel approach for determining the likelihood of an antibiotic to select first-step resistant mutants in a large population of cells. We determined MPC values for penicillin-sensitive (PSSP) and penicillin-intermediate (PISP) isolates against macrolide/azalide agents. Method: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by microbroth dilution following NCCLS guidelines. MPC testing was done by plating !10 (10) cells onto agar plates containing drug and incubated in CO 2 at 35-37°C for 24 and 48 h. The lowest concentration preventing growth was the MPC. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on selected organisms (MPCs !0.5 mg/L) for presence or absence of macrolide-resistant genes. Results Objectives: To study the activity of the new antibiotic daptomycin against clinical and environmental enterococcal isolates with different antibiotic susceptibilities. Methods: Enterococci were isolated from the following sources: (i) 251 clinical isolates from patients located at three hospitals (HP) in Central and North Portugal (1996-2003) ; (ii) 32 sewage water (SW) samples from four hospitals in Porto city collected just before (upstream samples, n ¼ 13) and just after leaving (downstream samples, n ¼ 19) the hospital setting (2001) (2002) . SW samples were plated on Slanetz-Bartley agar with and without antibiotics. One isolate/morphology and resistance phenotype was selected. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the agar dilution method in Mueller-Hinton media (NCCLS The recent increase in infections caused by resistant Gram-positive pathogens, particularly nosocomial infections, have prompted a search for new antimicrobials that can counter these organisms. The cyclic lipopeptide daptomycin acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and has a unique chemical structure and a novel mode of action that enables it to target organisms that are resistant to other classes of agents. Currently, this drug is being investigated in a phase III clinical trial as treatment for serious Gram-positive infections in hospitalised patients. To date, there has been no investigation of the efficacy of daptomycin in Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro activity of this drug against S. aureus and Enterococcus strains isolated from infections at a Turkish health centre. Materials and methods: The organisms tested were 108 Staphylococcus and 183 Enterococcus strains isolated from infected patients at Baskent University Hospital. minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by Etest on Iso-Sensitest agar medium. Results: MIC results for daptomycin activity against the 108 S. aureus and 183 Enterococcus isolates are summarised in the Table. The daptomycin MIC50 values for the MRSA and MSSA strains were the same (0.38 mg/L), and the MIC90 values for the MRSA and MSSA were similar (1.5 and 1 mg/L, respectively). The daptomycin MIC values for the vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-sensitive enterococcal strains were also similar (Table) .

Conclusions: Daptomycin showed potent activity against all the S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. that we tested, regardless of resistance to methicillin or vancomycin. Our findings for in-vitro activity of daptomycin against S. aureus and Enterococcus strains in Turkey are the first such results from our country. Clinical trials will provide more data on the efficacy of daptomycin in such cases. Interactions of ertapenem in combination with clarithromycin (Cla), levofloxacin (Lev), rifampin (Rif) and vancomycin (Van) were studied by the time-kill method. In order to explore the morphological changes induced by ertapenem, cells were exposed to 0.5 Â MIC and microscopic observations were performed after 2, 6 and 24 h of incubation. Results: Ertapenem showed remarkable bactericidal activity against all S. pneumoniae tested irrespectively of their antibiotypes, causing >99.9% reduction of the initial inocula within 24 h of exposure for all strains. Results of drugs interactions are depicted in the Table. Synergism was the prevalent outcome, antagonism was never found. After 2,6 and 24 h of exposure to ertapenem sub-MICs morphological alterations were observed and these were mainly represented by abnormal elongation of cells. The following antimicrobials were tested: penicillin G, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, cefixime, cefotaxime, ertapenem, imipenem, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was tested using an agar dilution method based on the guideliness of the NCCLS. Results: S. pneumoniae strains with intermediate resistance to pencillin were highly susceptible to carbapenems, with MIC90 of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L for imipenem and ertapenem, respectively. Among the penicillin-resistant strains the MIC90 values for imipenem and ertapenem were 1 and 2 mg/L, respectively. Eight isolated in our global series (9.3%) would be classified as resistant to imipenem, while for ertapenem only four strains (4.7%) would be considered resistance. Therefore, and although imipenem in general lines is one dilution more active than ertapenem, other pharmacological considerations and additional clinical data would allow for categorising a greater number of organisms as susceptible to ertapenem comparec to imipenem. Carbapenems were extraordinarily active against the whole group of H. influenzae strains, particularly ertapenem, which inhibited 90% of the series at a concentrations of 0.12 mg/L. Conclusions: Ertapenem is a powerful agent against the most common respiratory bacterial pathogens, including those which have gradually incorporated effective resistance mechanims. Concentrations of 4 mg/L inhibited all except one of the total 291 organisms considered. Ertapenem is at least comparable to imipenem, cefotaxime or the newer fluorquinolones, all of which are known to be very effective against these microorganisms. Such performance, and its favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics, make ertapenem an interesting option for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Objectives: In a recent point prevalence study in Spain, we demonstrated high percentages of resistance of S. aureus (SA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) to many antimicrobial agents as follows: oxacillin (SA/CoNS): 30/63; erythromycin: 33/64; gentamicin: 18/35 and ciprofloxacin: 37/50 (13th ECCMID. Glasgow 2003). These high rates of resistance prompted us to evaluate the in vitro activity of new antimicrobial agents against these isolates. Methods: In 2002 we carried out a point prevalence study in 143 Spanish hospitals collecting all Staphylococcus isolated in a single day. A total of 439 S. aureus (137 oxacillin-resistant) and 370 CoNS (227 oxacillin-resistant) were studied. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all microorganisms was performed at the same laboratory. MICs of linezolid (LIN), moxifloxacin (MOX), quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) and tigecycline (TIG) were determined by the microdilution method using Mueller-Hinton broth (NCCLS recommendations). S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 were used as control strains. Results: The MIC values (mg/L) and ranges of activity of the different antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus spp. are summarised in the table.

Conclusions: All isolates tested were uniformly susceptible to linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin and tigecycline. Moxifloxacin was the less active of the antimicrobials tested. In general, the good activity of the new antimicrobial agents tested shows promise for the treatment of infections due to multiresistant staphylococci. (This study was financed by the Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Pathology). Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate four commercially available systems for AST of a challenge set of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) of known serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Methods: A total of 108 clinical strains of SPN were included in this study. All strains were tested using two manually read dried panel systems, the Sensititre Haemophilus influenzae/S. pneumoniae (TREK Diagnostics Systems, Cleveland, OH) and Microscan MICroSTREP plus 1 (Dade Behring, Mississauga, ON), and two fully automated systems: Vitek 2 AST-P506 card (bioMérieux, St Laurent, Quebec) and Phoenix SMIC (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD). Testing was performed according to the manufacturers guidelines and all required quality control tests were included. SPN ATCC 49619 was included as a common quality control strain in all systems. Reference broth micro-dilution testing (MIC) was performed by the National Centre for Streptococcus, Edmonton AB on all strains according to NCCLS recommendations and was considered the gold standard. Results: There were 36 different serotypes included in this set. By reference MIC, 57% were penicillin-S, 24% were penicillin-I and 19% were penicillin-R; 36% were erythromycin-R; seven strains (6.4 %) were ceftriaxone-R (meningitis breakpoints) and seven strains (6 %) were ofloxacin-R. The antimicrobials tested were not identical for all systems. For penicillin, there was 90% agreement within interpretive categories for all systems with one major error for Sensititre and Microscan, and the remainder were minor errors (4-10%). For erythromycin, there were five major errors (three-Phoenix, one-Microscan, one-Sensititre) and the remaining were minor errors (1-7%). For ceftriaxone there was one very major error (Vitek 2), 1 major error (Microscan) and the remaining were minor errors (7.4-12%). For quinolones, ofloxacin (MIC and Vitek 2) and levofloxacin (Microscan, Sensititre and Phoenix) were tested. Results for these agents showed that there were only minor errors for all systems (5.5-7.4%) compared with reference MIC. Conclusions: All systems performed favourably when compared with the reference MIC method. The isolates grew equally well in the dried panels and the automated systems. For those agents commonly used to treat SPN infections, these commercial systems are easy to set up, read and provide equivalent results. The automated systems also provide expert interpretation of AST according to NCCLS guidelines. Methods: A total of 450 staphylococcal isolates (150 Staphylococcus aureus, 300 coagulase-negative staphylococci) isolated from clinical specimens in four Greek hospitals have been examined from glycopeptide susceptibility by Etest using two inoculum densities, 0.5 and 2.0 Mc Farland. Results obtained were compared with those by reference agar dilution method. Results: All S. aureus isolates expressed susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin according NCCLS breakpoints. Using inoculum 0.5 and 2.0 Mc Farland the Etest vancomycin gave 15 and 20 false-positive results (specificity 90% and 86.6%, respectively). In contrast, no discrepancies have been found between the Etest teicoplanin and the agar dilution method. Among CoNS, 30 isolates expressed resistance to teicoplanin but remained susceptible to vancomycin according the reference method. Etest teicoplanin (0.5 and 2.0 Mc Farland) identified correctly all these isolates (sensitivity 100%). On the other hand, 20 and 40 isolates were falsely characterised as teicoplanin-resistant by Etest with 0.5 and 2.0 Mc Farland inoculum (specificity 92.6% and 85%, respectively). Population analysis revealed that all false-positive isolates were not hetero-resistant and didn't express resistance at a low frequency. Conclusions: This study indicates that he use of the Etest with an inoculum of 0.5 Mc Farland provides a reliable and sensitive method for the detection of teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci, without incurring too many false-positives. Objectives: Streptococci belonging to anginosus group are the main facultatively anaerobic bacteria involved in oral and maxillofacial infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of 59 streptococcal strains of anginosus group isolated (as single microbial agents or in association with other bacteria) from pus samples collected from dental abscesses and abscesses of fascial spaces of the face and neck in Romanian patients. Methods: The isolates were speciated using the Rapid ID 32 STREP system (Bio-Merieux, France). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against: penicillin G (PG), erythromycin (EM), clindamycin (CM), chloramphenicol (CL) and tetracycline (TC) was performed by Etest (AB Biodisk, Sweden). In addition, the phenotype of EM resistance was identified by the double disc diffusion test. Results: The isolates were identified as: S. anginosus (53 strains), S. constellatus (five strains) and S. intermedius (one strain). The MICs (mg/L) ranges were: PG 0.002-0.125, EM 0.016-3, CM 0.016-0.047, CL 0.016-3 and TC 0.125-256. All isolates were susceptible to PG, CM and CL. Only three strains of S. anginosus were found resistant to EM and they showed the M phenotype. Intermediate susceptibility (8.5% of all strains) and resistance (40.7% of all strains) to TC were found among isolates of all three species. Conclusions: (i) PG still remains the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria, but in mixed infections with b-lactamase producers, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin) or ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) are indicated to be used; (ii) the frequency of EM resistance was low (5%) compared with other reports; (iii) on the basis of these in-vitro results, CM might be an alternative to b-lactam antibiotics in patients allergic to penicillin or in mixed infections with penicillin-resistant microorganisms. Objectives: Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae continue to be frequent worldwide and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of S. pneumoniae strains resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics has complicated the treatment of such infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to ertapenem, a new carbapenem, in comparison to other antibiotics. Methods: A total of 80 clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae were tested by the Etest method on Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. 60 isolates were penicillin resistant (33 intermediate, MIC 0.1-1 lg/mL, and 27 resistant MIC > 1 lg/ mL) and 20 were penicillin sensitive. The MIC50 and MIC90 were determined for penicillin (PEN), vancomycin (VAN), erythromycin (ERY), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), ceftriaxone (CEF) and ertapenem (ERT). Results: The results of the 60 penicillin resistant isolates are given in the following table:

The highest MIC value of 256 lg/mL was found for ERY in 25% of the resistant isolates. In the 20 penicillin sensitive isolates, antimicrobial resistance was found only for CIP (5%). The MIC50, MIC90 for VAN was 0.38 and 0.5 lg/mL, and for ERT 0.008 and 0.16 lg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: ERT was the most active agent against both penicillin resistance and sensitive isolates. Although all isolates were sensitive to VAN and ERT, the MIC of ERT was always lower in all 80 isolates, a finding that may be meaningful from a pharmacodynamic viewpoint. Ertapenem may be an important, potent agent for the treatment of invasive pneumococcal infections. The recognition of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in streptococci has implications for the choice of antibiotic therapy in clinical practice. We evaluated the antimicrobial resistance of S. pyogenes (SGA) isolates among patients with upper respiratory tract infections in Reggio Emilia (Italy) and the data were included in the ARES project (Antimicrobial Resistance Evidence Survey). Methods: The study was conducted over a 12-months period and included patients with symptoms of acute pharyngotonsillitis. The 471 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates were identified according to standard laboratory techniques. Catalase-negative and b-emolitic colonies isolated from 5% sheep blood agar were identified using latex agglutination test and Api 20 S system. Sensitivity testing was done with disc diffusion according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Antimicrobial sensitivity to penicillin, erytromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, rokitamicin and amoxicillin/clavulanate was determined. Results: All the 471 isolates were uniformly susceptible to penicillin. Overall 69/468 isolates (14.74%) showed resistance to erytromycin and 33/463 (7.13%) were also resistant to clindamycin (constitutive resistance). Erytromycin resistance trend in our area is variable (30% in 1999, 24.63 in 2000, 12.43 in 2001 and 14.74% in 2003) . The prevalence of rokitamicine-resistant isolates is 5.23% in Reggio, Emilia (24/459isolates)and 5.60% (216/3715 isolates) in the National area. Conclusions: Streptococci may be the most virulent organism, causing septic and nonseptic complications. Failure to eradicate streptococci from patients can occasionally lead to rheumatic fever and rarely to glomerulonephritis. With the emergence of increased treatment failures, it has been necessary to consider alternative therapies for patients who cannot tolerate penicillin. Our date suggest the importance of testing the sensitivity of Streptococcus pyogenes to macrolides, particularly 16-atoms suchas Rokitamicin. to LZD and several other antibiotics and the efficacy of antibiotic combinations including LZD. Methods: Six strains of Nocardia (N. asteroides, two; N. brasiliensis, two; N. farcinica, one; N. spp., one) were isolated from fine-needle biopsy of pulmonary lesions from HT patients with clinical signs and symptoms of pulmonary nocardiosis. Growth was obtained on conventional bacterial media, incubated at 37°C in 5% CO 2 for 24-72 h. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies were performed by Kirby-Bauer method and MIC determination by a microdilution method in Mueller-Hinton broth II. Synergism studies were performed by disc technique on Mueller-Hinton II agar using the following antibiotics: LZD, piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), imipenem (IMP) and trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole (TMP-SMX) alone or in combination with each other and with ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LVX), ofloxacin (OFX) moxifloxacin (MFX), amikacin (AN), netimicin (NET), tobramycin (NN), gentamicin (GM) and streptomicin (ST). Susceptibility tests were read at 24 and 72 h; for synergism studies, plates were observed up to 144 h. Results: By Kirby-Bauer method, all strains were susceptible to LZD, IMP and AN; five to doxycycline, cefotaxime (CTX), ceftriaxone (CRO), cefepime; four to TMP-SMX; three to cefamandole and MFX, two to TZP and azithromicin. One strain was susceptible to ampicillin (AM), ampicillin-sulbactam (SAM), CIP and rifampin. with AN in two, with ST in one. Antagonism was observed for LZD with AN in five cases, with TMP-SMX and CIP in three. Conclusions: LZD shows a good in vitro activity. Based on these preliminary data, the combination of IMP and AN appears suitable as initial treatment of invasive nocardiosis, while LZD may represent a good choice for sequential oral therapy. Objectives: Telavancin (TD-6424), a rapidly bactericidal agent with multiple mechanisms of action, is in phase 2 clinical trials for serious Gram-positive infections. Telavancin (TLV) has potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria and exhibits concentration-dependent behaviour. We studied the effect of pH, media and inoculum size on the in vitro activity of TLV in comparison with that of vancomycin (VAN).

Methods: The effect of pH (6-8) and inoculum size (10 5 -10 8 CFU/ mL) on MIC was determined against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae according to the NCCLS method. The effect of inoculum size (10 6 -10 8 CFU/mL) and media consisting of cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and brain-heart infusion broth (BHI) on bactericidal activity was determined for TLV and VAN against S. aureus strain MRSA 33591 by time-kill kinetics.

Results: Although an increase in inoculum from 10 5 -10 6 CFU/mL had no effect on the MIC of TLV, higher inocula (10 7 and 10 8 CFU/mL) resulted in a two to eightfold increase in MIC. pH variation of 1 U from the normal value had little effect on TLV MIC against staphylococci and enterococci but negatively affected MIC against S. pneumoniae (four dilution increase). The bactericidal activity of TLV and VAN was unchanged in either MHB or BHI. Increasing the inoculum size increased the time required to produce 3 or 5 log10 of killing.

Conclusions: High inoculum had little impact on telavancin inhibitory and bactericidal activity against S. aureus. Unlike vancomycin, telavancin was able to decrease an inoculum of 10 8 CFU/mL to undetectable levels at a clinically achievable concentration. This suggests possible advantages in treating infections associated with large inocula of organisms. Recently, it has been shown that patients with chronic lung disease have a high rate of colonization by Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as P. carinii) and also that acute infection, usually asymptomatic, is common during the first years of life. However, so far it has not been established whether the pathogen can colonise the immunocompetent adult host in a subclinical way. Objectives: To evaluate the possibility of subclinical infection by P. jiroveci (Pc) in the general adult population. Methods: (i) Population: Prospective study (February-July 2003) in which were included the first 50 patients evaluated in the Unit of Work Health of our hospital, not exposed to hospital environment during the previous year and not meeting the exclusion criteria (confirmed diagnosis or suspicion of chronic lung disease, neoplasm or immunosuppression of any aetiology). Every patient was presented with a clinical-epidemiological survey and oropharingeal washes (OW) samples were obtained by gargling with 10 cc of sterile 0.9% physiological serum for analysis. (ii) Method: The presence of fragments of the mtLSU-rRNA region of Pc was analysed in OW by means of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers AZ1002-E/-H and pAZ102-X/-Y. Results: The mean age of individuals was 33.9 AE 9.45 years old. 19 of them (31.6%) were male. 28 (56%) were newly employed medical residents, 13 (26%) common services staff and nine (18%) administrative staff. Pneumocystis infection was observed in 13 (26%) of the 50 individuals. All positive subjects were asymptomatic at the time of their enrolement in the study and only one of them had taken steroids for a brief period of time in the 6 months prior to the study. No relationship was established between the presence of Pc infection and age, sex, professional standing or a previous history as smokers. TLV, but not VAN, reduced the inocula to undetectable levels within 24 and 48 hours at 10 7 and 10 8 CFU/mL. cases the diagnosis was obtained by means of nested-PCR (primers pAZ102-E and -H and pAZ102-X and -Y). The genotypic characterisation was performed by sequencing a fragment of 360-bp of the locus mtLSU-rRNA of Pc, which enables the identification of four genotypes according to the mutations observed in positions 85 and 248.

