key: cord-0034677-rx5plybq
authors: Li, Hongjun; Li, Li; Liu, Bailu; Li, Min; Li, Ping; Guo, Yinglin
title: Influenza A (H1N1)
date: 2016-06-23
journal: Radiology of Influenza
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0908-6_9
sha: c11134f29133db008158e10a4097c8dc742e2a25
doc_id: 34677
cord_uid: rx5plybq

In March 2009, an outbreak of human infected swine influenza, first name by WHO, occurred in Mexico that rapidly spread worldwide. On Apr 30, 2009, the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health agreed to use the name of influenza A (H1N1), which was then used in bulletins issued by Ministry of Health in China.

In March 2009, an outbreak of human infected swine infl uenza, fi rst name by WHO, occurred in Mexico that rapidly spread worldwide. On Apr 30, 2009, the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health agreed to use the name of infl uenza A (H1N1), which was then used in bulletins issued by Ministry of Health in China.

In the context of international financial crisis, influenza A (H1N1) spread worldwide, posing new variables to the already bleak world economic outlook. So far, strict measures for prevention and control of influenza A (H1N1) have been adopted in China. To some extent, thanks to the transparent information system on infectious diseases as well as emergency precaution and management mechanism established by the Chinese government, the spread of influenza A (H1N1) in China has been well controlled.

The fi rst case of infl uenza A (H1N1) in the United States was confi rmatively diagnosed via laboratory diagnosis on Apr 15, 2009. The researchers discovered that infl uenza A (H1N1) virus is a complex virus composed of 4 variant viruses, including 1 avian infl uenza virus, 1 common infl uenza virus and 2 swine infl uenza viruses that widely spread in pigs. Meanwhile, the researchers proved that rearrangement and recombination of infl uenza A (H1N1) virus genes commonly and extensively exist. Currently, the pathogenesis of infl uenza A (H1N1) virus has attracted focused attention by scholars both internationally and within China. It has been demonstrated that apoptosis of host cells induced by infl uenza A (H1N1) virus contributes to its pathogenesis. Many studies have proved that infl uenza A (H1N1) virus induces apoptosis that is mediated via Caspase approach, which can be regulated by multiple channels, multiple factors and multiple genes. It has been also proved that infl uenza A (H1N1) virus induces apoptosis with a complex process.

On Apr 30, 2009, infl uenza A (H1N1) was listed as a class B infectious disease and an infectious disease receiving frontier health inspection and quarantine, which should then be managed as the class A infectious diseases in China.

For the epidemic of infl uenza A (H1N1), the patients with infl uenza A (H1N1) are the source of its infection and the virus spreads from person to person along with respiratory aerosols and droplets. The populations are generally susceptible to the infection, and the young and middle-aged adults are especially vulnerable. Factors infl uencing its prevalence include host factors, virus factors, social conditions, health care insurance, and other natural and social factors.

Human infected infl uenza A (H1N1) commonly has an incubation period of 1-7 days, which is comparatively longer than common infl uenza and human infected avian infl uenza.

The symptoms of infl uenza A (H1N1) range from normal body temperature and mild upper respiratory infection to severe or fatal pneumonia. Most of the patients experience typical infl uenza like symptoms and self heal. Severe and death cases are mostly caused by occurrence of complications, including preliminary viral pneumonia and secondary bacterial pneumonia.

The most common symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, runny nose, nasal obstruction, cough, expectoration, headache, systemic soreness, and fatigue. Some patients may experience vomiting and/or diarrhea. Mild upper respiratory symptoms rarely occur, but no fever. And the physical signs include pharyngeal congestion and enlarged tonsils.

Its diagnosis is mainly based on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and etiological examination. The inpatients show increased or decreased WBC count; severe cases commonly show decreased total WBC count, lymphocytes, and platelets. Other diagnostic examinations include serological test, virus isolation (such as throat swab as well as specimens of oral gargle, nasopharyngeal or tracheal aspirates, sputum, and lung tissue), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are also important ways for the diagnosis of infl uenza A (H1N1). Early detection and early diagnosis are the keys for its prevention, control and effective treatment.

Japanese researchers have discovered that infl uenza virus infection in some children may further cause encephalitis due to its invasion into their central nervous system. By craniocerebral CT scan, the patients with infl uenza A (H1N1) complicated by encephalitis are mostly demonstrated with symmetric low density in bilateral basal ganglia, bilateral thalamus, and bilateral white matter of frontal brain; and some patients may show no obvious abnormalities. Brain MR imaging shows symmetric long T1 and long T2 signals at the above mentioned sites. FLAIR and DWI often demonstrate high signal. In some patients, cerebellum is demonstrated with involvement. By contrast scan or imaging, meningeal enhancement may be demonstrated.

The patients with infl uenza A (H1N1) rarely show chest abnormalities. And the common abnormalities by chest radiology include GGO and consolidation. The lung lesions in adult lungs commonly distribute in the lower fi elds of both lungs, but no characteristic distribution in pediatric patients. The focal, multiple or diffuse lung lesions may be within one lung or both lungs, resembling to SARS and other viral pneumonia. The radiological signs of pulmonary nodules, interstitial thickening, patches of opacity around bronchus, air trapping sign, and pleural effusion are rare. Severe and critical cases of infl uenza A (H1N1) can be complicated by pulmonary embolism. Being different from other lung infections, the cases of infl uenza A (H1N1) rarely show enlarged lymph nodes, with no central lobular nodule and tree-buds sign by MSCT.

Compared to common chest X-ray, CT scan is more sensitive to GGO and shows higher accuracy in detecting the distribution of lesions. However, common chest X-ray has the advantage of simple operational procedures, especially bedside chest X-ray for critical cases of infl uenza A (H1N1).

The patients with severe infl uenza A (H1N1) may subject to liver damages. By CT scan, the liver is demonstrated with enlargement and plump margin. For those with complicating ascites, ultrasound demonstrates liquid dark area in the abdominal cavity. Some patients with coupled peritonitis is demonstrated with observable peritoneal thickening.

Case 1

[ Brief Case History ] An 8-year-old boy, a primary school student, complained of fever, cough and wheezing for 2 days. The boy began to experience irregular fever with no known causes 2 days ago, with a body temperature of up to 39 °C. Other symptoms include paroxysmal cough, expectoration of yellowish thick sputum in a small quantity, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest distress, dysphagia, occasional abdominal pain that aggravated when coughing and was more severe around the navel. By physical examination, body temperature 37.9 °C, heart rate 117/min, breathing rate 33/min, and blood pressure 105/60 mmHg; the lips no cyanosis; pharynx apparently congested, no follicular hyperplasia on the posterior pharyngeal wall, and no white spots; degree II enlargement of both tonsils; by auscultation, a small quantity of fi ne moist rales and wheezing in both lungs. At the age of 3 years, the patient experienced 2 episodes of asthma, which improved after treatment. His mother had a medical history of asthma. The early chest radiological signs in pediatric patients with infl uenza A (H1N1) pneumonia are noncharacteristic, resembling to common lung infection. Infl uenza A (H1N1) pneumonia can be radiologically demonstrated as increased and thickened lung markings in both lungs as well as small patches of opacity. Along with the progression of the disease, the small patches of opacity may fuse into large fl akes of opacity and/or ground glass like opacity. [ Discussion ] Radiologically, this case was shown with ground-glass opacity in bilateral lower lungs, which is consistent with the onset location of pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza. For this case, the symptoms are mild with early onset, which should be differentiated from other lung infections. Lobar pneumonia is demonstrated with consolidation of infl ammatory lesion or lung segment. Lobular pneumonia is demonstrated with patchy opacity around bronchi. And the key point for its differentiation from pulmonary tuberculosis is the onset location, and the lower lungs are not the common onset location of pulmonary tuberculosis. For this case, its differential diagnosis from other pathogenic infections with interstitial infl ammation is challenging, such as early mycoplasma pneumonia and other viral infections induced viral pneumonia. For this case, due to its early onset and mild symptoms, radiology helps little in the differential diagnosis. And this case is to raise awareness of the clinicians about the prevailing seasons of the disease. The possibility of pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza virus should be considered if relatively slight ground glass opacity is observed.