Results: See Table. Conclusions: In our region there are a predominance of genotype 1. Recently, the presence of asymptomatic Pneumocystis jiroveci carriers has been observed among patients suffering from CF, but their role in the natural history of the disease has yet to be established. Objectives: To determine the occurrence of P. jiroveci colonisation in individuals with CF who have become immunocompromised as a result of LT. Methods: Prospective study in a cohort of patients with CF, including a group of LT receptors. Every patient filled in an epidemiological survey and sputum and/or oropharingeal lavage samples were obtained. The diagnosis of P. jiroveci colonisation was reached by means of nested-PCR. Results: A total of 52 sputum samples and 47 oropharingeal lavage samples from 98 patients with CF were analysed. All transplanted patients received prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole and none of them developed P. pneumonia during the follow-up period of 1 year (see Table) . The lack of techniques to obtain Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pc) cultures has made it necessary to develop molecular techniques to detect its resistance to different drugs. Punctual mutations 55Thr!Ala and 57Pro!Ser in the DHPS gene are associated with the failure of treatment with sulpha drugs and with the worsening of the prognosis of Pc pneumonia. Nevertheless, the importance the discovery of these mutations may have in the clinical field has still to be established. The aim of our study was to ascertain the occurrence of strains with DHPS mutations in our milieu and its clinical implications. Methods: We included in our study all patients diagnosed for a period of 2 years in our hospital of whom bronchoalveolar lavage samples and/or sputum were available. The diagnosis was performed by means of nested PCR. Primers DHPS-3/-4 were used to identify the resistant mutations by means of restriction enzymes. Results: DHPS gene could be amplified in nine of the 12 identified cases (75%) (see Table) :

Conclusions: We observed in our area an elevated occurrence of pneumonias provoked by strains of P. jiroveci with mutations associated with resistance to sulpha drugs. Supported by Eurocarinii Project QLK2-CT-2000-01 369 & Research Project 55/03 -Consejeria de Salud -Junta de Andalucia. Objective: Pneumocystosis remains difficult to diagnose by current microbiology methods in particular in non-HIV immunodeficient patients and rapid diagnostic tools are necessary. We describe a rapid and reproducible real time PCR method for detection and quantification of the tubuline P. jiroveci (PJ) gene in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Method: A quantitative real time PCR was developed for detection and quantification of PJ. Specific PJ primers and fluorogenic probe were chosen in the tubuline gene sequence. A plasmid containing the target sequences was used to construct a standard curve for quantification. DNA extraction was performed with Qiagen Kit according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Different control samples including human DNA, virus, bacterial and fungal species were also tested to investigate the assay specificity. All samples and controls were tested in duplicate. Fifty-three BAL samples sent to the laboratory for diagnosis of pneumocystosis were prospectively investigated by real time PCR and direct microscopic examinations (DME) using Giemsa stain and direct immunofluorescence.

Results: The PCR assay showed a limit of detection of 50 gene copies per millilitre. A linear signal over a range of 4 log10 of magnitude was obtained. The assay was reproducible as indicated by the intra-assay CV values obtained with the plasmid standard (0.09-1.17%). The PCR assay proved to be highly specific, reacting only with the tubuline PJ gene but with none of the other species tested. All PCR-negative samples were DME-negative. Twentyfour (45%) BAL were PJ-positive by PCR assay. Among these, eight were positive by DME (35 %). The range of PJ DNA gene copies per millilitre were 9.190 to 1.467.628 and 8 to 10.470 for the PCR+/DME+ and PCR+/DME-samples, respectively. Conclusions: We developed a rapid, sensitive and specific real time PCR for the diagnosis and quantification of PJ in BAL samples. Correlation of our results with clinical data should now be investigated in order to establish clinical predictive values of our method.

Basidiomycota species other than Cryptococcus neoformans

Objectives: We have analysed the susceptibility of several fungal species with clinical relevance belonging to the division Basidiomycota apart from Cryptococcus neoformans. As with other opportunistic fungi, the number of infections due to these species has increased steeply during the past two decades, however, little is known about their susceptibility profile. Methods: A collection of 130 clinical isolates was tested. All strains were recovered during a period of 9 years (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) from 45 Spanish hospitals. Each clinical isolate represented an unique isolate from a patient. The susceptibility testing followed strictly the EUCAST-AFST recommendations for testing Candida spp. (EUCAST discussion document 7.1), but included minor modifications. Briefly, all microplates were wrapped with film sealer to prevent the medium from evaporating, attached to an electrically driven wheel inside the incubator, agitated at 350 rpm and incubated at 30 C for 48 h. C. parapsilosis ATCC22019 and C. krusei ATCC6258 were used as quality control strains. Results: Table displays ranges and geometric means (GMs) of MICs of antifungal agents in mg/L, classified per Basidiomycota species:

Conclusions: (i) Resistance in vitro to amphotericin B among Basidiomycota species is not common with the exception of T. asahii and T. ovoides. (ii) Cryptococcus spp. and Pseudozyma spp. exhibit high MICs of flucytosine and fluconazole (iii) R. mucilaginosa is resistant in vitro to azole agents (iv) These findings reinforced the need of continued surveillance programs that analyse species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profiles of medically important fungal isolates. Cryptococcus neoformans can be isolated on most routine mycologic or bacteriologic media. However its growth from the sputum and urine samples of particularly HIV-infected patients may be confused and/or obscured by Candida albicans on conventional media. This is due to the fact that both C. neoformans and C. albicans produce white colonies on the first days of isolation.

Brown colonies of C. neoformans due to melanin formation on media containing phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid containing Staib's (Guizotia abyssinica) agar (SA) is typical marker for the presumptive identification of C. neoformans.We assessed another medium Pal's agar (PA) containing caffeic acid from Heliantus annus to detect phenoloxidase activity in C. neoformans strains and to differ C. neoformans colonies from those of C. albicans.

Methods: A total of 57 C. neoformans strains were used: 49 were human isolates (47 HIV+) and eight were environmental isolates. C. neoformans ATCC90112 and eight C. albicans refference strains were used for control. To detect phenoloxidase activity the strains were streaked on PA and SA plates and incubated at 30 C for 2-5 days. Colony colour was examined visually every 24 h for up to 5 days. In order to investigate the differentiation ability of PA between C. neoformans and C. albicans as a primary culture medium randomly selected 10 C. neoformans strains were used together with the reference C. albicans strains in dual combinations. SA and SDA were used along with PA in each test. Plates were inoculated by streaking preadjusted inoculum of mixed suspensions and incubated at 30 C for 2-5 days. Colony colour and count was read visually every 24 h for up to 5 days.

Results: All yeast isolates tested grew well on PA. All C. neoformans isolates grew typical brown colored colonies and selectively detected on both PA and SA plates after 48-96 h of incubation. Indistinguishable white colonies growth from mixed suspensions on SDA. Colony count has no significant meaning on differentiation suggesting that both PA and SA do not selectively stimulate C. neoformans growth but only differ the colony colour Conclusions: PA is an excellent primary, differential medium to evidentiate C. neoformans isolates, easy and inexpensive to prepare from readily available seeds. Its routine use in microbiology laboratories could be very useful for easy and rapid diagnosis of C. neoformans infection from a wide range of patient populations including particularly HIV + individuals and HIV-at risk patients Results: During 17 years, 33 non-HIV-infected patients with cryptococcosis were identified. Of these, 29 patients had available medical records for the study. The mean age was 46 years (range, 18-72 years) and 76% were female. Twenty patients (69%) had at least one associated underlying medical condition. The three most common underlying conditions included systemic lupus erythematosus (36%), diabetes mellitus (21%) and malignancies (16%). C. neoformans was recovered from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (41%), sputum/bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (39%) and blood (18%).

Other sites of cryptococcal infection were gastrointestinal tract, bone and joints, lymph nodes, and skin and soft tissue. Eight patients (28%) had disseminated cryptococcosis. who presented as meningitis and abnormal chest radiography. Serum cryptococcal antigen was tested in 20 patients and yielded positive titres, ranging from 1:4 to more than 1:1024, in 12 patients (60%). CSF cryptococcal antigen was tested in 18 patients and yielded positive titres, ranging from 1:4 to more than 1:1024, in 15 patients. Most of patients were treated with amphotericin B and subsequent fluconazole. Two patients were initially misdiagnosed and treated as tuberculosis. Two patients were lost to follow-up. The overall mortality rate was 17%. Conclusions: Cryptococcosis is not uncommon in non-HIV-infected patients. Cryptococcosis should be recognised as a possible cause of meningitis and pulmonary infection especially in patients with underlying immunocompromised condition(s). Cryptococcal antigen may be helpful but culture is needed for the diagnosis. Early recognition of cryptococcosis and appropriate antifungal therapy in these patients may improve clinical outcomes. Methods: Mice were infected with an inoculum size of 5 Â 106 CFU per mouse. Treatment was started 24 h postinfection and was continued for 5 days. Mice were treated with the drugs alone or in combination. Amphotericin B was given intraperitoneally (IP) at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg/day and flucytosine was given per os (PO) at 100 or 250 mg/kg/d. The four possible combinations were tested. Control groups receiving either water PO or glucose 5% IP were included. Each group contained five mice. On day 6 mice were sacrificed and quantitative cultures of brain, lungs and spleen were done. Results: For the flucytosine-susceptible isolate a decrease of approximately 1 to 2 log 10 CFU/g was observed in all three organs for flucytosine monotherapy and only in the lungs and spleen for amphotericin B monotherapy. Combination of flucytosine at 250 mg/kg/day and amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/day significantly decreased the fungal burden in all three organs compared with each drug alone, with the highest efficacy in the lungs. Antifungal interactions were considered to be synergistic. Against the flucytosine-resistant isolate, flucytosine alone at both concentrations was ineffective in all three organs and amphotericin B alone was ineffective in brain, poorly active in spleen (decrease of approximately 0.5 log 10 CFU/g) and active in the lungs (decrease of approximately 1.5 log 10 CFU/g). Combination of flucytosine at 250 mg/kg/day and amphotericin B at 0.5 mg/kg/ day was considered to be synergistic with a significant decrease of the fungal burden in the brain and in the spleen, but not in the lungs. Conclusions: Synergistic interaction was observed in vivo between amphotericin B and flucytosine, even in the brain, in both flucytosine-susceptible and -resistant isolates. To determine in vitro if the addition of flucytosine to amphotericin B will modify the activity of amphotericin B against flucytosine-resistant clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans with three different techniques. Methods: Ten flucytosine-resistant (MIC ! 32 lg/mL) clinical isolates of C. neoformans were used. Checkerboard studies were performed in accordance with NCCLS M-27 A2 document modified to assess antifungal interactions. Microplates were read spectrophotometrically after 72 h of incubation and interactions were interpreted by FIC indices. Time-kill studies were done in RPMI pH 7 with a starting inoculum of 1.0 Â 10 5 CFU/mL. Flucytosine alone and in combination was tested at a concentration of 64 lg/ mL and amphotericin B at 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 lg/mL. Interactions were evaluated after 72 h of incubation. Susceptibility by EtestÒ was tested on RPMI-agar (pH 7) and MICs of the antifungals were determined after 72 h of incubation. Results: MICs of the drugs alone determined by NCCLS methodology ranged from 32 to !128 lg/mL (geometric mean MIC of 120 lg/mL) for flucytosine and ranged from 0.5 to 1 lg/mL for amphotericin B. By checkerboard studies synergy was observed for 70% and additivity for 30% of the tested isolates. Antagonism was not observed. Antifungal interactions observed by time-kill studies were synergistic for four isolates, additive for one and indifferent for four isolates. It was not possible to detect synergy for any of the strains by Etestâ with the chosen technical conditions. Objectives: Yeasts with identical, but unknown biochemical profile (ID 32 C, Bio Mérieux, France) were isolated from five hospitalised patients in a university hospital (blood culture, n ¼ 1, tracheal secretion, n ¼ 4) between 2001 and 2002. Methods: The isolates were identified by sequencing the ITSregions. Phenotypically, the SDS-PAGE patterns and the susceptibility to antimycotic agents were investigated, genotypically a PFGE-and RAPD-analysis was performed.

Results: Sequence analysis of the ITS 1 and ITS 2 region of the five patient's isolates revealed a homology of 93-100 % (ITS 1) and 88-95% (ITS 2) to the cactophilic species Sporopachydermia cereana. The identification was confirmed by the CBS, the Netherlands. In the SDS-PAGE the patient's isolates and two reference strains (CBS 6644, 6645) showed identical protein patterns. The two reference strains differed in their PFGE patterns (three and five bands, respectively, in the range of 0.9-2.5 Mb) from the patient's isolates, which showed nearly identical patterns with six bands. Analysis of the isolates in the RAPD-PCR with primers previously used to type aspergilli revealed identity of the patient's isolates, whereas the reference strains were different. All seven isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole, as determined by a microdilution assay and Etest.

Conclusions: This is the first description of Sporopachydermia cereana in humans. The source of the strains remains unknown, since no epidemiological link was found between the patients.

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: analysis of an 11-year experience in a single centre C.P.K. Subudhi, T. Ledson, K.S. Raman, S. Waldek, P.R. Chadwick Salford, UK Objective: Fungal peritonitis is a serious complication in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. We retrospectively reviewed 35 episodes of fungal peritonitis in our hospital over an 11-year period (1992-2002) in an attempt to identify risk factors and determine the clinical outcome of these patients. Methods: Patients on CAPD with fungal peritonitis were identified from our computerised mycology laboratory database. An audit template was designed and used to collect relevant information of these patients from their medical records.

Results: There were 43 episodes of fungal peritonitis in 41 patients during this period. There were 35 episodes of fungal peritonitis in 34 patients whose medical notes could be reviewed. C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were the two predominant species isolated from peritoneal effluent in this study. 76.4% of the patients had received antibiotics in 2 months prior to the episode of fungal peritonitis. 55.8% of patients had intraperitoneal antibiotics for management of bacterial peritonitis. The attributable mortality from fungal peritonitis was 26.4% despite therapy that included early removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter and prolonged antifungal therapy. Peritoneal dialysis catheter was removed in 82% of the patients. Conclusions: Fungal peritonitis is a relatively uncommon complication in patients on CAPD, but it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prior antibiotic use and recent bacterial peritonitis were found to be risk factors in developing fungal peritonitis. Treatment requires the administration of antifungal agents and the early removal of the peritoneal catheter. The prompt diagnosis of fungal peritonitis and the early institution of therapy are essential for better outcome in the management of fungal peritonitis in patients on CAPD. The incidence of life-threatening fungal infections is rising in proportion to the increasing number of subjects at risk, including AIDS, transplant, cancer and elderly patients and premature infants. At present, identification of the most frequently encountered fungal pathogens is based on an array of different laboratory methods and often requires up to several days. Simple and rapid diagnosis of fungal infections warranting timely and efficient therapy remains a goal sought after.

In this study we have used the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions within the ribosomal DNA gene complex as molecular targets in a generic assay for the identification of pathogenic fungi. Methods: DNA of cultured yeast and filamentous fungi was extracted or released for subsequent amplification of the polymorphic ITS2 spacer using oligonucleotides priming at regions of ribosomal genes 5.8 S and 28 S which are universally conserved throughout the fungal kingdom. Short amplicon fragments were sequenced using pyrosequencing analysis. For species determination, direct local BLAST against our fungal ITS database was performed.

Results: Over 300 isolates and laboratory strains comprising the clinically most significant opportunistic yeast and mould pathogens were analysed. A 40-m long ITS2 sequence signature showed to provide enough discriminatory power for unambiguous identification of all species included in the study. Highly significant E-values were obtained in all BLAST searches against local and public GenBank databases. In contrast to conventional fungal identification methods, the species identification time was the same for all organisms, nearly 6 h. Objective: Disseminated trichosporonosis is an emerging disease in immunocompromised patients particularly those with persistent granulocytopenia. This study was carried out to identify local clinical isolates of Trichosporon species by biochemical and molecular methods. Molecular typing was also performed for intraspecies diversity. Methods: Twenty-nine isolates of Trichosporon species recovered from clinical specimens from Kuwait were first speciated by VITEK 2 yeast identification system. PCR amplification assays based on sequences within internally transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 and ITS-2 of rDNA were developed for specific detection of three Trichosporon spp. viz. T. asahii, T. mucoides and T. jirovecii. The methodology established with reference strains was then applied for species-specific amplification of genomic DNA from the clinical isolates. The results were confirmed and extended by direct DNA sequencing of ITS-1 and ITS-2 of rDNA. The typing of the isolates for intraspecies diversity was performed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using two different primers. Results: The VITEK 2 yeast identification system identified all 29 clinical isolates from Kuwait as T. asahii. However, using T. asahiispecific primers, genomic DNA of only 25 of 29 isolates was amplified, while no amplification was obtained for the remaining four isolates. The identity of T. asahii isolates was further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing of ITS regions of rDNA of three randomly selected isolates. The identity of the remaining four non-T. asahii isolates as T. asteroids was established by amplification of rDNA, with panfungal primers followed by sequencing of ITS-1 and ITS-2. The RAPD patterns for T. asahii isolates exhibited little intraspecies diversity. However, the typing patterns for the four T. asteroids isolates were different from the patterns obtained from the T. asahii isolates. Most of the Trichoderma infections are reported from patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and from immunocompromised transplant recipients. As the rapid and accurate identification of opportunistic fungi is crucial for the choice of adequate therapeutic interventions, we studied the taxonomic positions of 12 clinical Trichoderma strains including 10 human pathogenic and two nasal mucus isolates. Methods: The examined clinical isolates were originally identified based on their morphology. As the identification of Trichoderma strains is difficult if only morphological characters are considered, we used molecular techniques to confirm the identity of the examined clinical Trichoderma isolates and to study their phylogenetic positions within the genus. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region was carried out with primers ITS1 (5 0 -TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3 0 ) and ITS4 (5 0 -TCCTCCGCTT-ATTGATATGC-3 0 ). Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was carried out using the OPA random primer kit of Qiagen. Isoenzyme analysis of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase, peptidase B, phosphoglucomutase and 6phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase enzymes was performed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. (1) reported that some Candida species inhibit growth of Aspergillus fumigatus when cocultured on pepton-glucose agar (PGA), especially on sealed agar plates. C. glabrata and C. albicans proved to be the major inhibitors in this study. The authors speculate that colonisation by Candida species may delay a definite diagnosis of aspergillosis from sputum or other clinical specimens. To assess the possible impact of these findings for clinical diagnostics of A. fumigatus, we questioned the role of used media. Methods: The experiments of Randhawa et al. (1) were repeated with Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Candida-II agar (C-II), Columbia agar (CA) and CLED agar on sealed and unsealed agar plates for cocultivation of A. fumigatus with C. albicans (six strains), C. glabrata (one strain), C. krusei (three strains) and C. tropicalis (three strains). Results: On SDA, growth of A. fumigatus was strongly inhibited by Candida species, especially on sealed plates. On unsealed plates, C. glabrata and C. albicans were strong inhibitors as well, whereas C. tropicalis and C. krusei were only weak inhibitors. After cocultivation with strong inhibitors for 48 to 72 h, no visible growth of A. fumigatus was obtained. These results were in concordance with those reported for PGA (1) . There was no difference in growth inhibition between SDA and C-II. In contrast, on CA, all tested Candida species were weak inhibitors on sealed plates. On unsealed plates, a relevant inhibition was registered for C. tropicalis and C. albicans, whereas C. glabrata and C. krusei were only weak inhibitors. After 48 to 72 h of cocultivation, visible growth of A. fumigatus was obtained, regardless of the tested Candida strain. Growth inhibition on CLED was comparable with that on CA.

Conclusions: To avoid contamination, sealed agar plates are often used for isolation of A. fumigatus in clinical laboratories. When specimens that might be heavily contaminated by Candida species are cultured on SDA, delayed growth or growth inhibition of Aspergillus might be a concern. Our results suggest that this problem might be overcome by simultaneous inoculation on a glucose-poor medium, e.g. CA plates, and prolonged incubation of these plates for more than 48 h. Invasive candidiasis has increased dramatically over the past decades. The contribution of non-albicans Candida spp. including C. tropicalis to invasive infections is rising, yet little is known of their molecular epidemiology. Therefore, effective typing systems are required for tracing epidemiological distribution patterns. In addition to restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA (REAG) followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), different amplification-based methods were studied: Arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR under low-stringency conditions with a set of 38 different 10mer arbitrary oligonucleotides (G + C content: 30-90%), interrepeat (IR)-PCR based on micro-and minisatellite sequences and eucaryotic telomeric motifs using eight different primers. These results were compared with those obtained by phenotyping the isolates with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For fingerprinting, 60 C. tropicalis reference strains and clinical isolates from different European and Asian centers were included into the study. The rank order of discriminatory ability among the genotyping methods was as follows: REAG using BssH II >> AP-PCR > IR-PCR. In contrast to other restriction enzymes used, BssH II revealed a series of distinct bands in the region from 100-300 bp to approximately 2-3 kb. Regarding AP-PCR fingerprinting, random primers with a G + C content of 50% showed the best discriminatory power if prolonged ramp times (5 min) were applied. In contrast, IR-PCR was shown to be not suitable for genotyping C. tropicalis isolates. Using the 'Ward' algorithm and the first derivates of the spectra, FTIR showed a main branching into two groups, which was further divided in several subgroups depending on the heterogeneity level selected. In general, FTIR was less discriminatory than REAG, but easier to perform. The classifications derived from REAG and FTIR were not completely congruent. Strains representing the same major profile but being epidemiologically unrelated appeared to be widespread in several centres included. These findings indicate that REAG followed by PFGE is the most useful molecular method for the investigation of inter-strain variation within the species C. tropicalis. Dependent upon primer design, AP-PCR may offer a fairly well alternative molecular fingerprinting method. In addition, the whole-organism fingerprinting by FTIR provides a tool with sufficient resolving power to distinguish isolates of this Candida species. Objectives: Various members of the class Zygomycetes are known as agents of opportunistic infections in men and animals. The thermophilic organism, Rhizomucor miehei, is a practically and theoretically significant member of this fungal group. The aims of the present study were to clone and characterise the 3-hydroxy-3methylglutharyl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) gene (hmg) of R. miehei, and to elaborate a direct selection method for the transformants based on lovastatin resistance,which does not require the usage of auxotrophic markers. Methods: Genomic DNA library and genomic DNA used as templates in PCR reactions were derived from the wild-type R. miehei ATCC 46344. The genomic library screening, subcloning, extraction of DNA, sequencing and construction of plasmids were performed using the standard techniques. PEG mediated protoplast transformation was used to introduce the expression vectors into R. miehei. 8 lg/mL lovastatin was used as selecting agent. The transformants were analysed by PCR and Southern hybridisation.

Results: A genomic library was constructed from the chromosomal DNA of R. miehei and it was screened using a probe amplified by PCR with degenerated primers designed for the most conserved regions of the hmg. As a result of this analysis, a genomic insert of about 8000 bp containing the entire hmg gene was cloned into pBluescript vector and it was used for sequencing. As a result, the complete nucleotide sequence was determined and analysed. The putative protein sequence proved to be 1020 aa in length. R. miehei was transformed with plasmids containing the hmg gene. Transformants could be selected for lovastatin resitance. Analysis of transformants and optimisation of transformation were also done. Objectives: Expanding set of data demonstrate the opportunistic pathogenic role of the Rhizomucor species. The genus involves two species: R. pusillus and R. miehei. Their thermophhilic nature and characteristic morphological features clearly distinct them from other members of the Mucorales. Identification of Rhizomucor isolates at species level seems to be more problematic frequently resulting misidentifications or species names remained to be determined. The purpose of the present study was to broaden the basis of knowledge affording a methodically simple, quick and more unambiguous identification of the two Rhizomucor species. Methods: Carbon source utilisation analysis of 17 Rhizomucor isolates using 87 different compounds. Isoenzyme analysis of 18 isolates testing five enzyme system. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 23 isolates with 7-10 bp oligonucleotide primers. Lovastatin inhibition tests of 30 isolates. Results: Four carbon compounds were identified whose utilisation showed a clear difference between the R. miehei and R. pusillus isolates. These were sucrose, glycine, phenylalanine and alanine. Staining patterns of three enzyme system also showed two different electromorphs correlating perfectly with the two investigated Rhizomucor species. RAPD analysis revealed higher genetic variability. However the genetic variability was found to differ in R. pusillus and R. miehei: the latter revealed less-intraspecific polymorphism. As the results of highly different amplification patterns of the two Rhizomucor species, RAPD bands characteristic of R. miehei or R. pusillus isolates could be identified. The susceptibility of R. miehei and R. pusillus to lovastatin under different culturing conditions was investigated also. R. pusillus proved to be significantly more sensitive to lovastatin than R. miehei. Malt extract agar (pH 3.5) supplemented with 10 lg/mL lovastatin inhibit the growth of R. pusillus but allows the vigorous growth of R. miehei. Conclusions: Besides determining easily countable characters for the identification of Rhizomucor isolates, the experimental data provide information concerning the genetic variability of these species. The extent of genetic polymorphism is different in the two Rhizomucor species: while substantial polymorphism was found among the R. pusillus strains, the investigated R. miehei strains proved to be almost homogenous. We elaborate a simple and very reliable method for species level differentiation. Results: MIC of AMB-PVP complexes were up to 20 times lower as compared with AMB, (with AC2 showing the lowest MICs and MFCs) against Candida spp. and slighty lower to equal against Aspergillus spp. Killing activity after 2 h exposure of C. albicans to AMB and AMB-PVP complexes at 2 Â MIC, reached À2 log for complexes as compared with À1 log for AMB. Uptake in J774 macrophages after 24 h was three times lower for complexes than for AMB. Haemolytic activity and LDH release were approximately three times lower for complexes than for AMB. Conclusions: AMB-PVP complexes showed improved antifungal activity when compared with AMB against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. They accumulate to lower levels than AMB in eucaryotic cells, which may explain their lower toxicity. These data demonstrate the potential benefits of these new formulations and suggest future applications. Introduction: Voriconazole is an alternative for amphotericin B in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Voriconazole has a high oral bioavailability and is therefore promising for outpatient treatment. It is well tolerated, but one noncomparative study reported (mild) cutaneous side-effects in 8.6% of the patients. Case 1, a man (24 years) with chronic granulomatous disease was diagnosed with probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis according to the EORTC/MSG definitions. Outpatient treatment with oral voriconazole (200 mg BID) was started and the patient improved. After 8 weeks, he developed profound erythema in sun-exposed areas (face, hands). Voriconazole was stopped and the erythema resolved within 2 weeks. Six weeks later the patient relapsed. Voriconazole was reinstituted. Despite protective measures, he redeveloped profound skin erythema and friability in sun-exposed areas after 4 weeks. After 6 weeks, lesions evolved to desquamation and small ulcers at the hands. After 8 weeks, the patient had large areas with bulla, desquamation and superficial ulcerations on lips, face and hands. Voriconazole was switched to itraconazole oral solution and all lesions healed within 1 week. Case 2 (man, 52 years, diabetes mellitus) underwent aortobifemoral vascular grafting. He was reoperated for thrombotic problems. Multiple cultures of the explanted graft yielded Aspergillus fumigatus. The vascular graft infection was complicated with acro-ileiitis and arthritis of the right knee and ankle. Amphotericin B was given for 1 month. Thereafter the patient was discharged with oral voriconazole (200 mg BID). After 2 months, asymptomatic hyperpigmentation in sun-exposed areas was noticed. After 20 weeks small vesicles appeared in sun exposed areas (face, neck, arms and legs). The vesicles evolved to bulla (diameter 1-2 cm) and ruptured after a few days. Crustae were formed and the lesions healed in 2 weeks. New lesions continued to appear while old lesions were healing. Voriconazole was switched to itraconazole oral solution and all lesions resolved within 2 weeks. Discussion: Skin reactions, mainly rash, pruritus and phototoxic induced erythema, are known but mostly mild side-effects of voriconazole. More severe facial erythema and cheilitis were reported in five patients. We reported severe late-onset phototoxic skin reactions in two patients. Further postmarketing surveillance on the incidence and impact of these late-onset cutaneous side-effects is warranted. Objective: To describe the safety and efficacy of voriconazole in patients treated within the compassionate-use programme. Methods: Retrospective study of patients (pts) received voriconazole through a compassionate-use programme in Spain for treatment of an invasive fungal infection if they were refractory to or intolerant of approved antifungal therapy. Depending on tolerability voriconazole was administered either intravenously or orally. I.v. voriconazole was administered as a loading dose of 6 mg/kg/ 12 h on day 1 followed by 4 mg/kg/12 h thereafter. Oral voriconazole was administered as a loading dose of 200 or 400 mg/12 h on day 1 followed by 100 or 200 mg twice a day per patients weighing <40 or >40 kg, respectively. When feasible the route of administration of voriconazole was changed from i.v. to oral. Outcome was assessed by investigators at the end of therapy or at the last visit as success (complete or partial response), stable infection, or failure, based on protocol-defined criteria. Results: During the period of April 2003 through November 2003, 59 patients (35 males/24 females) were reviewed. The age of the patients ranged from 15-79 years. The most common underlying disease was leukaemia (22%). Nineteen patients (19%) presented neutropenia. The most common fungus isolated was Aspergillus spp. (47%), followed by Candida spp. (20%). A total of 17 fungal isolates were recovered from tissues, followed by blood and bronchoalveolar lavage. Prior to voriconazole, 60 patients received amphotericin B, 19 itraconazole, 16 fluconazole and four caspofungin. The reason for using voriconazole was failure of other antifungal drugs (69%), intolerance (11%), and both failure and intolerance (20%). The advert events reported were generally mild to moderate in severity, transient in nature, and reversible. Twentynine patients (78%) responded to voriconazole therapy, in four cases (4%) infection progressed. Conclusion: Voriconazole provided high rated of cure with very good overall tolerance. These data confirmed the efficacy of voriconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections specially invasive aspergillosis even in patients who are intolerant of or refractory to conventional antifungal therapy. Introduction: There is a need for safe and effective antifungals. ANID is a novel echinocandin antifungal agent with demonstrated efficacy in mucosal and invasive infections due to Candida spp., and is currently under regulatory review. Hepatic toxicity is a common reason for failure of new drugs, and rules have been proposed to detect and evaluate the hepatic safety of new agents via monitoring hepatobiliary parameters for potential signals of toxicity. Objectives: To evaluate the hepatic safety of ANID. Methods: Patients (pts) with confirmed oesophageal candidiasis were enrolled in a multinational, randomised, controlled, double blind, double-dummy, phase 3 clinical trial. After obtaining informed consent, pts were randomised to receive i.v. ANID 50 mg or oral fluconazole (FLU) 100 mg, plus corresponding placebo. Pts returned daily for 14-21 days of therapy, and at followup (FU), 2 weeks after end-of-therapy (EOT). Hepatobiliary parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, Bili) were obtained at baseline, days 3, 7, 14, EOT (if EOT was not day 14) and FU. Thresholds for clinically significant (CS) increases from baseline were prospectively specified prior to unblinding, as were various significant combinations of changes, such as ALT >3Â the upper limit of normal (ULN) plus bili >1.5Â ULN. Results: A total of 601 pts, most with AIDS, were enrolled. Most (98%) took one or more nonantifungal medication concomitantly. The number and percentage of pts with CS increases are shown in the table for ALT. Similar results were obtained for the other hepatic values noted above.

There was also no difference between the arms when various prospectively defined combinations of values were considered. Conclusions: In this immunocompromised population of pts on multiple medications, no signal of hepatic effects of anidulafungin was apparent. Objectives: Scedosporium prolificans causes therapy-refractory invasive infections with high mortality in immunocompromised patients. We tested the combined effect of posaconazole (POS), an investigational antifungal triazole, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on ex vivo activity of neutrophils (PMNs) against S. prolificans. Methods: Balb/c mice were treated with 50-250 ng of murine GM-CSF or saline sc daily for 4 days. PMNs, isolated from GM-CSFor saline-treated mice, were incubated with POS (1lg/mL) and hyphae at effector cell: target ratio 5:1. Per cent damage of S. prolificans hyphae was assessed by XTT metabolic assay. ANOVA ANOVA with Tukey test were used for multiple comparisons. The protein-free, unbound fraction of antibiotic concentration is used for PK/PD calculations. Reliable and easy measurements of protein binding are therefore needed. Three methods are usually recommended: ultrafitration (F), dialysis (D) or ultracentrifugation (C), but we have not seen the methods compared simultaneously for any antibiotic. We studied the three methods for estimation of serum protein binding of erythromycin. Methods: The same portion of pooled human serum was used for all experiments. Three concentrations of erythromycin (3, 1.5 and 1 mg/L, respectively), were subjected to the three protein binding methods. Erythromycin concentrations of serum or filtrate/dialysate/supernatant were measured by bioassay, with serum or PBS for standards. Protein binding was calculated from the formula (erythromycin concentrations): Serum-filtrate (dialysate, supernatant)/Serum, in per cent, corrected for binding of serum-free controls. F: Amicon UF-vials, YM30 filter, were added one ml serum and centrifuged in a fixed-angle rotor Sorval RC-50 centrifuge at 3000 g for 8 min. This resulted in approx. 0.2 mL ultrafiltrate. D: Dialysis tubes (Spectra/por, MWCO 10.000) in pieces of 20 cm, were tied in both ends after adding 2 mL serum. With tubings placed in U-form in plastic tubes, these were centrifuged in a free angle rotor centrifuge at 339 g for 5 min, excess water was removed, and tubes centrifuged again at 339 g for 40 min. This resulted in approximately 0.12 mL dialysate. C: A Beckman ultracentrifuge type L-80, type 80 Ti rotor, was used. Beckman Ultra-Clear Centrifuge Tubes were filled with 13.4 mL serum samples and centrifuged at 175.000 g for 8 h at 30 C. The 0.5 mL supernatant was removed with a pipette. Results: For the three samples with 3, 1.5 and 1 mg/L erythromycin the following serum protein binding was found (in %): F: 63, 65 and 65. D: 58, 70 and 72. C: 54, 58 and 60, respectively. Conclusions: Within the variation of the methods we found slight concentration related binding, but little differences between methods. The results are comparable with published data of 41-74%. Methods: A single 400 mg dose was administered orally followed by blood and peritoneal fluid sampling in 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours afterwards. Concentrations of moxifloxacin were estimated by a microbiological assay. Vital signs were observed and laboratory tests and ECG were performed every 24 h. Results: Mean AE SD of moxifloxacin in serum 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18 Conclusions: Oral intake of moxifloxacin in anuric patients on CAPD is accompanied by adequate penetration in the peritoneal cavity for 12 h after intake so as to be a promising agent for the therapy of spontaneous peritonitis. Objectives: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in anuric patients undergoing chronic haemofiltration and to establish an oral regimen delivering therapeutic trough serum levels. Methods: In the first phase of the study, 10 anuric patients were given a single oral dose of 500 mg of levofloxacin. Patients underwent haemofiltration after 2 h. In the second phase after 21 days, the same patients received 500 mg daily for 3 days consecutively. In that phase, haemofiltration was performed on days 1, 3 and 5. In both phases blood was sampled at regular time intervals. Concentrations of levofloxacin were estimated by a microbiological assay. Results: In the first phase, estimated mean (AESE) concentrations were 0.97 AE 0.45, 2.67 AE 1.09, 3.37 AE 0.95, 4.22 AE 1.14, 7.41 AE 1.72, 4.25 AE 1.65 and 3.10 AE 2.23 mg/L at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 24 and 48 h after intake, respectively. In that phase, estimated mean (AESE) respective concentrations at the arterial and the venous end of the fistula were 5.54 AE 1.18 and 3.08 AE 0.26 mg/L (P ¼ 0.014) on the first hour of haemofiltration; 4.17 AE 0.87 and 2.50 AE 0.33 mg/L (P: NS) on the second hour of haemofiltration; and 3.90 AE 0.62 and 2.10 AE 0.29 mg/L (P ¼ 0.018) on the fourth hour of haemofiltration. In the second phase, estimated mean (AESE) concentrations on day 1 after haemofiltration, on day 2, on day 3 before haemofiltration, on day 3 after haemofiltration, on day 4, on day 5 before haemofiltration and on day 5 after haemofiltration were 3.18 AE 0.34, 2.55 AE 0.34, 6.54 AE 0.73, 7.30 AE 0.95, 6.84 AE 0.86, 5.77 AE 0.76 and 2.97 AE 0.65 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions: Levofloxacin is rapidly eliminated during haemofiltration. Oral administration at the proposed regimen of 500 mg daily for 3 days results in adequate therapeutic though serum levels for 5 days allowing its application in case of infections by Gram-positive cocci. Methods: A total of 20 patients was included. All patients received 600 mg linezolid intravenously every 12 h. CVVH was performed using highly permeable polysulphone membranes (PSHF 1200, Baxter, Germany and AV 400, Fresenius, Germany). Mean blood flow rate and ultrafiltration rate were 182 AE 15 mL/min and 40 AE 8 mL/min, respectively. Postdilution was performed. Linezolid concentrations in serum and ultrafiltrate were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The mean linezolid serum concentration peak (Cmax) was 15.32 AE 3.98 lg/mL, the mean trough level (Cmin) was 1.87 AE 1.70 lg/mL. The elimination half-life (T1/2) was 4.30 AE 1.74 h. The total clearance (CLtot), haemofiltration clearance (CLhf) and volume of distribution (Vd) were 9.31 AE 3.48 L/ h, 31.25 AE 12.77 mL/min and 51.30 AE 12.30 L, respectively. Conclusions: Our results show that patients with severe Gram-positive infections undergoing CVVH can be treated effectively with a dosis of 600 mg linezolid every 12 h. Objectives: Antibiotics are known to bind to plasma proteins, mainly to albumin. This leads to a change in the PK of the antibi-otic and thus to a change in its pharmacology. It is supposed that protein binding (PB) only has to be taken into consideration if it exceeds 80% and that only the free fraction of an antibiotic is active. To examine these hypotheses, we performed kill kinetics of H. influenzae with four b-lactam antibiotics with diverse PB (meropenem (M) PB 2%, cefotaxim (CF) PB 40%, cefoxitin (CX) PB 70% and faropenem (F) PB 94%). For CF and CX the simulation of only the free fraction slightly reduces the effect of the antibiotic at lower concentrations. For F the addition of albumin leads to a reduced effect and therefore to a higher EC50 value. However, this reduction is not as pronounced as in the experiment when only the free concentration is simulated (table). Above a concentration of 32-fold MIC, when Emax is obtained, the protein binding does not effect the activity of F at all.

Data derived from the in vitro models show for M, CF and CX that the addition of albumin does not cause a reduction of antibacterial activity. When adding albumin to F a marked reduction of the effect is observed. Moreover, the simulation of the free fraction of CX and F leads to a (further) reduced effect.

Conclusion: PB influences the activity of an antibiotic only in a narrow concentration range between no effect and the maximal effect. For drugs bound below 80%, an influence could not be observed. However, the hypothesis that only the free fraction is active could not be confirmed.

P1798 PK/ PD indices: good predictors for highly protein bound drugs?

C. Fuhst, A. Barger, B. Wiedemann Bonn, D Objectives: Many authors use PK/PD indices to predict the efficacy of antibiotics. According to the International Society of Antiinfective Pharmacology (ISAP) these indices should be referred to the nonprotein bound fraction of the drug, as only the free fraction is active. This hypothesis was examined, as it is possible that not just the free fraction is active. Therefore, we performed kill kinetics with three different strains with faropenem, a highly protein bound antibiotic (94% protein binding). Methods: Kill kinetics of S. aureus (MIC 0.125 mg/L), H. influenzae (MIC 0.5 mg/L) and S. pneumoniae (0.25 mg/L) were performed in a pharmacological in vitro model with faropenem (F). Three dosing schemes were simulated: (i) 300 mg dose without human serum albumin (Cmax: 11.8 mg/L; AUC12: 28.125 mg h/L); (ii) 300 mg dose with 40 g/L albumin(free Cmax: 0.708 mg/L, free AUC12: 1.7 mg h/L); (iii) a dosing scheme resembling the free fraction (6% of 300 mg; Cmax: 0.708 mg/L, AUC12: 1.7 mg h/L). The PK/PD indices Cmax/MIC, AUC/MIC and T > MIC and the PD parameter AAC (area above the curve, as an indicator for the effect of F) were calculated. Results: The table shows the calculated PK/PD indices based on the free fraction and the AAC values. If just the free fraction would be active, there should not be any difference between the AAC values of simulation (ii) and (iii). However, for S. pneumoniae and S. aureus the effects of (i) and (ii) are similar, whereas the effect of (iii) is much lower. For H. influenzae, whose MIC is in the range of the free Cmax, there is a difference between the effect of (i) and (ii). Again, the effect of (iii) is lower. These differences are not reflected in the PK/ PD indices, as they are the same for (ii) and (iii).