Early chest radiography shows no characteristic signs of pediatric pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl u-enza virus. During its progressive stage, radiology demonstrates parenchymal lesions in lung, with parenchymal infi ltration of singular or multiple small patches of opacity or their fusion into large opacity. In children, the progressive stage is shown with patchy opacity; while in infants, fl akes and cotton like opacity. a b Fig. 9 .2 ( a , b ) Chest CT scan revealed rare poorly defi ned ground glass opacity in bilateral lower lung lobes, which was predominantly in the left lower lung lobe

[ Brief Case History ] A 14-years-old boy complained of sore throat for 3 days; fever, fatigue and muscle soreness for 2 days. He experienced mild cough without sputum. By physical examination, body temperature 38.7 °C, pharyngeal congestion, and I degree tonsilar swelling. By routine blood test, WBC 4.97 × 10 9 /L, and LY% 23.5 %. Chest CT scan on hospitalization showed the both lungs with multiple nodular and patchy high density opacity. Throat swab after hospitalization, the M gene of type A infl uenza virus was positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .3

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] The early lesion of pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is an interstitial infl ammation, which is mainly demonstrated as increased, thickened and blurred pulmonary vascular markings as well as grid like opacity and nodules in different degrees. For this case, the main radiological signs were multiple scattering nodular and patchy opacities, which should be differentiated from multiple pulmonary true nodules. The patients with multiple pulmonary metastatic nodules always have a medical history of primary disease. For this case, some of the infl ammatory nodules dis-appeared after treatment, and the lesions in the right lower lung evoled into fl ake of high-density lesion.

The mild cases of pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus show diversifying radiological signs, which are commonly non-specifi c. The radiologi-cal demonstrations include pulmonary parenchymal and interstitial infl ammation, pleural infl ammation, mediastinal and axillary lymphadenectasis, with lesions disseminating along bronchi, which resembles to viral pneumonia. [ Brief Case History ] A 14-years-old girl was hospitalized due to chief complaints of fever and cough for 4 days. The patient experienced fever with no known cause on Nov. 6, 2009 with a body temperature of 37.5 °C. The fever was irregular with accompanying fatigue, paroxysmal cough, and expectoration of a small quantity yellowish sputum. Three days later, the patient experienced fever again with no known cause with a body temperature of 39.0 °C as well as aversion to cold, chest distress, dizziness, headache, systemic weakness, muscle soreness and other upsets. But the patient experienced no runny nose, no nasal obstruction, no chest pain, no shortness of breath, no palpitation, no hemoptysis, and no diffi culty breathing. However, she had sore throat with sensation of foreign substance when swallowing and nausea. By physical examination, body temperature 37.3 °C, pulse 108/min, respiration 22/min, and blood pressure 102/63 mmHg. Lips showed no cyanosis; pharynx with obvious congestion, slight follicular hyperplasis at the posterior pharyngeal wall but no white spots, and both tonsils with II degree swelling. The both lungs showed coarse breathing sound as well as fi ne dry and moist rales. She reported a history of contact to a patient with similar fever and a history of contact to a patient with defi nitively diagnosed type A H1N1 infl uenza. In addition, her school was affected by type A H1N1 infl uenza. By CDC throat swab, the M gene of type A infl uenza virus was positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. By routine blood test, WBC 15.31 × 10 9 /L, GR% 82 %, PLT 144.0 × 10 12 /L, and HGB 140.9 g/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .4

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] Type A H1N1 infl uenza is more common in teenagers and young adults but rare in the elderly aged above 60 years. The patients commonly experience fever, cough, and sore throat; and some patients may also experience headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Pneumonia is the most common complication of type A H1N1 infl uenza, which is radiologically demonstrated as lung parenchymal infi ltration opacity. more commonly bilateral. The parenchymal infi ltration is demonstrated as singular or multiple small patches of opacity or their fusion into large opacity and/or ground glass opacity. For this case, chest X-ray demonstrated multiple blurry fl akes of opacity, while CT scan revealed multiple consolidations. Such fi ndings indicated that CT scan should be timely ordered for clinical patients with respiratory symptoms in order to detect early lesions for appropriate treatment. [ Brief Case History ] A 17-years-old teenager girl complained of fever and cough for 2 days with running nose but no aversion to cold, and malaise. She had a history of contact to a patient with type A infl uenza. By physical examination, body temperature 39.6 °C, pharyngeal congestion, and I degree tonsilar swelling. By throat swab, relevant items (such as FluA and SWH1) were shown positive.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .5 .