Conclusion: Not only the free fraction of F is active, the addition of albumin leads to a higher effect. Calculating the indices AUC/ MIC, Cmax/MIC and T>MIC based on the free fraction does not reflect the actual conditions. Objectives: Previous data has shown using S. pneumoniae (SP) strains with raised Co-a MICs that bacterial inoculum and strain MIC may impact significantly on the antibacterial effect measures (ABE). However, none of these data had been analysed collectively. The aim of this study was to perform ANOVA ANOVA on the combined dataset to establish which of these factors were significant in determining the ABE for SP strains with raised Co-a MICs Methods: An in vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate pharmacokinetically enhanced (PE) [2000 mg amoxicillin (AMOX); 125 mg clavulanate] and standard formulation (SF) (875 mg AMOX:125 clav) co-amoxiclav (Co-a), against six SP strains with raised Co-a MICs (3-8 mg/L). The T > MIC for PE Co-a was 39-60% and SF 20-41%. All simulations were performed in triplicate using Brain Heart Infusion broth for 24 h. The initial bacterial inoculum was either 106 or 108 CFU/mL. ANOVA ANOVA was used to exploit the factorial structure of the data to analyse the effect of MIC, drug formulation and initial bacterial inoculum on the ABE measure -the area under the bacterial kill curve (AUBKC). Results: All three factors (inoculum, MIC and formulation) affected ABE as measured by ln AUBKC24. Significant interactions were noted between formulation and inoculum and formulation and MIC suggesting, formulation and MIC had different effects on ln (AUBKC24). For both inocula the ln AUBKC24 increased with increasing MIC, however the mean ln AUBKC24 increase for the standard formulation was greater than for PE Co-a. There was no interaction between inoculum and MIC. Conclusions: PE Co-a is more likely to have a T > MIC of >40% against resistant SP than SF especially for strains with Co-a MIC >4 mg/L. These data confirm that MIC impacts upon on Co-a ABE and that drug formulations that have the greatest T>MIC are more effective. Objective: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease due to a defective gene on chromosome 7 which codifies for an altered cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein. Median survival is improved thanks to aggressive treatments which include higher doses of antibiotics infused for 14-21 days. CF patients experience adverse effects (AE) from antibiotics more frequently than does the general population. We describe AE patterns in patients attending our CF Centre and the protocol for rapid intravenous (IV) antibiotic desensitisation employed when no alternative treatment is available. Methods: Between January 1 1993 and December 31 2000, 71 of 145 patients (48.9%) were treated with IV antibiotic (cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones in association with aminoglycosides). The CF patients' airways were colonised by: Staphylococcus aureus (n: 99, 68.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n 60, 41.3%), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (n: 8, 5.5%), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (n: 8, 5.5%), Burkolderia cepacia (n: 6, 4.1%), S. maltophilia, (n: 2, 1.3%). Since some patients were colonised by more than one bacteria, the absolute number is higher than 71 and the overall proportion is over 100%. In patients with AE and no alternative antibiotic treatment, prick and intradermal skin tests with the native drug were carried out. Desensitisation begins by administering IV a 10-fold lower concentration of antibiotic than the concentration negative to the intradermal test. The doses are subsequently infused using a 10-min washout between doses. Each dose is increased from 2 up to 10 times until the therapeutic dose is reached and it takes about 4-5 h. Results: Sixteen of 71 (22.5%) presented AE: 9 (56.2%) to ceftazidime, two to carbapenems, three to vancomycin, one to aztreonam, one to ciprofloxacin (Table 1) . Eleven patients experienced AE after more than two courses with the same antibiotic. Desensitisation was carried out in nine patients in whom no alternative antibiotics therapy was available and was well tolerated in seven cases ( Table 2) . Objectives: Antimicrobial agents exert their effect inside the interstitial space, which is the site of many infections. Recently, microdialysis was applied to cortical and cancellous bone for the evaluation of gentamicin. The principle of microdialysis is to introduce a semipermeable membrane into bone and perfuse it with liquid, thus enabling dynamic measurements to be made. The aim of this investigation was to measure pharmacokinetics of a Gentacoll sponge in bone tissue by the technique of microdialysis.

Methods: Nine pigs were randomised to either wet or dry application of a Gentacoll sponge (10 Â 10 cm) into the bone marrow of tibia. Two catheters were inserted into cancellous bone tissue, one 1 cm (MD1 cm) and one 2 cm (MD2cm) apart from the aimed location of the sponge. Then, the Gentacoll sponge was implanted. Wet application was defined as; the sponge was wetted in 2 mL. blood. Dry application was defined as usual surgical procedure.

Concentrations of gentamicin were measured in serum and microdialysates on an Abbott Drug Analyser. Data presented are median (range). A rank sum test was performed for statistical analysis. A P-value below 0.05 was considered significant. The pharmacokinetic measure presented is the area under the curve (AUC6h) and peak concentration (C peak). Conclusions: This is the first study applying microdialysis for pharmacokinetic measurements of local implants. The distribution of local applied antibiotics into bone tissue is difficult to measure. The small sample size precludes a detailed analysis, but it is noteworthy that previous found variation on the distribution of gentamicin from a Gentacoll sponge is reproduced in this work. It seems that neither application nor distance had significant impact on the initial pharmacokinetic of Gentacoll in bone tissue. Objectives: Previous studies demonstrated the ability of levofloxacin-imipenem to prevent the emergence of resistance among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in a two-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPM). This study was designed to further analyse levofloxacin-imipenem against strains of P. aeruginosa already lacking susceptibility to one or both drugs by different efflux-or OprD-associated mechanisms. Methods: The strains used in this study included four levofloxacinnonsusceptible strains overexpressing MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN or MexXY, one imipenem-resistant strain lacking OprD, and one dual-resistant strain overexpressing MexXY and lacking OprD. Log-phase cultures (10 7 -10 8 CFU/mL) were inoculated into peripheral compartment of the IVPM and treated with simulated doses of 750 mg levofloxacin, 250 mg imipenem, or levofloxacin-imipenem. Levofloxacin was dosed at 0 and 24 h, and imipenem at 0, 12, and 24 h. Doses were adjusted to account for protein binding, and pharmacodynamics were evaluated over 30 h. Results: Against the MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, and MexEF-OprN overexpressing mutants, levofloxacin-imipenem achieved a 5-log total kill of one strain and eradication of two strains . Furthermore, levofloxacin-imipenem prevented emergence of resistance observed with each drug alone. Levofloxacin-imipenem also prevented emergence of levofloxacin resistance and achieved eradication of the strain lacking OprD. Although levofloxacin-imipenem initially achieved 6-to 7 log kills of the two MexXY mutants, it could not prevent the emergence of resistance.

Conclusions: These data further support levofloxacin-imipenem as an effective combination for treating P. aeruginosa and preventing emergence of resistance during therapy. These data warrant further evaluation of levofloxacin-imipenem against P. aeruginosa. The new extended release formulation of ciprofloxacin (Cipro XR) was designed for once daily administration in the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of the study was to compare its plasma and urine concentrations and its pharmacokinetic parameters with those of levofloxacin (LVX). Methods: In a randomised crossover study, 12 volunteers (six males, six females) received a single oral dose of 1000 mg of Cipro XR or 500 mg of LVX to assess the concentrations (by high-pressure liquid chromatography) in plasma and the urinary excretion at intervals up to 36 h. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were studied: Cmax, tmax, t1/2, AUC, Cltot, Clren, Vdß, Vdss, maximal urinary concentration (Umax), and urinary excretion (UE). Results: Both fluoroquinolones were tolerated well. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in the table. The median cumulative levels of renal excretion of the administered dose of the parent drug were 43% for ciprofloxacin (range, 14-51%; mean AE SD, 41 AE 10%), and 80% for levofloxacin (range, 74-88%; mean AE SD, 80 AE 5%). Cmax, AUC and UE were statistically significantly higher in the LVX phase, whereas the other pharmacokinetic indices, except t1/2, were statistically significantly higher in the cipro XR phase.

Conclusions: After oral administration of Cipro XR 1000 mg and LVX 500 mg Cmax and AUC in plasma were significantly higher in the LVX phase. The renal excretion (in milligram) of cipro XR 1000 mg once daily, however, is equivalent to that of LVX 500 mg and overall comparable urinary concentrations and areas under the urinary concentrations are reached by both drugs. Therefore, it can be assumed that the two doses investigated can be considered equivalent for the treatment of UTI.

P1807 Failure to detect emergence of resistance to moxifloxacin at AUC/MIC ratios between 9 and 216 in Bacteroides fragilis (Bf), Clostridium perfringens (Cp) and Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) in an in vitro pharmacokinetic (pK) model

Objectives: Moxifloxacin (moxi) has in vitro activity against many anaerobes and human pK such that it may be clinically useful in anaerobic infection. We performed a dose ranging study to assess emergence of resistance ( in human volunteers. Brain-heart infusion broth was used as nutrient. Colony counts were done in appropriate time intervals. Concentration of Levofloxacin was determined by a bioassay using K. pneumoniae as test organism. All experiments were done in triplicate. Results: Data of the three parallel experiments matched sufficiently, demonstrating the reproducibility of the in vitro model experiments. Simulating an oral dose of 750 mg Levofloxacin P. aeruginosa was reduced for five to six orders of magnitude within 4 h. Regrowth was seen after 8-12 h. The bacterial count after 24 h was still three orders of magnitude below the inoculum. Resistant subpopulations were seen in the order of the mutation rate of about 10 À7 but were eliminated after 2 h and did not reappear. The 500 mg dose gave similar results. Reduction of the cell count was five orders of magnitude after 5 h. After 24 h the cell count was 1/10 of the inoculum. However, resistant mutants persisted and reached a cell count of five orders below the inoculum after 24 h. For S. pneumoniae the reduction of the bacterial count went continuously down for three orders of magnitude within 24 h. Resistant mutants did not arise. There was no real difference for both dosing schedules. Conclusions: Results demonstrate, that Levofloxacin after sufficient dosing is able to reduce the actual bacterial count in the epithelial lining fluid for three to six orders of magnitude and to prevent selection of resistant mutants for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Thus this drug seems useful for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Background: Salmonella is an important public health concern, especially in third world countries. Ampicillin, TMP/SMX and chloramphenicol no longer provide reliable coverage in many areas and there are reports of resistance emerging to older quinolones. To date, no studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) of quinolones vs. Salmonella typhi have been conducted. Methods: An in vitro PD model (IVPM) simulating human gatifloxacin (GAT) PK was used to determine which PK-PD measure is most strongly associated with drug response, and the relationship between exposure and response for S. typhi strains (GAT MIC 0.5-4 mg/L). Drug response was expressed as a log ratio of the 24 h area under the bacterial kill curve (AUBKC24) for drug and growth control (GC). Regimens (QD, BID, CI) that produced wide ranges of free (f) %T > MIC, peak:MIC and AUC:MIC ratios of GAT were studied. Using PK-PD targets derived from the IVPM and the current NCCLS susceptibility breakpoint for ciprofloxacin (CIP) vs. S. typhi, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was performed to assess the % PK-PD target attainment for recommended doses of selected quinolones. PK was obtained from normal healthy volunteers. Results: Using nonlinear regression, a sigmoidal inhibitory E-max model was fit to log 10 AUCBK24 Drug/AUBKC24 GC for each PK-PD measure (see figure) . fAUC:MIC correlated best with GAT efficacy (R 2 ¼ 0.96). Peak:MIC also correlated with GAT efficacy (R 2 ¼ 0.93) but %T>MIC did not (R 2 ¼ 0.68). Model estimates of E-max, AUC:MIC50 and Hill's constant were À3.58, 34.7 and 2.04, respectively. Assuming that at least 90% of the IVPM Emax would translate to good activity in vivo, a GAT fAUC:MIC ratio of 105 mg/L Â 24 h was identified as the PK-PD target. The per cent PK-PD target attainment for GAT, levofloxacin (LEV), ofloxacin (OFL) and CIP, based on simulations of 10 000 healthy subjects receiving standard dosing regimens for a range of S. typhi MICs (mg/L), is shown in the table below.

Conclusions: A fAUC:MIC ratio of 105 mg/L Â 24 h was associated with optimal effect for S. typhi. These findings are consistent with quinolone PK-PD target measures reported for other Gramnegative enterics. MCS results suggest a low per cent PK-PD target attainment for S. typhi strains with quinolone MICs ! 0.5 mg/ L. Given the current NCCLS susceptibility breakpoint of 1 mg/L for CIP vs. S. typhi, these data suggest the need to reassess this susceptibility breakpoint. Results: Human serum promoted the growth of the drug-free controls by approximately 1-2 log CFU/mL and reduced the bactericidal activities of all agents studied . However, when the data were normalised by subtracting the effect of serum promoted growth, bactericidal activities of all agents against the gram + were enhanced in the presence of serum, irrespective of their % protein binding. Also, MXF exhibited a concentration dependant bactericidal effect against all pathogens and all ranges of concentrations studied; typically, the bactericidal effect of the b-lactams could not be increased beyond the optimally bactericidal concentration. CLA reduced the CFUs of the gram+ as well, but was ineffective against Hi as was CFX against Sa. The strains of S. pneumoniae with MICs of 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/L at an initial inoculum of approximately 105 CFU/mL were exposed to amoxicillin in an in vitro kinetic model with a concentration time-profile simulating the human serum profile of XR twice daily. All isolates were also exposed to amoxicillin with concentration time-profiles correlating to the human dosage of 875 mg twice, 875 mg three times daily and 500 mg three times daily with simulated half-life of 1 h. Repeated samples were taken regularly during 24 h and viable counts were performed. Results: With the XR amoxicillin profile, bacterial eradication was noted for strains with a MIC of 1 and 2 mg/L and with a T > MIC of 73 and 60%. In the experiments with XR and the strain with a MIC of 4 mg/L (T > MIC of 47%) some regrowth occurred at the end of the dosing interval but there was a net reduction in bacterial counts at 24 h. The least-effective dose for all strains were 875 mg twice daily with T > MIC of 43, 35, 26 and 10%, respectively for strains with a MIC of 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/ L. None of the regimens were able to eradicate the strain with a MIC of 8 mg/L, although an initial substantial kill was noted with the enhanced XR profile after both doses. Conclusions: The enhanced XR profile of amoxicillin was more effective in comparison to the other dosing regimens in eradicat-ing S. pneumoniae with a MIC < 2 mg/L. For the strains with a MIC of 4 mg/L, there was a reduction of bacterial counts of approximately 1 log 10 CFU at 24 h with the XR regimen while all the other regimens resulted in static effect. Our in vitro system, like others, does not include the potential synergistic effects between the antibiotic and the immune defence system and may thus reflect the situation in immunocompromised hosts rather than in normal patients. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the pharmacodynamic profile of ciprofloxacin (CIP) with regard to 11 strains of E. coli and on their first-step mutants. Methods: We evaluated nine clinical strains of E. coli resistant to nalidixic acid but susceptible to CIP (antibiogram) and two reference strains of E. coli susceptible to nalidixic acid (NA). The MICs of nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and CIP were evaluated using the Etest method. Mutant prevention concentra-tions (MPC) were determined by applying 1011 CFU/mL of each organism to serially diluted antibiotic-concentration agar plates. All plates were incubated at 37 C for 2 days. The MPC of a drug is the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting growth of an organism. All procedures were performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. For the genotype, we sequenced the quinolone resistance-determining region on gyrA and parC from clinical strains and mutants. Bactericidal activity was determined by preparing time-killing curves for CIP with regard to three strains and the first-step resistant mutant for each strain. Results: We noted three genotypes for these strains: two strains with no mutation (MIC < 0.025 mg/L of CIP and MIC < 4 mg/L of NA), six strains with a gyrA mutation at codon 83 or 87 (MIC ¼ 0.06-0.5 mg/L of CIP and MIC > 12 mg/L of NA) and three strains with a gyrA mutation (codon 83) and a parC mutation at codon 80 (MIC ¼ 1.5 mg/L of CIP and MIC > 12 mg/L of NA). MPCs ranged from 0.12 to 0.5 for the first genotype, 0.5 to 6 for the second genotype and 4-8 mg/L for the third genotype. For the wild strain with no mutation, concentration-dependent bactericidal activity of CIP was observed. For both clinical strains with gyrA mutation and first-step resistant mutants, we noted slow bactericidal activity of CIP (between 6 and 24 h). The minimum bactericidal activity of CIP ranged from 2-8 MICs.

Conclusions: CIP is less concentration-dependent against strains having a gyrA mutation. Objectives: Prosthetic joint infections represent an infrequent but feared complication of total joint arthroplasty, leading to a substantial postoperative morbidity, prosthesis failure and, in some cases, to death. Moxifloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone with a broad antibacterial spectrum and improved activity against gram positive microorganism and anaerobes; it shows an enhanced potency against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis, if compared with the older fluoroquinolones. Penetration of moxifloxacin in bone has not still assessed. The main purpose of this study was to determine moxifloxacin levels in serum and bone following oral administration of single and multiple oral doses of 400 mg of the drug, to evaluate its potential use in perioperative orthopaedic prophylaxis. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients, undergoing routine total knee arthroplasty were enrolled in this study. Background: Levofloxacin (LEVO) has been advocated to be at least as active as ciprofloxacin (CIP) against P. aeruginosa according to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters. The aims of this study were assess mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of both quinolones in two different P. aeruginosa populations and compare them with pharmacokinetic parameters in the respiratory compartment. Methods: We studied 14 P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from respiratory secretions from patients with ventilator associated pneumonia admitted to an ICU in our hospital and 42 from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. MPCs, defined as the lowest drug concentration precluding any bacterial growth at 48 h, were determined by applying 10 9 -10 10 CFU/mL of each organism to serially diluted CIP and LEVO containing plates. MICs were determined by the Etest. Results: P. aeruginosa from ICU patients were both susceptible to LEVO (MIC range 0.12-0.5 lg/mL) and CIP (MIC range 0.03-0.12 lg/mL) whereas 69 and 76% isolates from CF patients were susceptible to LEVO (MIC 2 lg/mL) and CIP (MIC 1 lg/ mL, respectively. In P. aeruginosa from ICU patients, LEVO-MPCs (range 0.5-8 lg/mL; geometric mean 5.1 lg/mL) were higher when compared with CIP-MPCs (range 0.25-8 lg/mL; geometric mean 2.0 lg/mL). MPCs were higher in CF populations but maintaining similar differences among both antibiotics: CIP-MPCs (range 2-64 lg/mL; geometric mean 12.9 lg/mL) and LEVO-MPCs (range 8-128 lg/mL; geometric mean 24.6 lg/ mL To compare the anti-pneumococcal effects of telithromycin (TEL) and clarithromycin (CLA), their pharmacodynamics with differentially susceptible S. pneumoniae were studied in an in vitro dynamic model that simulates their human pharmacokinetics. Methods: Pharmacokinetic data reported in human studies with TEL and CLA were fitted by the two-compartment model with first-order absorption (ka, alpha and beta are 0.3; 1.9; 0.06 h À1 , respectively, for TEL and 0.5; 0.8 and 0.14 h À1 , respectively, for CLA). Based on this analysis, time courses of TEL and CLA concentrations were simulated. S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 (MICTLR 0.001 and MICCLR 0.08 mg/L) and S. pneumoniae 1516 (MICTLR 0.01 and MICCLR 0.04 mg/L) were exposed to a single dose of TEL (800 or 1600 mg) vs. two 12-h doses of CLA (2 Â 500 or 2 Â 1000 mg). To quantitatively compare the antimicrobial effects, a 24-h area between the control curve and the time-kill curve (ABBC) was calculated.

Results: There was a distinct dose-dependent anti-pneumococcal effect with both TEL and CLA. In terms of the minimal number of surviving organisms, the effect of 800 mg TEL on S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 was more pronounced than 2 Â 500 mg CLA, but these differences were not seen with S. pneumoniae 1516. Similar results were obtained at higher doses: again, the advantages of TEL were seen with S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 but not S. pneumoniae 1516. These findings were confirmed by the ABBC analysis. For the ATCC strain, a larger area under the curve (AUC) to MIC ratio of CLA may be needed to produce an ABBC similar to that of the smaller AUC/MIC of TEL.

Conclusions: These data pharmacodynamically support once-daily administration of 800 mg TEL in the treatment of infections due to S. pneumoniae. P1820 Bactericidal activity and postantibiotic effects of clarithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with the efflux mechanism of macrolide resistance Objectives: Streptococcus agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis are the major streptococcal causative agents of bovine mastitis. The rapid simultaneous identification of these species is necessary for monitoring mastitis caused by streptococci. The 60 kDa chaperonin cpn60 genes were recently discovered in all S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis strains and sequenced. The goal of the present study was to develop the cpn60 gene based PCR approach for simultaneous identification of streptococcal species. Methods: A total of 52 strains of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis isolated from the dairy cows were tested. Human S. agalactiae strains were also analysed. Bacteria were grown in Todd-Hewitt broth. Sequences of cpn60 genes were originally accessed through the GenBank database. DNA samples for PCR were prepared by boiling of one to two bacterial colonies for 5 min. PCR products were sequenced using ABI Prism 377 Perkin-Elmer Sequencer.

Results: Comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis cpn60 genes revealed the certain differences between species. Based on these differences, three pairs of primers were designed and each pair was suggested to be the species-specific. After PCR analysis, amplification fragments of the expected sizes of 310, 192 and 400 bp were obtained for S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis strains, respectively. Both human and bovine S. agalactiae revealed PCR products of the same size. Nucleotide sequences of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis amplification fragments were determined and an expected species-specificity of the primers was demonstrated. All the primers were used in multiplex-PCR for simultaneous identification of streptococcal species. Multiplex-PCR revealed the complete correlation with results of conventional PCR and neither false-positive no false-negative results were received. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that cpn60 gene based multiplex-PCR assay can be effectively used for simultaneous identification of S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis strains. This novel approach can be employed for analysis of the milk products and monitoring mastitis. This work was supported by Slovak The combined analysis of BOX-and RAPD-PCR patterns revealed 21 unique genetic types of which eight major groups comprised from three to six isolates each, and the other 13 included single isolates. Strains from the same orphanage in Moscow, Ufa and Khabarovsk belonged to one major clone suggesting their rapid transmission in closed communities. Two cases of clonal relatedness between the isolates from geographically distinct centers (Kazan and Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Voronezh) were also found. However, the multiplicity of genetic types indicated that resistance to penicillin was acquired by numerous strains. Conclusions: Combination of BOX-and RAPD-PCR had a sufficient discriminatory power to allow distinguishing between penicillin-nonsusceptible clones. Penicillin-resistant SP isolated from Russian DCCs and orphanages mostly represent genetically diverse population of strains. Clonal transmission of penicillinresistant clones was confirmed both within cities and also between geographical distinct areas. Methods: A total of 100 high vaginal swabs (HVS) from women with ROM at 35 weeks gestation were incubated in nutrient broth. The first 50 HVS swabs were incubated for 5, 30, and 60 min. The remaining 50 HVS swabs were incubated for 1 and 18 h. Following incubation, DNA was extracted using the InstaGene matrix DNA kit (Bio-Rad) and real-time PCR was performed using a LightCycler instrument (Roche Diagnostics). Oligonucleotide primers and fluorescence-labelled hybridisation probes were used for the specific amplification and detection of a 153-bp fragment of the cfb gene. The HVS were also examined by conventional culture by plating out onto ISLAM agar and incubating overnight at 37 C aerobically with 5% CO 2 . The sensitivity of the assay was examined by analysing dilutions of overnight broths of GBS, while specificity was studied by testing different species of Streptococcus with the assay. Results: The LightCycler PCR assay was able to detect 10 3 GBS CFU/mL. All non-GBS isolates examined were negative when tested, thereby demonstrating the specificity of the assay. Of the first 50 HVS examined, four (8%) were positive at each time point (5, 30 and 60 min) by both the LightCycler assay and conventional culture. Of the second 50 HVS, eight (16%) were positive by LightCycler and six (12%) were positive by culture after 1 h incubation. Following 18 h incubation, 13 (26%) samples were positive by LightCycler, but only six (12%) were culture-positive. Three of these samples were only Light-Cycler-positive after overnight incubation. Four samples were negative by culture, but LightCycler-positive after 1 and 18 h incubation. Two culture-positive samples were LightCycler-positive only after 18 h incubation, indicating that these samples contained low numbers of GBS. Conclusions: The LightCycler PCR assay is a specific, sensitive and rapid means of detecting GBS from HVS. The LightCycler assay was more sensitive than conventional culture, but overnight incubation increases the detection rate of GBS. However, whether this is clinically significant (i.e. is the woman infected or colonised) requires further investigation. All these genes encode for lipoproteins involved in metal transport and adherence, which are considered the possible virulence factors. We attempted cloning and expression analysis of the group B streptococcal (GBS) analogue of this gene family. Methods: GBS strain O9OR (derivative of Ia serotype) used for cloning of the adherence genes analogue. PCR primers were designa-ted according to the conserved regions of the gene family under study (scaA gene was used as a source of original sequence). DNA fragment of GBS scaA analogue was amplified and sequenced. Using this fragment as a probe the entire sequence of GBS scaA analogue was determined in the phage library. The gene was sequenced and expressed in E. coli. Results: The entire sequence of scaA gene analogue of the GBS had been cloned, sequenced, and deposited into gene bank. GBS scaA regulon was found to be similar to one in group A streptococci where scaA gene is located in direct proximity to ATP binding protein scaC with similar orientation and negative regulator scaR which has an opposite orientation. The central portion of GBS scaA had been cloned into integration vector pT7Erm B. The resultant plasmid was used for GBS strain O9OR transformation. GBS transformants were unable to grow like parental strain in liquid media forming clots instead of typical chains and it expressed substantially different level of adherence. GBS scaA gene had been cloned in E. coli system and expressed employing pQE expression vector system. However, it was impossible to purify the entire protein using six His residues located in the N terminus because of processing of the recombinant streptococcal lipoprotein in the E. coli. In order obtain the mature protein we have cloned the GBS scaA starting from the region encoding the lipoprotein cleavage site LXXC. Purified mature protein of 35 kDa was obtained and used for immunisation experiments on mice and rabbits. The possible usage of GBS ScaA protein as vaccine against GBS infection is discussed.

Conclusions: A novel GBS gene encoding for putative metal transport adherence related lipoprotein was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The protein might be important for GBS adherence to human epithelium.

The relationship between the modular structure of eucaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinase StkP of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its function P. Pallova, L. Prenosilova, L. Novakova, P. Branny Prague, CZ Objectives: The main objective of this work was to determine the relationship between structure and function of eucaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinase StkP in S. pneumoniae. In the C-terminal part of StkP we identified four repeats with the PASTA signature (penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine kinase associated domain). It has been proposed that this domain could bind unlinked peptidoglycan and act as its sensor. Thus, StkP might be involved in cell-wall biosynthesis through interaction of their PASTA domains with cell wall components. The PASTA domain is also an important antibiotic resistance determinant in the penicillin-binding proteins. Methods: To determine cellular localisation StkP we prepared epitope-labelled protein kinase StkP. Both full-length and truncated forms of StkP were constructed and corresponding mutants were created by allelic exchange. Results: The full-length form of StkP was detected in membrane fraction. Deletion of the C-terminal part of StkP including putative transmembrane domain resulted in the presence of mutant form of StkP exclusively in cytoplasmic fraction. These results clearly showed that StkP is a membrane-associated protein. We investigated further the influence of deletion of StkP C-terminal module on antibiotic susceptibility. S. pneumoniae mutant strain with cytoplasmic StkP showed increased sensitivity to penicillin G and vancomycin, antibiotics that inhibit cell-wall synthesis. In addition, the ability of mutant strain to develop a state of natural competence as measured by the efficiency of transformation was two orders of magnitude lower when compared with wild type strain. Conclusions: These results indicate that the C-terminal part of StkP acts as a sensor that activates signalling pathway controlled by StkP protein kinase activity.

P1828 Identification of streptococci to the species level by pyrosequencing M. Haanperä, P. Huovinen, J. Jalava

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a molecular method for inexpensive, reliable and simple identification of streptococcal species. Methods: We developed a method for identification of streptococci based on pyrosequencing technique using PSQ 96MA System (BiotageAB, Uppsala, Sweden). Two hypervariable regions of the streptococcal 16S rDNA were analysed. These regions, called V1 and V2, locate close to the 50 terminus of the 16S rRNA gene. In this study, the V1 and V2 signature sequences of 60 type strains of 54 different streptococcal species were determined. The first step in this method is to perform a PCR comprising both regions to be sequenced. In the PCR, heatinactivated streptococcal suspension may be used as a sample.

After checking the presence of the PCR products on an agarose gel, sequencing is carried out. Sequencing reactions of the V1 and V2 regions are performed separately using primers specific for V1 and V2 regions, respectively. Results: By sequencing approximately 35 bases long signature sequences of both regions, all streptococcal species with a few exceptions can be differentiated. The two species groups that cannot be differentiated from each other are S. salivarius, S. vestibularis and S. thermophilus as well as S. bovis and S. lutetiensis. Conclusions: A simple, reliable and fast method for identification of vast majority of streptococcal species was developed: the whole procedure can be completed during a single working day.

P1829 Multi-locus sequence typing of group A streptococci from a London hospital

Objectives: Group A streptococci (GAS) were collected from a London Hospital and characterised by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to determine the identity and prevalence of clones circulating in this setting. London GAS were compared with strains from a global collection of GAS via the internet accessible MLST database (http://www.mlst.net). Methods: An MLST sequence type (ST) was assigned to each isolate based on sequence of internal fragments of seven housekeeping loci. emm-type was defined by 160-bp of sequence at the 50end of the central emm gene. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin and tetracycline. Results: Between July and October 2003, 121 clinical isolates were collected from 121 persons, including hospitalised patients (9%) and outpatients attending emergency rooms (31%), speciality outpatient clinics (6%) and GPs (48%). Forty-one STs were identified of which 20 were represented by a single isolate. The eight most prevalent types among the 121 GAS were ST117/ emm81 (15%), ST39/emm4 (9%), ST62/emm87 (7%), ST28/ emm1 (6%), ST36/emm12 (6%), ST46/emm22 (5%), ST326/ emm82 (5%) and ST101/emm89 (4%). When compared with the MLST database 14 (34%) of the 41 STs had not been previously identified, although six of these differed from recognised STs at only a single locus suggesting they were closely related. Resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline was seen in 5 and 18% of isolates, respectively, with three isolates resistant to both agents. Resistant isolates included strains with 12 distinct STs. Of these five STs were represented by both resistant and susceptible isolates. Conclusions: GAS strains with higher emm types (>80) accounted for a significant proportion of GAS isolates collected during this study. This information may have important ramifications for emm-directed vaccine strategies. The appearance of resistant isolates was not associated with particular clones. Objectives: Searching in the genome sequence of S. pneumoniae revealed the presence of a single eucaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinase gene stkP, associated with a gene encoding Ser/Thr protein phosphatase phpP. Eucaryotic-like protein kinases and phosphatases in procaryotes coordinate processes of differentiation and pathogenesis. Thus, StkP and PhpP may play a role in pneumococcal pathogenesis. The main objective of this work was to determine the targets of protein kinase StkP. Methods: In order to determine the function of StkP we prepared deletion of the corresponding gene in S. pneumoniae by PCR ligation mutagenesis and allelic exchange. To identify the genes that are controlled by StkP we analysed the transcription profile of stkP loss-of-function mutant by DNA microarray technology. Results: Measurement of transformation efficiency during natural competence development showed that deletion of stkP gene in S. pneumoniae resulted in the loss of genetic competence. The transcript analysis revealed the StkP-dependent expression of many potential target loci that were specifically and strongly up-and downregulated in stkP mutant suggesting the important regulatory role of StkP in S. pneumoniae. The data obtained from transcriptome mapping were further extended by proteomic studies. Mass spectrometric sequencing was used to identify putative targets of post-translational modification. Conclusions: In conclusion, genes whose transcription was induced or repressed in S. pneumoniae stkP deletion mutant were identified. Proteomic studies and mass spectrometry were used to confirm some of the results. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of pyrosequencing analysis of a variable region within the rnpB gene as species-specific target in identification of bacteria within the Streptococcus genus. Methods: The rnpB gene is universally present in bacterial species and encodes a subunit of the RNaseP enzyme. Comparison of rnpB DNA sequences has been shown to be useful in phylogenetic studies of bacterial genera (Täpp et al., 2003) . A short region of this gene was used as target in pyrosequencing, which is a rapid real-time method for sequencing-by-synthesis. Results: The rnpB DNA sequences from 49 streptococcal species were aligned to identify target regions for PCR and DNA sequencing. The rnpB P3 region was chosen as the target, as this region is highly variable and is flanked by conserved DNA regions. The target region was amplified in PCR using DNA prepared from type strains as well as clinical isolates as templates. These amplicons were then analysed by pyrosequencing. Obtained DNA sequences 20-25 bases in length were found to be sufficiently informative for identification of most species in BLAST searches against a local database and GenBank. A limited number of closely related species could not be discriminated from each other in this analysis (e.g. S. salivarius and S. vestibularis). Most of these pairs could be separated to correct species level by sequence analysis of a second region in the same PCR fragment, the P9 region.

Conclusions: Pyrosequencing analysis of a short, variable region within the rnpB gene is a valuable tool in high-resolution species identification of streptococci. (QIAGEN, Germany) . MLST was carried out as described at the MLST website (http://neisseria.mlst.net). First amplification of seven alleles (abcZ, adk, aroE, fumC, gdh, pdhC and pgm) was performed in a Amplitrone II thermocycler using Hot start. Second amplification of the same alleles was performed from 1 lL of amplified products followed by purification of the product with 20% PEG. The sequencing reactions were performed in PCR tubes with the BigDye terminator cycle sequencing kit (PE Biosystems) and subsequently analysed with an ABI PRISM 377 automated DNA sequencer (Perkin Elmer). The final sequence of each locus was determined using the LASERGENE software package (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). It is important to diagnose the infection rapidly in order to start appropriate treatment as soon as possible or continue treatment already initiated. Latex agglutination (LA) and PCR method are direct, quick and nonculture methods. LA is an immunological technique for detection of soluble antigens. The PCR method detects the presence of the DNA of pathogen. We focused our project on the correlation of the positive results of LA and PCR in various clinical materials and its time development. Methods: We assessed 29 patients hospitalised at the clinic of infectious diseases with invasive meningococcal disease. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and urine were collected from the first to the seventh day of hospitalisation. We used two kits for LA: Slidex méningite kit for CSF and Pasteur meningitis kit for other biological materials. The DNA was isolated by Qiagen kit and PCR method was used. PCR products were detected on the 2% gel electrophoresis. We tested 31 CSF, 94 serum and 99 urine samples. Results: CSF: 54% of LA and 96% of PCR results were positive in the day of admission, 19% of them after the onset of antibiotic therapy (a.o. ATB). In 16 patients subsequent CSF testing was performed, six with positive and 10 with negative result of PCR. LA was negative in all the cases. Serum: 31% of LA and 43% of PCR results were positive in the day of admission, 13% of them a.o. ATB. In samples collected for four and more days a.o. ATB the results of LA and PCR were negative. Urine: 21% of LA results were positive in the day of admission. In samples collected during next days the results were positive in a lower percentage. Conclusions: The results of both methods depend on concentration of the pathogen in clinical material. LA is less sensitive than PCR. LA did not bring positive results in subsequent CSF testing, while 38% of PCR results were positive. There is correlation between the results of PCR and LA in serum. The technology is based on a 25-nucleotide probe 'tiling' strategy where four probes are used to interrogate the central nucleotide.

The objectives were to design a CustomSeq microarray for the genotypic characterisation of Neisseria meningitidis using combined DNA sequences from four gene targets for the predication of genogroup, genotype and genosubtype. Methods: The array was designed using the guidelines of Affymetrix Corporation. Genogrouping: alignments of available ctrA and siaD gene sequences were performed and eight fragments (total 0.91 kbp) identified that could predict genogroups A, B, C, 29E, H, W135, X, Y and Z. Genotyping is typically based on sequencing of four porB gene variable regions (VR). The encoded Outer Membrane Protein is divided into classes 2 and 3. The sequences to be included on the microarray were based on those in Sacchi et al. (1998) . Multiple sequences for each class were aligned and new variants identified. There were 114 sequences (total 6.180 kbp). Genosubtyping is typically based on sequencing two porA VRs. All porA variant sequences (available at http://www.neisseria.org) within each VR were aligned and variant-defining sequences identified. There were 244 sequences (total 14.490 kbp). Seventy-five meningococcal isolates from diverse serogroups, serotypes, serosubtypes and genotypes were tested in the system. Data analysis was performed using GeneChip DNA Analysis Software.

Results: The CustomSeq microarray could be used to predict serogroup, serotype, serosubtype and genosubtype. There was 100% concordance with previous porA genosubtyping capillary-based sequence data. All samples were newly genotyped for porB.

Conclusions: This is the first application of CustomSeq technology to microbial typing. It provides DNA sequence data from a single PCR product for each target, an advantage over conventional capillary-based sequencing of porA and porB genes, which currently require multiple sequencing reactions for each. The genotyping data complements the current phenotypic typing scheme, where a proportion of isolates cannot be typed because of a limited number of monoclonal antibodies. This prototype could be applied to other organisms where extensive sequence data is required for typing.

P1836 Recent emergence of a virulent clone of Neisseria meningitidis C:2b:P1.5 with decreased susceptibility to penicillin in Italy P. Stefanelli, C. Fazio, A. Neri, T. Sofia, P. Mastrantonio Rome, I

Objectives: A great increase in cases due to Neisseria meningitidis with the phenotype C:2b:P1.5 with decreased susceptibility to penicillin (penI) has occurred in Italy since 2002. All the penI meningococci were analysed by MLST and PFGE to verify whether the increase in the number of cases with this phenotype correlates with the emergence of a single clone readily spreading in the country. Methods: A phenotypic characterisation was obtained by defining the serogroup and sero/subtype, and the penicillin susceptibility by Etest method. The molecular analysis of the penA gene was carried out in all the strains; in addition, the new approach by RealTime-PCR, recently set up, was applied. PFGE was performed by digesting chromosomal DNA with NheI and BglII and MLST by sequencing gene fragments of housekeeping genes as described (http://neisseria.org/nm/ typing/mlst/). Results: Among serogroup C meningococci isolated since 2002, 30 (44.1%) belonged to phenotype C:2b:P1.5. Interestingly, the majority of them (80%) showed a decreased susceptibility to penicillin (MICs > 0.06 mcg/mL). The spread of these meningococci was more remarkable in the first 6 months of 2003 when twice as many were isolated compared with the previous year. According to MLST website data, all the C:2b:P1.5 penI meningococci were identical and assigned to the ST8/A4 cluster. DNA macrorestriction fragments generated with NheI and analysed by PFGE showed one main pulsetype (PTA) and two subclones with some minor differences, named PTA1 and PTA2. When BglII was used, all the strains showed the same PT. The most frequent PT (PTA) seems to be identical to the fingerprint pattern 2 described by Arreaza et al. (J Med Microbiol 2000) . It is possible to hypothesise that our clone is imported but, differently to the Spanish one, it is able to cause meningococcal invasive disease in all age groups. Conclusions: All these findings unambiguosly confirm that the increase of meningitis caused in Italy by N. meningitidis C:2b:P1.5 is caused by the spreading of a single emergent clone belonging to the hypervirulent cluster A4. Moreover, it is also important to underline that there is a direct relationship between the increase in serogroup C strains in Italy and the eightfold increase of penI meningoccci as a result of spread of this single virulent clone. Objectives: Since October 2002, Portugal has a new laboratory surveillance system for Meningococcal Disease (VigLabMD) in which our Institute receives all N. meningitidis strains from the national hospital labs network. Between October 2002 and November 2003, the majority of cases of meningococcal disease were due to serogroup B of N. meningitides. Also, previous serotyping and subtyping of N. meningitides strains showed that phenotype C:2b:P1.5 was the most frequently isolated in strains from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. In an epidemiological propose, we used molecular techniques to differentiate strains antigenically undistinguishable. Admitting the possibility of nonexpression of serosubtype-specific antigenic determinants we also included in this study strains NST (nonsero subtypable) and expressing any determinant from variable region VR2 of class 1 outer-membrane protein. Methods: Strains with the same or potentially the same antigenic profile were submitted to a molecular characterisation by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), using the enzyme Bgl I. The restriction profiles were analysed by Bionumerics software application. Results: We found 19 strains with the same, or potentially the same, antigenic type, which were submitted, to PFGE.