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] In this case, CT scan showed focal ground-glass opacity and consolidation opacity with pleural effusion. The condition should be differentiated from bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly demonstrated as lobar or segmental consolidation opacity that is confi ned and predominantly in one segment or one lobe. Its occurrence in both lungs or with diffuse lesion in one lung is rare, with slower progression of the leions than pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza. [ Brief Case History ] A 5-years-old boy experienced fever, cough with expectoration, no aversion to cold or chills, systemic malaise, muscle soreness, and poor appetite. By physical examination, respiration 40/min, pulse 130/min, and body temperature 39 °C. The boy was conscious but low spirits, with dyspnea, nasal fl aring, and a large quantity of rales in both lungs. He denied a history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. Throat swab showed the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. By routine blood test, WBC 1.9 × 10 9 /L, GR% 69.9 %, and PLT 87 × 10 9 /L. Blood chemistry revealed ALT 13.2U/L, AST 30.9/L, SpO 2 79-85 %.

[Radiological and pathological demonstrations] Fig. 9 .6

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus (severe case).

[ Discussion ] Children are susceptible to type A H1N1 infl uenza, with high incidence and mortality. Being different from seasonal severe infl uenza that tends to affect the elderly aged above 65 years and young children aged under 2 years, 71 % of patients with severe pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus are from the population aged 5-59 years. By chest X-ray, the lung lesions are characterized by early patches and fl akes of high density opacity in local lung lobe or segment, and their rapid progression into large fl akes and diffuse lesions, air bronchogram in multiple lobar or segmental consolidations, and compensatory emphysema in the contralateral non-diseased lung. In addition, the pulmonary parenchymal and interstitial lesions concur, with predominantly interstitial lesions in the advanced stage of the disease. [ Brief Case History ] A 31-years-old woman, 4 days after cesarean section, complained of fever, shortness of breath, and progressive dyspnea for 2 days. She began to cough 1 day ago with pinkish foam like sputum and show progressive dyspnea. Her condition failed to be improved by symptomatic ther-apy but aggravated. Physical examination showed a body temperature of 40 °C, and heart rate 136/min. The lips showed cyanosis, and breathing sound coarse with moist and dry rales all over the lungs. She reported a history of close contact to a patient with type A infl uenza. And throat swabs revealed the M gene of type A infl uenza virus negative, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus negative,

[ Brief Case History ] A 29-years-old young woman experienced cough with no sputum and fever. Physical examination and laboratory test showed LDH 505U/L, post delivery, and a history of tonsilectomy.

[ Radiological examination ] Fig. 9 .7

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] This case was radiologically demonstrated with multiple ground glass opacity and consolidation opacity in both lungs with some lesions closely adhering to the adjacent pleura, and the condition was clinically diagnosed as a severe case. And the clinical diagnosis was fi rstly considered to be pneumonia. For this case, the radiological signs are non-characteristic, and differential diagnosis from other factors induced pneumonia is necessary. But in this case, the symptoms occurred after delivery. Due to comparatively weak immunity during pregnancy, slight edema of respiratory mucosa tends to develop into respiratory infection. Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus in pregnancy is radiologically demonstrated as multiple ground glass opacity and consolidation opacity, with pleural lesion in some cases. Routine blood test showed WBC 12.97 × 10 9 /L, GR% 91.1 %, RBC 3.24 × 10 12 /L, and HGB 83 g/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .8