Eleven different PFGE patterns were found, in the 19 strains studied. Conclusions: Considering the diversity of pulsed field types of the studied strains and the geographic distribution of them, we did not identify any focus or outbreak during the period of this study. Objectives: Invasive meningococcal infection is a major cause of sudden death. Neisseria meningitidis has to be distinguished from other bacteria that can also be involved in Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WF). Due to the rapid development of such infections, antemortem cultures sometimes are not taken, and establishing the aetiology is needed. However, because of the unreliability of postmortem cultures a molecular diagnosis is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of meningococcus in formalin-fixed tissues from a legal sudden death by a real-time PCR assay. Methods: The microbiological and histopathological analyses from a legal autopsy of an adult with a WF were performed. The possibility of a malpractice was being investigated. Formalin-fixed heart, liver, lung, kidney and supra-adrenal glands were the only available samples. DNA extraction from parafin-embeded sections of these tissues was performed with the Mini Kit Extraction System (QiaGen). Detection of ctrA, a gene target specific for N. meningitidis, was accomplished by a real-time PCR assay using a MGB-probe developed on the ABI 7000 Sequence Detection System. Posterior serogrouping was performed by amplification of the group specific siaD B and C genes. All real-time PCR assays were performed twice. Sensibility and specificity studies were also carried out to evaluate the PCR assays in postmortem samples. Results: Positive real-time PCR results for ctrA were obtained in heart, liver, lung and kidney. The samples Ct (cycle number to reach the baseline threshold) values were between 34 and 39. serogroup B was detected by the siaD PCR assay. On the contrary, a postmortem haemoculture only yielded contaminants. The ctrA primer set amplified DNAs from meningococcal serogroups A, B, C, W135 and Y. There was no cross-reactivity with any of the other bacterial DNA extracts tested. Conclusions: A reliable microbiological identification is particularly important in legal sudden deaths due to meningococcus, which has to be distinguished from other bacteria. We report the detection of meningococcus by real-time PCR in paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissues from a legal autopsy of a WF case. Meningococcus real-time PCR performed in formalin-fixed tissues may be of great help in the diagnosis of fulminant deaths when no other samples are available. Objectives: H. influenzae type b (Hib) strains isolated from invasive disease generally possess a duplication of the capsule (cap b) locus. Amplification up to five copies has been reported and has been proposed to be a mechanism to evade host defence. To verify if amplification of cap b locus is involved in vaccine failure we determined the number of copies of the cap b locus in Hib isolates from true vaccine failures (TVFs) and from age-matched controls. Methods: A total of 189 invasive Hib strains isolated from infants or children in the UK and the Republic of Ireland were tested. Of these, 95 were from patients with TVFs and 94 from age-matched controls. The copy number of cap b locus was determined by Southern blot analysis, using as a probe the 480 bp amplicon (capsule type b-specific) obtained by PCR of the Hib strain Eagan. As the KpnI and SmaI sites flank the cap b locus, the copy number can be estimated by the size of the restriction fragment obtained following digestion of the chromosome with these enzymes. The DNA fragment for a two-copy strain was expected to be approximately 45 kbp; strains with three or more copies of the locus featured fragments of increased size (63, 81 and 99 kbp). Results: Most isolates both in the TVFs and the control group exhibited hybridisation signals at the expected position for a twocopy arrangement of cap b locus. However, besides the 45 kbp band, several isolates containing the two-copy arrangement showed strong hybridisation signals at molecular weights higher than 50 kbp, indicating the presence of multiple copies (three, four and five repeats) of the locus. A significantly greater proportion of isolates from patients with TVFs contained multiple copies compared with strains from controls. In fact, 24/95 strains harboured three or more copies of the locus in the TVF group, vs.

Number of strains C:2b:P1.5 11 C:2b:NST 4 C:2b:P1.2,5 3 C:2b:P1.5,15 1 11/94 among controls (P ¼ 0.016). Interestingly, the presence of multiple copies was significantly associated with a greater proportion of clinical presentations other than meningitis in children belonging to both the TVFs and control groups. Conclusions: Our results show the number of multiple copy strains found among TVFs was significantly higher than in the control group. Although cases of invasive Hib disease in vaccinated children have been generally related to clinical or immunological conditions of the host or the use of less immunogenic vaccines, these data suggest that amplification of cap b locus may also be involved. Objectives: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is one of the major causes of hearing loss in childhood, it is known that H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and M. catarrhalis are considered the chief pathogens of OME in children. Bacterial meningitis is still a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates despite the effective antimicrobial therapy. H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis are responsible for the most cases. These micro-organisms in both bacterial meningitis and OME have a fastidious characteristics in conventional culture, that have not been able to make clear cascade for identification, therefore, PCR has been applied to detect the bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and middle ear effusion (MEE) specimens, and to evaluate the significant diagnostic value of PCR technique compared with conventional culture methods as 'gold standard'. Methods: A total of 53 CSF and 22 MEE samples were collected from meningitis-and OME-suspected children, respectively, that were tested by both conventional culture and PCR methods. Results: One of 53 CSF (S. pneumoniae) and three of 22 MEE (one H. influenzae non-b and two M. catarrhalis) samples were culture positive. The PCR revealed genomic DNA sequences of 5 (S. pneumoniae) from 53 CSF samples, and eight (three H. influenzae, three M. catarrhalis and two yielding both S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis with each others) from 22 MEE samples. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the correlation rate for the total study samples from both CSF and MEE were 100, 87.3, 30.8, 100 and 88%, respectively. Conclusions: It is concluded that PCR technique is a more sensitive, more rapid and appropriate method than conventional culture for detection of the most three common micro-organisms that lead to meningitis and OME in children. Background: Since global threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, originally described as a severe atypical pneumonia in the Guangdong Province of China, has successfully been contained on early July, 2003, many countries remain vigilant for resurgence of SARS. We investigated the causative roles of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the post-outbreak period. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new respiratory infection that has been reported in several countries around the world. It is recognised as a new type of atypical pneumonia that infects the lungs, caused by a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV. SARS has killed at least 770 people and infected more than 8500 worldwide since the outbreak in China's Guangdong province late 2001. Molecular amplification has emerged as a powerful technology for the specific and sensitive detection of such a virus. However, the use of this new technology in routine laboratories requires a rapid, easy-to-perform and affordable detection method. Analysis on agarose gel is time-consuming and cannot exclude false-positive products while alternate specific detection methods are time and labour-consuming (ELISA) or require very expensive equipment (real-time amplification). In order to perform an easy and specific detection of amplified gene products, we set up and tested a new detection technology: oligochromatography. An internal probe to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected is conjugated to collodal gold particles. A conjugate pad containing this dried conjugate is placed overlapping the membrane of a chromatographic stick where anti-hapten antibodies are coated. Amplification is carried out with hapten-labelled primer(s). Detection is performed by dipping an oligochromatographic stick in the amplified solution. While migrating in the stick, amplicons react with the colloidal gold-conjuguated probe. The probe-amplicon complexes accumulate on the line where the anti-hapten antibody is coated, giving rise to a visible red line in <5 min. A highly sensitive RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV was developed. It contains an internal control allowing to test for the absence of PCR inhibitors in the amplified material. Detectability of this RT-PCR coupled to oligochromatographic detection was compared with agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining. Oligochromatography shall probably become the best way to specifically detect nucleic acid sequences after a molecular amplification process. It is rapid, specific, easy to handle, and does not require any specific equipment. Anaplasma seroprevalence was 87% with some variation between the two hunting periods (83%-91%). Overall a mean of 47% roe deer were found Anaplasma positive in PCR. Marked seasonal variation in PCR positive roe deer was found between the two hunting periods (71% vs. 26%). Sequencing revealed besides A. phagocytophilium, A. platy in two roe deer and a co-infection with an uncultured eubacterium (AJ 292457) Borrelia seroprevalence was 36% with even distribution between the two periods and no regional variation. TBE seroprevalence was 9% and positive animals were found in 10 forest districts. Conclusion: These findings confirm that roe deer in Denmark are commonly infected with Anaplasma and provide evidence that roe deer are a major reservoir of Anaplasma. Borrelia seroprevalence in Denmark has not increased or changed in distribution over the last decade, whereas TBE distribution has increased and is now not only limited to the island of Bornholm. Objective: Variola virus, belonging to Orthopoxviridae family, is one of the most dangerous biological agents that could be used as biological weapon. Problems associated with such an event are mainly due to high morbidity and mortality, absence of herd immunity in young population, and difficulty in the clinical diagnosis, due to the similarity with other exantematous diseases. Laboratory diagnosis is crucial to increase global preparedness to such an event. As culture-based methods are only applicable under maximum biosafety level, molecular methods are preferred for wide application, as they can be used in laboratories were BSL-3 or higher facilities are not available. To this aim, we established a rapid PCR-based protocol for the contemporary detection of Orthopoxviruses, VZV and HSV, that are relevant for differential diagnosis. Methods: The target for detection of orthopoxvirus DNA is a region of the crmB gene, which is common to variola virus and to other old world orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans. The VZV and HSV targets are ORF 29 and DNA polymerase, respectively. Suitability of the amplified fragments to RFLP or sequencing analysis was also tested, to recognise the involved viral species. Results: Three primer set, for the three viruses, were selected, showing high sensitivity and specificity, and compatibility with common amplification conditions. The test conditions selected were validated by using biological samples from patients showing herpesviral infections, and, for orthopoxviruses, laboratory strains including vaccinia, camelpox, cawpox, monkeypox viruses. The results indicate that, by this method, it is possible to obtain rapid differentiation of herpesviral from orthopoxviral infections using a common amplification run. Furthermore, the amplicons obtained in this phase are suitable for further molecular analysis, allowing virus identification and definitive laboratory diagnosis. One recipient of allogeneic STC was HMPV positive. The 32 year old patient was admitted on day 28+ after Sibling HLA-Identical T-cell depleted BMT with fever and bilateral lung shadowing. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was negative for fungal and bacterial pathogens. Both a NPA and the BAL were negative for viral pathogens. He received therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics and antifungals, but progressed to respiratory failure and died at day 57+. The diagnosis of HMPV pneumonia was obtained retrospectively.

Conclusions: These data are minimal estimates of the prevalence of HMPV, as dual CRV HMPV infections were not excluded. HMPV was common among children hospitalised with RSV-like disease, accounting for 14% of such presentations (RSV 38%). Although HMPV was less common among immunocompromised patients than RSV (4% vs. 23%), it was associated with fatal pneumonia in the post-SCT setting. These data highlight the potential for significant morbidity and mortality associated with HMPV infection. we found fluoroquinolones to be as effective as erythromycin in LD treatment and time to apyrexia and hospital stay tended to be shorter in patients on quinolones, although the small number of patients included did not allow significant differences to be found. We have now included cases of LD from 2 other centres in Spain, which use both of these antibiotics. The present study compares the evolution of patients with LD treated with macrolides or fluoroquinolones. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study in 130 patients diagnosed by Legionella urinary antigen. Patients receiving any antibiotic more than 36 h before starting the study therapy were excluded. The patients were divided into two groups: 76 in group 1 receiving macrolides (erythromycin/clarithromycin) and 54 in group 2 receiving fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin/levofloxacin). Results: No significant differences were seen between the two groups regarding age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, underlying diseases or community/hospital acquisition. Time from onset of LD symptoms until starting antibiotic treatment was 78.5 and 92.7 h in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P ¼ 0.1). Time to apyrexia was significantly longer in the macrolide group (77.1 vs. 48 h for groups 1 and 2, respectively) (P ¼ 0.000). There were no differences in radiologic, clinical complications or mortality. However, a trend to longer hospital stay was observed in Group 1 (9.9 vs. 7.6 days in Groups 1 and 2, respectively) (P ¼ 0.09). Conclusions: Fluoroquinolones were found to be as effective as erythromycin in the treatment of LD. Time to apyrexia was significantly shorter and hospital stay tended to be shorter in patients on fluoroquinolones. Results: Thirty-five cases were eligible, and all were from the northeastern Anatolia and the southern parts of Black sea region; all of them were dealing with husbandry. The mean age was 43.4 (+17.3). Fifty-three per cent of the cases had the history of tick bite. The clinical status of 31% of the cases was defined as severe. The age, geographic residency, history of tick bite, mean number of days before hospitalisation, the complaints were not different between mild to moderate cases and severe cases (P > 0.05). The mean length of stay was longer among severe cases (P ¼ 0.040). Females were more severely affected than males (RR, 1.8; CI, 0.2-1.5, P ¼ 0.146). The decrease in haemoglobin level (p ¼ 0.042), elevated AST (P ¼ 0.002), ALT (P ¼ 0.007), LDH (P ¼ 0.042), and AST/ALT ratio (P ¼ 0.044) were more common among severe cases. Five out of 11 severe cases were given ribavirin therapy according to WHO recommendations, and all survived. Six of the severe cases did not receive ribavirin therapy, one of them died. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 2.8%, which was the lowest rate in the literature. The CFR was increased to 17% among severe cases, who did not receive ribavirin. The cost-effectiveness assessment was limited to the severe cases, which includes the drug, laboratory, and hospital expenses. The cost of the infection in ribavirin group was 3661 per patient after excluding the outlier, whereas it was 4860 per patient among nonribavirin group. Conclusions: CCHF was not reported before in Turkey, although epidemics were reported from the neighbouring countries. In conclusion, oral ribavirin should be administered to the severe cases, which have been suspected of having CCHF virus infection.

P1854 Phenotypic characters of S. aureus strains associated with 79 cases of toxic shock syndrome in the Czech Republic

Objectives: The Czech reference laboratory for staphylococci has been paying attention to the Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) since 1983 when the disease emerged. Seventy-nine cases with required clinical records and diagnosis confirmed by toxinogenicity screening of S. aureus isolates have been documented in our laboratory to date. The aim of this study was to investigate relevant characteristics of strains. Methods: The production of TSST-1 and enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E was detected by microslide-gel diffusion test, using Bergdoll's antisera until 1997. The RPLA method (Denka Seiken kit for types A, B, C, and D) has been used since 1998. The production of alpha, beta, and delta-haemolysin was detected based on either synergy or antagonism with beta-haemolysin of the S. intermedius standard strain on blood agar plates in mixed atmosphere. Phage typing was performed by the standard method using the international set of phages (PHLS London). Resistance to 12 antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method (Oxoid). Results: The aetiological agents of eight cases of the menstrual form of TSS were S. aureus strains with TSST-1 production, mostly with parallel enterotoxin A toxigenicity. All of the patients survived. Other 71 cases of TSS were complications of the following staphylococcal infections: infected injury wounds (13 cases), postoperative hospital infections (11), and infected scaldings and burns (9). Fatal outcomes were reported in 17 cases, i.e. in three patients aged over 75 years, two patients with TSS-like complication of staphylococcal endocarditis and 12 other patients accounting for a significant lethality rate of 17%. As many as 43 (60%) strains produced TSST-1 and 34 of them in combination with enterotoxin of any type. The other 28 (40%) strains produced considerable amounts of the following enterotoxins: A (5 strains), B (9), C (10), D (2) , and two strains produced types A + C or B + C. Objectives: The genus Acinetobacter currently consists of 32 (genomic) species and a number of as yet unclassified strains. The aim of the present study was to classify haemolytic Acinetobacter strains of unknown taxonomic status isolated mostly from human clinical specimens. Methods: Twenty-eight haemolytic strains that could not be identified as belonging to any known (genomic) species were studied by phenotypic analysis, amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), AFLP fingerprinting and 16S rDNA comparative sequence analysis. Type or reference strains of all known Acinetobacter (genomic) species were included. Results: Using a polyphasic approach, the investigated strains were classified into two well-separated phenetic groups, termed phenon 3 (n ¼ 8) and phenon 7 (n ¼ 15), five isolates remaining ungrouped. Each of the two phenons contained nonglucose-acidifying strains that showed identical or highly similar phenotypic properties and ARDRA profiles, and formed distinct AFLP clusters at a similarity level of >50% which is generally the species delineation level. In addition, 16S rDNA sequence analysis of three and two strains of phenons 3 and 7, respectively, indicated that these groups formed two separate lineages within the genus Acinetobacter. The phenons could be distinguished phenotypically from each other and from all known (genomic) species. The strains of phenon 3 were isolated exclusively from human clinical specimens whereas the phenon 7 strains originated from human (n ¼ 8) and equine (n ¼ 2) clinical specimens, hospital environment and staff (n ¼ 2), or from soil (n ¼ 2). The human clinical specimens were mostly represented by tracheal aspirate of hospitalised patients. Conclusions: This study has shown that most of the unclassified haemolytic strains belong to two phenons distinct from all described (genomic) species of the genus Acinetobacter. These phenons probably represent two novel species as indicated by the presented results and by partial DNA-DNA reassociation data available from the previous taxonomic studies. presence of stx, eaeA and hlyA genes were confirmed by PCR. b-Glucuronidase activity and motility were also tested. As a part of the case-control study conducted at the ARLV faecal specimens of the rest of the farmer family and their cattle were collected. An investigation was initiated to identify a source and contributing factors and to determine the extent of the outbreak. A stool specimen of the 2-year-old brother of the patient and two faecal samples of two cattle (one calf and one bull) also identified SF STEC O157. All four STEC isolates carried the virulence genes stx 2, eaeA and hlyA, and were characterised by automated ribotyping (using EcoRI as restriction enzyme) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE; with XbaI as restriction enzyme). The patterns of all four strains were indistinguishable from each other by both typing methods. SF VTEC O157 strains have been previously discovered in Germany and the Czech Republic.

Conclusions: This is the genuine Austrian case of a VTEC O157 and furthermore resembles the first case of such a strain with documented transmission by animal contact. It illustrates the hazards associated with animal contact and underlines the importance of microbiological diagnostic approaches designed to detect SF VTEC O157. These strains are normally missed by methods solely relying on sorbitol-Mac Conkey agar plates. Thus, stool specimens not only from patients with HUS but also from young children should at least be tested for the presence of Shiga toxins. Objectives: Carbapenem resistance in E. cloacae is unusual and has been described in strains with porin alterations combined with hyperproduction of chromosomal cephalosporinase, in strains producing class A carbapenem-hydrolysing nonmetallo-beta-lactamases, such as NmcA beta-lactamase and in strains producing IMI-1 beta-lactamase. Recently a class B metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) has been reported in an imipenem-resistant E. cloacae strain, isolated in Korea, which carried a blaVIM-2-containing integron. In 2003, an E. cloacae strain with an imipenem MIC of 1 mg/L was isolated in a tertiary care hospital in Athens (Greece), from the blood culture of a hospitalised patient. The strain demonstrated a positive EDTA-disc synergy test and it was studied for carbapenemase production.