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] During pregnancy, the assistant total T cell count decreases and the activity of natural killer cells also decreases. As a result, the pregnant women are vulnerable to virus and fungal pneumonia. In mild cases, the lesions are demonsrated as ground glass opacity and small fl akes of cotton like high density opacity in singular or multiple lung lobes. In severe cases, the lesions are demonstrated as masses of cotton like opacity, ground glass opacity, and air bronchogram in multiple lung lobes. Such lesions may progress within 24 h into diffuse high density opacity in both lungs with accompanying atelectasis, which may be complicated by unilateral or bilateral pleurisy, pleural effusion or pericardial effusion. a b c d [ Brief Case History ] A 26-years-old young man experienced slight cough, expectoration of a little sputum, and fever with a body temperature of 38 °C. Laboratory test revealed WBC count 4.9 × 10 9 /L, GR% 55.9 %, and LDH 135 U/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .9

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] In this case, the patient experienced symptoms of fever and slight cough, but CT scan showed local blurry lung markings in the left upper lung lobe and rare patches of ground glass opacity, which were small and confi ned. The diagnosis by radiology was considered to be lung infl ammation.

In this case, the patient is a young man with rare and confi ned lesions in lungs by radiological examination. However, it still needs to be differentiated from bacterial and viral pneumonia, both of which may be local interstitial and parenchymal infl ammation with lesions of confi ned ground glass opacity by radiology. The early manifestations of pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus resemble to pneumonia induced by other viruses. Some previous studies were performed to stage slight, moderate and severe pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus based on the radiological fi ndings. Some studies have demonstrated that chest ultrasound in the emergency room can detect interstitial lesions of early pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus, while CR fails to detect any lung lesion during the same stage of the disease. However, these studies also indicated that CT scan can more favorably show the lung lesions for the patients with pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus, especially during the early stage and for the severe cases. [ Discussion ] Radiologically, the patient showed subpleural patchy opacity with lobular distribution in sizes of 1-1.5 cm, with multiple lung lobes involved. As a result, lung infl ammation was considered and differentiation is needed to defi ne the diagnosis from bacterial pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other viral pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by bacteria (commonly staphylococcus, pneumonic diplococcus and streptococcus) is pathologically characterized by bronchitis, peribronchitis, alveolitis, peri-alveolitis and multiple lobular pneumonia. And it is radiologically demonstrated as thickened lung marking as well as patchy and nodular opacity that are commonly located in the medial lung and fuse within 2-3 days. Pneumonia caused by fungi (commonly aspergillus and cryptococcus) is pathologically characterized by exudative and purulent infl ammation in lungs. And it is radiologically demonstrated as singular or multiple nodules, lumps or cavities. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci is pathologically characterized by serous and exudative alveolitis. And it is radiologically demonstrated as lobar or segmental lesions, which are poorly defi ned patchy opacity along bronchi commonly in bilateral middle and lower lung fi elds. In some cases, the lesions may show progression and fusion within several hours or several days. Pneumonia caused by other viruses, such as adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus and cytomegalovirus, commonly occurs in young children, which is pathologically characterized by bronchitis and bronchopneumonia with infi ltration of infl ammatory cells that are predominantly mononuclear cells. And it is radiologically demonstrated as small nodular opacity and patchy opacity that are commonly located in middle and medial parts of bilateral middle and lower lung fi elds. [ Brief Case History ] A 52-year-old man complained of cough, expectoration of a little sputum, and fever. Laboratory test revealed WBC count 6.5 × 10 9 /L, GR% 85.5 % and LDH 160U/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .11

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ]

Radiologically, this case is demonstrated with multiple patchy opacities along bronchovascular bundles with varying density in both lungs, some of which were shown to be ground-glass opacity and blurry small nodular opacity. Lung infl ammation should be fi rstly considered for diagnosis. Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is radiologically demonstrated as fl akes and patches consolidations and ground glass opacity, with predominant lobular distribution.

Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus should be differentiated from bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other viral pneumonia. For this case, its differential diagnosis from bacterial pneumonia is challenging. Bacterial pneumonia is radiologically demonstrated as thickened lung markings and more obvious lobar and segmental distribution. The lesions of pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 influenza virus are distributed in multi-lobes and segments with low density. The lesions of bacterial pneumonia integrate or show morphological changes within 2-3 days. Pneumonia caused by fungi and Pneumocystis jiroveci is pathologically alveolitis and is radiologically demonstrated as singular or multiple nodules, lumps or cavities, otherwise, lobar and segmental lesions as well as blurry patchy opacity commonly bilateral middle and lower lung fields along bronchi. Pneumonia caused by other virus is radiologically demonstrated as small nodular opacity and patchy opacity that are commonly located in middle and medial parts of bilateral middle and lower lung fields.

[ Brief Case History ] A 41-year-old man complained of high fever, wheezing and progressive dyspnea for 5 days. He had taken cephalosporin by himself, with no obvious improvement. And 2 days ago, he began to cough up pinkish foamy sputum. The patient reported a history of contact to a patient with type A infl uenza. By routine blood test 3 days ago, WBC count 12.11 × 10 9 /L. And routine blood test on admission showed WBC count 17.45 × 10 9 /L, and GR% 81.1 %. Chest X-ray in another hospital revealed infl ammation in both lungs, and predominantly in the left lower lung lobe. By throat swab after being hospitalized, the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. Sputum smear revealed cocci positive.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .12

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] For this case, CT scan demonstrated patchy opacity and ground glass opacity at lung margin of both lungs, which is consistent to the early radiological sign of pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza virus. The lesions were predominantly located in the left lower lung lobe. In this case, routine blood test indicated increased WBC count, which continued to increase after hospitalization. Sputum smear revealed cocci positive, indicating bacterial infection that complicated primary viral infection.

For this case, it should be differentiated from simplex bacterial pneumonia, which is commonly demonstrated as lobar or segmental high density opacity that is comparatively confi ned and is not predominantly located at lung margin. This case also needs to be differentiated from mycoplasmal pneumonia, which is radiologically demonstrated as centrilobular ground glass opacity or consolidation, which may develop into segmental or lobar consolidation and is commonly fan like in shape. Such radiological signs are rarely found in the cases of pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza virus. [ Discussion ] The patient was radiologically revealed with multiple patchy/fl aky consolidations in both lungs, which closely adhered to the adjacent pleura, and pneumonia should be fi rstly considered for clinical diagnosis. The patient had a medical history of diabetes and was vulnerable to viral and/or bacterial infection.

Radiologically, differential diagnosis should be made from bacterial pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other viral pneumonia. Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is radiologically demonstrated as ground glass opacity, possibly consolidation opacity and centrilobular nodular opacity, and accompanying pleural response. The lesions of severe pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza virus are pathologically revealed as diffuse alveolar damage. And chest CT scan shows severe pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza virus with diversifying lesions, with no defi nitive specifi city. Both lungs are shown to be involved with multiple fl akes of ground glass opacity as well as consolidation and nodules that are more commonly located in the bilateral peripheral middle and lower lung lobes. In this case, more consolidations were revealed, which may be related to the underlying disease of diabetes. After appropriate therapy was given, the lesions were shown to be obviously absorbed. [ Brief Case History ] A 58-year-old man complained of slight cough, expectoration of whitish thick sputum, and fever. Laboratory test revealed WBC count 9.7 × 10 9 /L, GR% 92.8 %, and LDH 427U/L. He experienced respiratory failure of degree I.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .14 [ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] The patient was radiologically showed with multiple fl akes of ground glass opacity in upper and lower lobes of both lungs that were multiple and closely adhered to the adjacent pleura. Pneumonia should be fi rstly considered for clinical diagnosis. Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is commonly demonstrated as unilateral or bilateral diffuse or multiple patches of ground glass opacity with or with no consolidation that is mostly located around bronchovascular bundles or in the subpleural area. However, such radiological signs are non-specifi c, and differential diagnosis should be made from Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, other viral pneumonia, and mycoplasmal pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci is pathologically characterized by serous and exudative alveoli-tis. And it is radiologically demonstrated as lobar or segmental ground glass opacity. In some cases, the lesions may show progression and fusion within several hours or several days. Pneumonia caused by other virus is radiologically demonstrated as patches/fl akes of ground glass opacity with/without consolidation, no mediastinal lymphadenectasis, and rarely pleural effusion. Compared to pneumonia caused by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus, other viral pneumonia shows more lesions of minor airways, which are demonstrated as centrilobular nodules that are more common in young children. And other viral pneumonia is pathologically characterized by bronchitis and bronchopneumonia with infi ltration of infl ammatory cells that are predominantly mononuclear cells. In addition, it is radiologically demonstrated as small nodular opacity and patchy opacity that are commonly located in middle and medial parts of bilateral middle and lower lung fi elds. Mycoplasmal pneumonia is radiologically demonstrated as ground glass opacities with/without consolidation and sporadic small nodules. Compared to pneumonia caused by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus, mycoplasmal pneumonia commonly involves one lung, with mediastinal lymphadenectasis and pleural effusion. [ Brief Case History ] A 38-year-old man complained of cough rarely with sputum and fever. Laboratory test revealed WBC count 9.2 × 10 9 /L, GR% 69.6 %, and LDH 182U/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .15