Methods: E. cloacae was isolated from the blood culture of a patient suffering from Fournier's gangrene. Susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion technique and MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method (Sensititre Ltd, West Sussex, UK), according to NCCLS guidelines. EDTA-disc synergy test, was used to screen for MBL production. Beta-lactamases were detected by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and the presence of a MBL gene was determined by PCR with the following set of primers: VIM-F (5 0 -ATGGTGTTTGGTCGCATATC-3 0 ) and VIM-B (5 0 -TGGGCCATTCAGCCAGATC-3 0 ). Sequencing of cloned PCR products was performed by MWG-THE Genomic Company. Results: The isolate was resistant to aminopenicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams and had reduced susceptibility to imipenem but not to meropenem (MICs; 1 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively). It demonstrated a positive EDTA-disc synergy test. IEF identified a beta-lactamase with pI of 9 probably corresponding to the chromosomal AmpC cephalosporinase of E. cloacae. No band of pI 5.3 was visible. Sequencing of the cloned PCR product identified blaVIM-1.

Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of blaVIM-1 MBL in E. cloacae. The spread of MBLs in Enterobacteriaceae is becoming a grate concern in Greece as VIM-1 has also been reported in E. coli, and K. pneumoniae isolates. The spread of blaVIM-1 could compromise the future usefulness of carbapenems for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli and requires more attention than ever before. To compare antibiotic resistance patterns and to delineate the clonal diversity and transmission patterns by plasmid profile, rep-PCR, PFGE and RAPD analysis between Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from different environments. Methods: Sixteen E. cloacae strains from cardiovascular devices inserted patients and seven E. cloacae strains from fresh and polluted waters were studied for: antimicrobial susceptibility (NCCLS) by disc diffusion method; double-disc and inductibility disc diffusion tests, plasmid DNA profiles; Rep-PCR fingerprinting; DNA macrorestriction with XbaI endonuclease; RAPD using primers HLWL74, AP4 and R108. PFGE and RAPD patterns were visually compared into clonal groups and variants using UPGMA algorithms and computational NTSYS program. Results: A 62% of hospital isolates are ESBLs producers, with 7% susceptibility to inhibitors; 20% intermediate susceptible to third generation cephalosporins; 62% susceptible to quinolones, 40% to aminoglicosides and 100% to imipenem. All aquatic strains expressed inducible beta-lactamase phenotypes, with 100% resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, 80% to cephalosporins, 60% to aminoglycosides, 21% to quinolones. Plasmid DNA profile analysis showed variable number of plasmids (ranging from 2.5 to 30 kpb) for both clinical and aquatic isolates. Chromosomal DNA digested with XbaI produced an average of 20 fragments ranging between 40 and 700 kb. Nine of epidemiologically related strains were classified in one cluster by rep-PCR and RAPD. Most informative profiles were obtained with PFGE, six of these nine strains were classified in one cluster whereas the remaining three strains were not related to clonal strains and differed from each other. We detected two clusters for aquatic strains: cluster B (five subtypes) and cluster C (two subtypes), according to UPGMA criteria and rep-PCR, RAPD and PFGE profiles. Conclusions: Most of ESBL strains isolated from hospitalised patients belong to the same clone. All inducible beta-lactamase producing strains isolated from different aquatic sources belong to two clones. Concluding, we found three spatial clusters and 10 unrelated isolates with possible clonal relatedness among them. Both RAPD and PFGE are suitable for molecular typing E. cloacae isolates with intra-and extra-hospital origins. Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen, causing infections in immunocompromised patients and those under artificial ventilation. Treatment is often complicated by multi-resistance. Carbapenems have become the drugs of choice, but reports of resistance are increasing. Target modification and/or porin loss can cause this resistance, but carbapenemases of molecular classes B (IMP and VIM) and D (OXA-23 and -24-related) seem more frequent. We report here the spread of two clones of OXA-23-producing A. baumannii across southern England.

Methods: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter were received for MIC confirmation and typing by the reference laboratories during 2002/2003. They were identified by standard methods, and typed by PFGE. MICs were determined by Etest or agar dilution. Genes encoding carbapenemases were sought by PCR with primers for blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-24-like; PCR products were sequenced on both strands. Chromosomal DNA was digested with EcoRI and EcoRV restriction endonucleases, and an OXA-23 probe was used in DNA-DNA hybridisations.

Results: blaOXA-23-like genes were detected by PCR in representatives of the two clones (1 and 2), and sequencing indicated that the enzyme was classical OXA-23. DNA-DNA hybridisation indicated that the OXA-23 enzyme was chromosomally encoded in both clones. Clones 1 and 2 had distinct PFGE profiles, with both containing several PFGE variants. Both clones differed from the original OXA-23-producing A. baumannii reported in Scotland in 1985. Eleven hospitals submitted samples from clone 1 only; three submitted samples from clone 2 only; and one submitted isolates belonging to both clones. All affected hospitals were in southern England. All isolates were carbapenem-resistant and were also multi-resistant to ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides and other betalactams including sulbactam, and consistently sensitive only to polymyxins (MICs 0.5 mg/L) and minocycline (MICs 1-8 mg/L). Conclusions: Two A. baumannii clones producing OXA-23 beta-lactamase have spread in multiple hospitals in southern England. This simultaneous spread of unrelated, but similarly resistant, clones is disturbing. of Ps. aeruginosa were resistant to imipenem. All imipenem resistant A. baumannii isolates (IR-Ab) were also resistant to meropenem, 98.3% to gentamicin and 91.5% to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and amikacin. A 72% of the imipenem resistant Ps. aeruginosa isolates (IR-Ps) were resistant to gentamicin, 57.5% to cefotaxime, 54.5% to ceftazidime, 30% to meropenem, and 9% to amikacin. Using the RAPD technique, four distinct genotypes were identified among IR-Ab isolates. Clone I accounting for 69.5% (41 isolates), clone II 23.7% (14 isolates) and Clone III 5,1% (three isolates). Among IR-Ps isolates 22 distinct genotypes were recognised; one of them (named 1) accounting for 27.3% (nine isolates) and two of them (named 2 and 3) accounting for 6.1% (two isolates respectively). All the isolates of IR-Ab bored integrons ranging in size from 550 to 1600 bp. Integron named a (760 bp) was the predominant accounting for 52 isolates (88%). Most of the isolates bored combinations of three bands. Class 1 integrons were present in most of the IR-Ps isolates, ranging in size from 600 to 1700 pb. Conclusions: Resistance to imipenem in A. baumannii isolates was: (a) higher than the one showed by Ps. Aeruginosa, (b) always combined with meropenem resistance and (c) most of the isolates were also resistant to all antibiotics tested. PCR-typing showed that the majority of A. baumannii isolates belonged to few clones but in Ps. aeruginosa several clones were identificated. All isolates bored several class 1 integrons which means a rapid spread of the resistant genes in nosocomial envirorment. Objectives: Metallo beta lactamase mediated resistance is being increasingly reported in Pseudomonas aeruginosa especially in the far east Asian countries.The use of carbapenems has increased over the last 2 years in our Intensive care unit (ICU) due to increased prevalence of ESBL producing strains. This study was performed in 2003 to determine the prevalence of metallo betalactamase medited (MBL) carbapenem resistance in P. areuginosa in ICU patients. Methods: One hundred clinically significant isolates of P. aeruginosa from ICU patients were taken for the study. Susceptibility to all anti pseudomonal drugs including imipenem and aztronam was performed by disc diffusion technique and minimal inhibi-tory concentratrion (MIC) of imipenem and imipenem/EDTA combination by agar dilution. For the detection of MBL two discs method of imipenem 10 micrograms, imipenem EDTA 750 micrograms and ceftazidime 30 micrograms, ceftazidime EDTA 750 micrograms were used. Results: Fourteen of the hundred strains were MBL producers. Their MIC to imipenem was 16-128 micrograms. They exhibited eight-128-fold decrease in MIC with imipenem EDTA combination. There was significant difference in the inhibitory zone diameters with EDTA as compared with MBL nonproducers. Two strains exhibited this difference only with ceftazidime EDTA and another only with imipenem EDTA. One isolate had high MIC values to imipenem but was not an MBL producer reflecting other mechanisms of resistance. All MBL producers had coresistance to aminoglycosides and quinolones. Conclusions: MBL mediated carbapenem resistance is present in 14% of pseudomonas strains in our ICU. With increased use of carbapenems in the critically ill patients this is bound to increase. This is to be addressed with judicious use of carbapenems and a continuous monitoring programme. Use of both ceftazidime and imipenem with EDTA will increase the sensitivity of MBL detection by the two discs method.

producing the metallo beta-lactamase IMP-13 in a general intensive care unit in southern Italy Background and Objectives: Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) of the IMP and VIM type are emerging resistance determinants in Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens. Their spreading is of considerable concern for antimicrobial chemotherapy, due to their carbapenemase activity and resistance to conventional beta-lactamase inhibitors. Although epidemiology of these enzymes remains largely unknown, in Europe IMP-type producers have been reported less frequently than VIM-type producers, and only in sporadic cases. In this work we describe an outbreak due to P. aeruginosa producing an IMP-type MBL (IMP-13) in an Intensive Care Unit of an Italian Hospital. Methods: Twenty-seven nonreplicate carbapenem-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from 27 inpatients at the Intensive Care Unit of the S. Giovanni Rotondo Hospital (southern Italy) during the period October 2002 to June 2003. Most isolates (25 to 27) were from the lower respiratory tract. In vitro susceptibility tests were carried out by a microdilution method as recommended by the NCCLS. The Etest and a broth microdilution method (EPI test) were used for phenotypic detection of MBL producers. PCR and sequencing were carried out to identify the MBL determinants. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), using the SpeI restriction enzyme, was performed to evaluate the clonal relationships between the imipenem-resistant clinical isolates.

Results: Six carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were shown to produce an MBL activity by the EPI test, while none of them resulted positive with Etest. In all cases the MBL was identified as IMP-13 by molecular methods. The IMP-13 producers were resistant to imipenem, meropenem and ceftazidime, while 50% retained susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam and 83% intermediate susceptibility to aztreonam. PFGE analysis showed that all the MBL producers were clonally related suggesting a clonal spread within the ward. In the remaining isolates, which belonged in clonal lineages different from that of the IMP-13 producers, carbapenem resistance was due to mechanisms other than MBL production. Conclusions: To our best knowledge this is the first report of a nosocomial outbreak caused by P. aeruginosa producing the IMP-13 MBL. Concerning phenotypic detection, the EPI test could correctly detect all the IMP-13 producers, while the Etest failed in revealing them. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and frequency of occurrence for acquired metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Hungary. Methods: We screened the isolates by EDTA-inhibition based phenotypic tests together with PCR using integron, blaVIM and blaIMP specific primers to identify acquired MBL-producers. Results: We recently isolated the first integron-borne MBL gene in Hungary from the urine sample of a Greek citizen treated in August 2002 in Budapest. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of a Class 1 integron carrying three gene casettes: an OXA-type lactamase, an aminoglycoside 6 0 -N-acetyltransferase and a bla-VIM-4 type MBL gene cassette. VIM-4 has been reported for the first time from Greece in 2002. These observations raise the possibility that this P. aeruginosa strain originates in Greece, and has been imported to Hungary by a human carrier. In October 2003 another VIM-producing P. aeruginosa strain has been isolated in Southern Hungary. PCR mapping experiments suggest that this strain carries a class 1 integron with only two resistance gene cassettes in its variable region. The blaVIM type MBL gene cassette is right upstream of the 3 0 conserved sequence. The structural diagram of the two integrons is presented with implications for their possible phylogenetic relationship. Conclusions: With the isolation of a second VIM-producing strain from an apparently independent case the repeated appearance of MBL producing clinical isolates can be anticipated in Hungary. A regular screening/monitoring system should be set up to prevent the wider spread of these resistance determinants.

Susceptibility to miscellaneous antimicrobial agents P1882 Comparison of in vitro activity of gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin and clindamycin against clinically significant anaerobes K. Aldridge, C. Manders, S. Broyles New Orleans, USA Objectives: Newer fluoroquinolone antimicrobials have increasingly broad-spectrum potency and activity against aerobic Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria while their anaerobic coverage varies widely. This study was performed to provide contemporary in vitro data on the anti-anaerobe spectrum of three quinolone agents: two respiratory fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin (GAT) and moxifloxacin (MXF); and trovafloxacin (TRV), a previously FDA-approved fluoroquinolone with good anti-anaerobe activity, but limited use due to toxicity, and clindamycin (CLI), a long-time used anti-anaerobic lincosamide. Ertapenem  100  100  100  100  100  100  Ampicillin  0  100  0  100  0  0  Amoxicillin/  clavulanate   100  100  100  100  100  100   Cefuroxime  100  100  100  100  0  100  Cefotaxime  100  100  100  100  0  100  Ceftriaxone  100  100  100  100  0  100  Imipenem  100  100  100  100  100  100  Clarithromycin  100  88  100  100  --Chloramphenicol 100  86  100  100  10  80  Tetracycline  80  96  100  100  80  95  Ciprofloxacin  100  100  100  100  30  100  Levofloxacin  100  100  100 The results of the bacterial time-kill demonstrated the same trend, i.e combinations that exhibited antagonism had slower kill rate than any of the members of the pair. Introduction: Combination of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics broadens the spectrum of bacterial coverage and often achieves synergistic inhibition of the infecting pathogen. Ertapenem is a new carbapenem, which exhibits activity against gramnegative and gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes. Objectives: To provide insight into the optimal synergistic combination of ertapenem and an aminoglycoside. Materials and Methods: During a 12-month period, bacterial strains were prospectively isolated from patients with communityacquired infections. The in vitro activity of ertapenem was evaluated in combination with amikacin, netilmicin and tobramycin against 100 isolates including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae, methicillin susceptible and resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus (MSSA, MRSA), E. faecalis and E. faecium. Susceptibility testing was carried out according to NCCLS-Guidelines. The combination effect was determined using the checkerboard technique. Results: Ertapenem exhibited a synergistic effect in 17% of all the strains tested when combined with amikacin, but only in 3% when combined with gentamicin. There were noticeable variations between the different species tested. In combination with amikacin (MIC 4-16 lg/mL), ertapenem (MIC 2-32 lg/mL) was found to be synergistic against enterococci (45%). The same combination (ertapenem MIC 0.125-0.5 lg/mL; amikacin (MIC 2 lg/mL) was also synergistic against one-third of methicillin-resistant CNS isolates (33%) There was hardly any synergism against the other species tested. Conclusions: Ertapenem in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics exhibited a marked synergistic effect against certain pathogens, including E. faecalis, E. faecium, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Based on these findings a combination therapy could be beneficial for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by these organisms.

P1890 QC study evaluating the performance of daptomycin and combination daptomycin/calcium disks and Etest L. Koeth, J. DiFranco Westlake, USA Background: In vitro susceptibility testing of daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with good antimicrobial activity against most Gram-positive bacteria, requires the presence of calcium ions. Previous studies have shown that agar calcium levels as low as 25 mcg/mL have been adequate for disk diffusion testing. This study was performed to evaluate five commercial agars and to determine the efficacy of both disks and Etest strips containing a combination of daptomycin and calcium. Methods: We tested each of the QC strains, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212, on multiple days using Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) from both BD and Hardy, Mast Isotonic agar supplemented with 50 mcg/mL of calcium (ISTA), and Oxoid IsoSensitest agar (ISOA). We studied each of the strains on multiple days using a different lot of MHA from BD and Remel. Thirty-microgram daptomycin disks/tablets from each of the four different manufacturers, BBL (BD), Oxoid (Remel), Mast (Hardy) and Rosco were tested. In addition, Mast disks with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mcg calcium and Etest strips with daptomycin, daptomycin + 40 mcg/mL calcium and daptomycin + 50 mcg/mL calcium were evaluated. Calcium testing of each media was performed using an ion selective electrode. Results: Mean zone diameters (mms) for S. aureus 25923 and mean Etest MICs (mcg/mL) for S. aureus 29213 were:

Conclusions: Disks containing daptomycin alone from BBL, Rosco, and Mast resulted in QC values in range for all media except ISOA. With the exception of ISTA, the addition of 100 mcg of calcium to daptomycin Mast disks and Rosco tablets provides for QC results within range for all media including ISOA. The two different lots of BBL affected the MICs and zone diameters. E-test containing daptomycin and 40 mcg of calcium provided optimal QC results. lating with increasing cell count. Many studies referred to the IE in relation to the quantity of beta-lactamase, but this was not quantitatively proven for AmpC enzymes. The aim of this work is to evidence that the IE of P. stuartii with beta-lactams is due to the quantity of AmpC. Methods: The MICs of beta-lactams against four P. stuartii strains using different initial inocula (104-107 CFU/mL) were determined by a microdilution procedure. Cefotiam MICs were determined using 38 different inocula. To test for the presence of an extracellular signal MIC determination was performed in a conditioned medium according to Rather et al. [J Bac (1999) 181, 7185-7191). Spontaneous cefotiam-resistant mutants of strain 34-33 were selected on MH agar plates. Hydrolysis of cefotiam in broth cultures of P. stuartii 34-33 with initial inocula of 105-108 CFU/mL was bioassayed using K. pneumoniae as indicator organism. Cefotiam degradation by serially diluted crude beta-lactamase extracts from P. stuartii 34-33 was tested similarly and the results were compared using a computer program (GraFit, Erithacus software) based on a linear equation.

Results: A strong inoculum effect was seen with all tested P. stuartii strains. Cefotiam MICs increased 2048-fold (from 0.125 to 256 microg/mL) with a 10-fold increase in the inoculum of P. stuartii 34-33 from 1.2 Â 10 5 to 1.2 Â 10 6 CFU/mL. Quorum sensing was excluded as MICs were not influenced by the use of a conditioned medium. Cefotiam selected resistant mutants at a frequency of 10-7. Hydrolysis of cefotiam with increasing cell counts was parallel to the breakdown of the antibiotic by the crude enzyme extract and correlated with the MIC values.

Conclusions: A small increase in inoculum size converts P. stuartii from a beta-lactam sensitive bacterium to a resistant one. This is solely due to the cumulative beta-lactamase production as the cell count increases. Selection of mutants and quorum sensing were excluded to be the basis of the inoculum effect. Objectives: Dental cement is used as an adhesive material that protects, seals, and insulates the tooth in fixed prosthodontics. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of adding antimicrobial activity to zinc polycarboxylate cement (DURELON â) by the addition of the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate (CHx). Methods: A total of 36 teeth with 84 sites and samples were evaluated. Sites were randomly assigned to either the test group (CHx and zinc polycarboxylate cement) or the control group (conventional zinc polycarboxylate cement). In the test group, CHx was used instead of water. The bacteriological evaluations were done at the begining and in 5th and 13th weeks after the restorations were cemented. Subgingival microbiological samples were obtained by inserting a sterile paper point for 30 s into the gingival sulcus subjacent to the restoration. Standardised paper strips were placed at six locations of each restored individual tooth after isolating the quadrant from salivary contamination. All bridges were made in porcelain and cemented with zinc-poly carboxylate phosphate following standard procedures. The samples were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically by conventional meth-ods. Isolated bacteria were identified by using API Automated System (BioMerieux, France). Results: The restorations with only zinc polycarboxylate cement resulted in changes in the associated microflora. The altered flora resembled in some ways that which has been observed in adult chronic periodontitis. Increased proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic rods especially Provotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were observed. The restorations with CHx and zinc polycarboxylate cement resulted in only relatively few changes in the associated subgingival microflora relative to pre-experimental findings.

Conclusions: The addition of CHx subscantially increased the antimicrobial action of zinc-polycarboxylate luting agent without interfering with its physical properties.

Integrons were detected with primer sets specific to the 5 0 CS and 3 0 CS of class 1 integrons. The PCR products were sequenced bidirectionally using DuPont Automated systems and the sequences analysed by DNAstar. Results: Two isolates were selected for characterisation. Strain 43-14926A was a P. fluorescens-putida isolated in Chile from bloodstream infection in a 19-year-old female who was underwent bone marrow transplantation. Strain 49.4597C was a P. aeruginosa isolated in Venezuela from a 52-year-old male who developed sepsis and nosocomial pneumonia as a complication from a surgical abdominal infection. Both patients received imipenem (IMP) therapy and other b-lactams previous to the isolation of the carbapenem-resistant (R) strains. Both isolates were R to IMP, meropenem and ceftazidime. Sequence analysis revealed a MBL gene blaVIM-2 in both isolates. Upstream from the MBL (43-14926A) blaVIM-2, lies a class 1 integron. Downstream of bla-VIM-2 was found a gene cassette aacA4 followed by aadA1 and aadA2. Conclusions: We documented the emergence of VIM-2 in two LA hospitals

P1873 Endemic and epidemic occurrences of metallo-beta-lactamases in Japanese medical centres

Acinetobacter spp. (ACB) or S. marcescens (SM). The number of MBL types has increased worldwide, but geographical dissemination in Japan has appeared limited. This study compares baseline levels of MBL-resistance (R) from two, 22 centre studies (1996-97) to the longitudinal sample (three sites) of Japanese isolates from the SENTRY Programme

CARB hydrolysis by enzyme extracts and selected PCR primers for all known MBLs. All MBL-positive strains (10) were sequenced to determine type. Clonality in each centre was determined by automated ribotyping and PFGE, where needed. Results: The CARB-R rates in PSA (15.5-28.0%) appear to be increasing over the monitored interval (1998-2002), but varied by medical centre location. Among CARB-R isolates, 2.2% were attributed to MBL strains (1.1% of all PSA tested). MBL identification showed

PSA, 2 SM). BRL42715, an AMP-C inhibitor confirmed AMP-C-mediated R in 87.3% of PSA and OMP changes were also discovered by membrane preparations. Prior 1997-98 (22 sites) results showed CARB-R at 22.4-25.6% and 0.5-0.9% MBLs (IMP-1) overall. Conclusions: MBL-producing strains from several species persist in Japan

Epidemic (SM 196-3 ribotype in 2002) or endemic dissemination was observed; and some novel beta-lactamase combinations and MBL-types were discovered. MBL rates appear generally stable in Japan. Continued global surveillance for these R mechanisms P1878 Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli in KONSAR group hospitals: continued prevalence of VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas spp. and increase of IMP-1-producing Acinetobacter spp

Since the first report of acquired MBLs, IMP-1 and VIM-1, MBL-producing Gram-negative bacilli have been increasingly reported in many countries. Previous study showed high prevalence of VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas spp. and emergence of IMP-1-producing Acinetobacter spp. in KONSAR hospitals. The aim of this study was to determine any change of prevalence of VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas spp. and IMP-1-poducing Acinetobacter spp. among isolates collected from KONSAR hospitals in 2002. Methods: Nonduplicate, imipenem nonsusceptible isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. were collected in 2002, from 27 KONSAR group hospitals. MBL production was screened by the Hodge test and imipenem-EDTA + SMA double disk synergy test. blaIMP-1 and blaVIM-2 alleles were detected by PCR using heat-extracted DNA template. Xba I-and Sma I-digested genomic DNAs of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter isolates, respectively, were separated by PFGE and the patterns were compared. Results: MBL-producing isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 19 of 27 (70.3%) and 10 of 20 (50.0%) hospitals, respectively, which are located in five of seven city/ province in Korea. Among the imipenem-nonsusceptible isolates

Among the MBL-producing isolates, all isolates of Pseudomonas spp. had bla-VIM-2 alleles, while 13 (41.9%) and 18 (58.1%) of Acinetobacter spp., respectively, had blaVIM-2 and blaIMP-1 alleles. The proportion of blaIMP-1-positive isolates was 28.9% in 2000-2001. The source of isolation of MBL-producing strains were: 32.9% from ICU patients and 64.7% from other inpatients; 36.9% from sputum and 38.1% from urine. Conclusions: High prevalence of blaVIM-2 allele-positive P. aeruginosa remained similar. The proportion of blaIMP-1 allele-positive Acinetobacter spp

penicillin (PEN), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AUG), ampicillin (AMP), cefotaxime (CTX), cefpodoxime (CPD), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), moxifloxacin (MXF), gatifloxacin (GAT), tetracyclin (TET), quinupristin-dalfopristin (SYN), linezolid (LNZ), vancomycin (VAN), gentamicin (GEN) and fusidic acid (FUS)

The results demonstrate that the resistance rates of the respiratory tract pathogens among most antibiotics were less than 10%

ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GM) and tobramycin (TOB) were determined for 861 isolates using NCCLS agar dilution method. Results: During the period 2000-2002, a total of 538 Gram-negative strains and 323 methicillin-susceptible staphylococci were collected and tested at the ICUs of two Greek university hospitals. The most common Gram-negative species tested were Escherichia coli (25.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.1%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.2%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (11.3%)

Methods: A total of 550 respiratory pathogens displaying different resistance phenotypes have been studied. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ertapenem and of 15 other comparative drugs have been determined by the broth microdilution method (NCCLS, M7-A5) and results interpreted according to NCCLS (2003) approved breakpoints. Results: Percentages of susceptible strains are depicted in the Table. Conclusions: Ertapenem, because of its in vitro activity encompassing the most important respiratory pathogens

This antibiotic has no or only weak effect on P. aeruginosa, other nonfermenters, enterococci, and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. There are only a few reports about activity of ertapenem to anaerobes.The aim of the study was therefore to evaluate the in vitro activities of ertapenem (ERT) in comparison with penicillin (PEN), piperacillin/tazobactam (PIT), clindamycin (CLI), and metronidazole (MET) against included 90 Prevotella spp

55 Peptostreptococcus spp., 55 Veillonella spp

25 Porphyromonas spp., and 19 Clostridium spp

The MIC-values were determined by use of Etest on Brucella-Blood-Agar

The ranges of the MIC-values (mg/L) of ERT against the anaerobic strains tested were: B

Porphyromonas spp. 0.008-0,016; Fusobacterium spp

016-1; Clostridium spp. 0.016-1. With the exception of one strain of Fusobacterium varium (MIC 16 mg/L) all other anaerobic strains were sensitive to ertapenem. The number of resistant strains to the other antibiotics tested was: B. fragilis (38) PEN 38 PIT 21 CLI 12 MET 1 B. thetaiota (18) PEN 18 PIT 9 CLI 7 MET -Bacteroides sp.(24) PEN 18 PIT 8 CLI 2 MET 1 Prevotella sp

PEN 11 PIT 11 CLI 1 MET 2 Porphyrom. sp. (25) PEN -PIT -CLI -MET 1 Veillonella sp.(55) PEN 19 PIT 19 CLI 3 MET 11 Peptostr. sp. (55) PEN 2 PIT -CLI 2 MET

Antimicrobial activity of prosthetic heart valves seweing cuffs coated with minocycline and rifampin

Amniotic membrane trasplantation in infectious corneal ulcers

Collagen corneal shields

For rapid growers, the effect of incubation time and the addition of saline/0.2% Tween with or without glass beads was also investigated. The antimicrobials evaluated were: amikacin, ofloxacin, ansamycin, streptomycin, clofazimine, kanamycin, capreomycin, rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid. Method: Rapid growers: A 0.5 McFarland standard was prepared from colonies on a 48-h-old TSA/blood plate. Suspensions were vortexed for 5 min allowing large clumps to settle. 50 lL was transferred to 10 mL Sensititre Mueller-Hinton broth. Hundred microlitres were dosed into each well in the plate. Plates were sealed and incubated at 30 degrees. Plates were examined for growth after 72, 96 and 120 h. Two sites tested 25 and 50 replicates MICs for each isolate. An additional 10 results were collected for each of the three suspending media. Slow growers: The set up procedure was the same except that 7H9 or Sensititre Mueller Hinton broth were supplemented with OADC. Plates were sealed and incubated at 35 degrees and read at 10-14 days depending upon the extent of growth. A total of 50 replicates MICs were collected Rapid growers: All onscale MICs fell within one doubling dilution of the mode

Weak growth requiring 14 days incubation tended to give lower MICs but fell with four well range. Conclusions: MICs were highly reproducible allowing tentative QC ranges to be set for testing Sensititre plates. MICs were little affected by the length of incubation

Objectives: Proteus mirabilis strains were usually susceptible to ampicillin and other beta-lactams. However, a progressive increase of beta-lactam resistance has been reported in this species. Recently, P. mirabilis is the one of the common extendedspectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms in Europe. However, ESBL-producing P. mirabilis has not been reported in Korea. In this study, we performed the screening and confirmation test to detect ESBL-producers in P. mirabilis isolates in a Korean teaching hospital, and characterised the ESBL types. Methods: Consecutive 105 isolates of P. mirabilis were collected from December 2002 to September 2003. The susceptibility was tested by the NCCLS disk diffusion test. Double-disk synergy test (DDST) with amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime disks at a distance of 15 mm (edge to edge) was performed to detect the ESBL-producers. Conjugations were carried out in some of the representative isolates. blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR. PCR-products of blaCTX-M were sequenced by dideoxynucleotide-chain termination method. Results: Disk diffusion test showed 46 (43.8%) and 10 (9.5%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin and to cefotaxime, respectively. None of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefoxitin. Twenty-one isolates suspected to have ESBLs according to NCCLS criteria were tested by DDST. Among them, 10 isolates with cefotaxime-resistance were positive in DDST with amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime only. All of the 10 isolates had blaCTX-M alleles. Sequencing showed that nine had blaCTX-M-14 and one had blaCTX-M-2 type. Among the 36 ampicillin-resistant, cefotaxime-susceptible isolates, 31 strains were blaTEM positive, one strain was both blaTEM and blaSHV positive, and four strains were both blaTEM and blaSHV negative. Conjugations were not successful in blaCTX-M alleles-positive strains. Conclusions: This is the first report on the presence of ESBL-producing P. mirabilis isolates in Korea. It is very interesting that the ESBLs detected in all P. mirabilis isolates were only CTX-M type. The prevalence of CTX-M in P. mirabilis was very high, almost 10%. Further study on the transferability of CTX-M gene in P. mirabilis isolates will be needed.P1880 Clonal diversity and carbapenemase production in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated in a Portuguese hospital, during a 3-year period S.M. Quinteira, H. Ramos, J. Amorim, J.C. Sousa, L. Peixe VN Famalico, Porto, P Objectives: Carbapenemase production has been observed in Portuguese clinical isolates of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (IMRAb), associated to IMP-5 and OXA-40 enzymes. In this work, we investigated the clonal relatedness of carbapenemresistant A. baumannii isolated from a University Hospital with a high rate of imipenem resistance, together with the relative contribution of carbapenemase production.Methods: Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (n ¼ 108) were isolated between March 2001 and March 2003, from patients attending the Hospital de Santo Antó nio, Porto. Genomic macrorestriction analysis was obtained after digestion with ApaI restriction enzyme. MICs were determined by Etest. Susceptibility to non-beta-lactam antibiotics was performed by the disk diffusion method. Carbapenemase producing strains were detected by a bioassay. Genes were sought by PCR with primers specific for blaIMP, blaVIM and bla-OXA-24-like. Obtained products were sequenced on both strands. Results: Imipenem resistance in A. baumannii increased from 32% (n ¼ 47) in 2001 to 53% (n ¼ 31) in 2002, and all isolates (n ¼ 30) obtained during the first 3 months of 2003 showed imipenem resistance. IMRAb were isolated from different hospital units, mainly from intensive care units. No PCR evidence suggested the presence of blaIMP or blaVIM type genes in all the isolates. A total of 44 carbapenem-resistant isolates yielded a PCR product with primers specific for blaOXA-24-like. Sequencing showed the presence of an OXA-40 enzyme and analysis of PFGE revealed that these isolates belong to a single clone. Resistance to all beta-lactams and variable susceptibility to amikacin and tobramycin was a common feature of this clone. Macrorestriction analysis of other 57 imipenem-resistant isolates demonstrated the simultaneous dissemination of another clonal type, which differs also in the susceptibility patterns. Apart from the resistance to almost beta-lactams, isolates from this second clone were susceptible to minocicline and presented variable behaviour to ceftazidime and to aminoglycosides. Conclusions: The high rate of imipenem-resistant A. baumannii in this hospital is associated to the presence of two major clones. Also, the results suggest that the spreading of OXA-40 enzyme, in Portugal, was mainly because of the progressive dissemination of a single clone that persists until 2003. Objectives: Recently our institution noted a marked increase in the number of ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing E. coli isolated from children with urinary tract infections (UTI). The children were ambulatory patients or had been seen in the emergency department. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli from community-acquired UTI in children. Methods: We analysed 36 children with UTI due to ESBL-producing E. coli (cases) and 58 children with UTI due to non-ESBL-producing E. coli (controls) in Ewha Womans University Hospital from July 2001 to June 2002. Results: Of the total 1136 E. coli isolates from urine, 119 (10.5%) produced ESBL and the prevalence of UTI due to ESBL-producing E. coli was higher in children (19.3%) than in adults (4.6%). Case patients had significantly higher resistance to aztreonam, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, and ceftazidime than control patients (P < 0.05). Case patients were younger (4 AE 1 months) than control patients (24 AE 76 months) and were more frequently male (30of 36) than control patients (39 of 58). No significant differences were noted in prior UTI, prior antibiotic use, genitourinary abnormality, vesicoureteral reflux, urinary catheter, pyelonephritis or underlying diseases between cases and controls (P < 0.05). No significant difference in cure rate was noted between both groups, but case patients had a significantly higher relapse rate (41.7%) than control patients (2.1%, P < 0.05). Of the 27 strains analysed by PCR, 23 strains produced TEM, three produced TEM and SHV, and one produced SHV. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of 24 ESBL-producing organisms showed 18 distinct genotypes including five clusters. Conclusions: ESBL-producing E. coli may be a causative agent of community-acquired UTI in children without any specific risk factors. Most strains were genetically unrelated and these findings suggested as community-acquired infection through dissemination of plasmids rather than the clonal spread. Objective: Evaluation of the concentration dependent or independent bactericidal effects of penems (imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem) as compared with a representative penam (amoxicillin), a cephem (cefixime) and a fluoroquinolone (moxifloxacin). Methods: Time-kill studies were performed by exposing Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to constant drug concentrations ranging from 1 to 32x their respective MICs. Samples were taken at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h and subcultured quantitatively. Results: In general the penems exhibited the most pronounced effects against all the bacterial species. In contrast to amoxicillin and cefixime, all the penems exhibited a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect at all concentrations tested. Amongst the penems, imipenem tended to be the most bactericidal agent, followed by ertapenem and meropenem; however, the differences were not significant. The bactericidal effect of amoxicillin and cefixime could not be enhanced beyond the concentration producing a maximal effect. Moxifloxacin was also bactericidal throughout the concentration range studied. The bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin was similar to that of imipenem. However, moxifloxacin was more active against H. influenzae compared with all the penems. Conclusions: The penems and moxifloxacin exhibit concentration dependent killing against the major RTI pathogens, whereas the penams and cephems do not. Unlike the penems, moxifloxacin has the advantage of being available as both an oral or parenteral therapy. Thus, moxifloxacin combines pronounced bactericidal activity with the convenience of sequential therapy. Objectives: All products for chemical disinfection and antisepsis should meet European Standards requirements. Normative documents describe a suspension test method for establishing bactericidal activity under the specific laboratory conditions. According to those methods suspension of bacterial cells is added to portion of the diluted product followed by collection of samples at specified contact time and finally mixed with agar medium and incubated up to 48 h. New alternative technique based on impedimetric procedure (Bactometer BioMerieux, Vitek System, USA), provide possibilities to reduce this time to several hours. The procedure utilises the capability of an instrument to detect bacterial growth in sample by measurement of media conductivity changes. The impedance detection time is inversely proportional to the number of micro-organisms present at initial inoculum and it correlates with the original bacteria count in the sample as determined by standard plate count method. The aim of the study was to adapt the impedimetric method to microbiological control of antiseptics used for skin treatment.Methods: Eight different products were analysed throughout the study as following: Kodan Tinktur Forte, Sagrosept and Octeniderm produced by Schulke & Mayer, Manorapid and Dermorapid produced by Antiseptica GmbH, Hospidermin from Lysoform, Frekasept 80 and Frekaderm produced by Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH. The bactericidal activities were evaluated using four strains recommended by standards EN 1040 and EN 12054. Activity was measured by dilution-neutralisation method described in normative documents and impedimetric method. The samples for both methods were prepared in the same way. For impedimetric assay curve was prepared for each strain. The contact time of bacterial strains with antiseptics varied from 30 s to 1 min. The samples were neutralised and mixed with media. In standard plate method the colonies were counted after incubation whereas in Bactometer system the number of bacterial cells was calculated automatically during incubation. Results: The high correlation was observed between results obtained by normative method and impedimetric measurement. The neutralisation solution was effective and all tested products meet standard requirements. The procedure utilising the Bactometer, provided a rapid and accurate system for bacteria count in bactericidal test.

M. El-Azizi, N. Khardori Springfield, USA Objective: Linezolid (LNZ) is an effective antibiotic against grampositive bacteria including those that are resistant to vancomycin. However, the bacteriostatic activity of the antibiotic may limit its usefulness. A good example is infections related to indwelling medical devices where the micro-organisms exist within the biofilms and bactericidal antibiotics may be more effective. Our objective was to study the effect of combination of linezolid (LNZ) and UV radiation on viability of S. aureus (SA) within the biofilms. Methods: We tested LNZ against 10 clinical isolates of S. aureus. The MICs of the antibiotic were determined by using the broth microdilution technique (NCCLS M7-A5). To form biofilms, 100 ml portions of TSB medium containing 1 Â 106 CFU/mL of the micro-organism were delivered to flat bottom 96 micro plates. After 24 h incubation at 37 C, the supernatants were aspirated and the remaining biofilms were washed twice with distilled water. Plates used to study the effects of UV radiation alone or in combination were then exposed for short UV radiation for 5 min. TSB containing the antibiotics at MIC90 value was added to the wells and plates were incubated again for 24 h. Plates were then aspirated followed by addition of 100 microliter Lactate Ringer solution containing XTT (0.5 gm/L) and menadione (1 micromol Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) is carried out to accelerate or improve re-epithelisation and reduce inflammation. It has been suggested that AM could be used to deliver anti-infective drugs similar to collagen shields and a variety of prosthetic devices. The aim of our study was therefore to evaluate such hypothesis. We report an in vitro study to assess the antibacterial activity of amniotic-treated AM. Methods: Aminoglycosides (netilmicin and gentamicin) and quinolones (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) were used. The AM fragments were washed in saline, drained and immersed into the antibiotic solution; after incubation at various times at 37 C on a shaker, the washed and drained AM fragments were either tested for antibacterial activity or further incubated in antibiotic-free medium, to evaluate then the activity of both AM and elution media. Antibacterial activity was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method, measuring the inhibition zone after overnight incubation on S. epidermidis. Results: The AM fragments soaked in antibiotics inhibited bacterial growth: Antibiotic uptake was dose-dependent, and occurred rapidly. Most of the drug was released from the membrane, and the antibacterial effect was present in the elution media at least three days after treatment. Conclusions: Our preliminary in vitro data show that AM might be used to deliver antibiotics, as reported for collagen shields and other medical prosthetic devices like heart valves.