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] The patient was radiologically showed with fl akes of ground glass opacity in the right upper lung lobe, with thick-wall cavity inside and partly with consolidation. Pneumonia should be fi rstly considered for clinical diagnosis. In literature reports, pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is rarely reported with lesions of cavity, and this case is categorized into a rare case. The cavity might be one of the radiological signs of pneumo-nia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus itself, and may also be a radiological sign of the complication. And it should be differentiated from bacterial pneumonia and fungal pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by bacteria may show cavity during its progression, which is commonly found in the cases of streptococcal and gram-negative bacterial infections. Clinically, pus or sputum with unpleasant odor is common, and the cavity is commonly revealed in consolidation opacity with poorly defi ned bounary and sometimes with air-fl uid level. Pneumonia caused by fungi is radiologically demonstrated as singular or multiple nodules, lumps or cavities. Typical pneumocystis pneumonia is radiologically demonstrated as thin-wall cavity with no or rare surrounding lesions. Aspergillosis is radiologically demonstrated as cavity in poorly defi ned fl akes of consolidation opacity with varying thickness of the wall. The typical cases are shown with nodules or lumps in the cavity and observable gas containing crescent sign, and aspergilloma is mobile along with posture changes. Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, if complicated by bacterial or fungal infection, is radiologically demonstrated as cavities or cavities in lobar or segmental consolidation. [ Brief Case History ] A 37-year-old man complained of cough, expectoration, and a sore throat for 7 days. He experienced expectoration of whitish foamy sputum and a fever for 4 days with the highest body temperature of 39 °C. Other symptoms included aversion to cold, wheezing and diffi culty breathing for 2 days. By physical examination, the pharynx was shown with obvious congestion, and the right tonsil swollen in degree I. Both lungs were found with moist rales. By routine blood test, WBC count 8.9 × 10 9 /L, GR% 55 %, and LY% 34 %. By throat swab after hospitalization, the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus negative.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .16

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] Early pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is radiologically demonstrated as roughly symmetrical ground glass opacity in both lungs. Initially, the virus mainly invades the lung interstitium and the early lesions are mainly changes of interstitial pneumonia, which are radiologically demonstrated as multiple ground glass density opacity in both lungs. Further progression of the lesions causes alveolar exudation or secondary bacterial/ fungal infection, which is shown as consolidation of lungs tissue. The consolidation opacity is commonly located at the lung margin, with fusion of some lesions and air bronchogram. The progression of lesions may also cause fi brosis of lung tissue, which is radiologically demonstrated as widened interlobular sepum and honeycomb like opacity in one or both lungs.

For this case, it needs to be differentiated from other viral pneumonia, such as SARS. Both are viral infl ammation, with extremely similar radiological signs during their early stage. The early radiological signs include fi brin exudation, consolidation, and their further progression into pulmonary fi brosis. Severe pneumonia caused by type A infl uenza virus is radiologically demonstrated as fl akes of exudation and fusion as well as reticular or nodular high density opacity in both lungs that fuse into poorly defi ned cloudy opacity. And the lesions may further develop into extensive consolidation opacity, which needs to differentiate from consolidation of lung tissue in the cases of lobar pneumonia. In combination to the case history and the illness course, the differential diagnosis can be made. a b d c Fig. 9 .16 CT scan showed sporadic fl akes of high density opacity and ground glass opacity that were predominantly in bilateral lower lungs lobes as well as consolidation of partial lung tissues with gas containing bronchi ( ad )

[ Brief Case History ] A 41-year-old man experienced fever and cough for 10 days with accompanying sore throat, systemic malaise, and muscle soreness. He began to experience high fever 5 days ago with the highest body temperature of 39.6 °C. Chest X-ray in another hospital showed infl ammation in both lungs. After intravenous infusion of cephalosporin, the symptom of fever was slightly improved. Recently, the patient began to experience symptoms of orthopnea and bloody sputum. By physical examination, the pharynx congested, and the bilateral tonsils swollen in degree I. Moist rales in both lungs, predominantly in lower lungs. By routine blood test on admission, WBC count 10.6 × 10 9 /L, and LY% 7.5 %. Sputum smear revealed cocci positive and bacillus negative. By throat swab after hospitalization, the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus negative.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .17 .

[ Diagnosis ] Infl uenza A (H1N1) pneumonia; Subcutaneous emphysema in the left thoracic wall.

[ Discussion ] In this case, lung consolidation opacities were predominantly located in the left lower lung lobe a long period of development. Ground glass opacities sporadically distributed in both lungs, indicating virus infection. After treatment by anti-infl ammatory therapy, his condition was improved, indicating a complication of bacterial infection. The patient experienced respiratory failure and was given several times of CPR, which resulted in ribs fracture and subcutaneous emphysema of the chest wall.

The key point for differential diagnosis from lobar pneumonia is that the lesion of consolidation in the cases of lobar pneumonia is located within one lung lobe or one lung segment. However, in this case, the lesion of consolidation was concurrent with sporadic GGO in the left lower lung. Therefore, their differential diagnosis can be made in combination to clinical manifestations and the absorption stage of lobar pneumonia. a b c Fig. 9 .17 Chest CT scan showed sporadic fl akes of high density opacity and ground glass opacity, predominantly in bilateral lower lung lobes; consolidation of partial lung tissues in the left lower lung lobe; beads like air density opacity in the left thoracic wall ( ac )

[ Brief Case History ] A 54-year-old man complained of fever for 7 days, cough and expectoration for 6 days, as well as difficulty breathing for 2 days which aggravated during nights. He denied a history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. And his physical signs included throat congested, no tonsil swollen, and moist rales in both lungs. Laboratory throat swab test showed etiological factors related to infl uenza A (H1N1), including FluA and SWH1, positive.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .18 .

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus. In this case, the lesions were diffusely distributed in the right lower lung fi eld, accompanied by interstitial thickening. And the condition should be differentiated from SARS. The early manifestations of pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus resemble to SARS, demonstrated as fi brinous exudation and consolidation that further progress into pulmonary interstitial fi brosis. Severe and critical pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus are demonstrated as fl akes of alveolar exudation with fusion, network like or nodular opacity and infl ammatory consolidation in both lungs, rarely with pleural effusion. The lesions are commonly located in both lower lungs, which are radiologically demonstrated as large fl akes of dense consolidation opacity along with their progression.

[ Brief Case History ] A 42-year-old man complaint of fever and cough for 5 days. By physical examination, body temperature 39.5 °C, the tonsils swollen in degree I, and the breathing sound of both lungs coarse. He reported a non-defi nitive history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. By laboratory throat swab, the M gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. By routine blood test, WBC count 3.24 × 10 9 /L, GR% 57.74 %, LY% 32.74 %. Blood biochemistry revealed TP 55 g/L, AST 100U/L, ALT 69U/L, ALB 27 g/L, CK 621U/L, and LDH 511U/L. He experienced persisitent fever during hospitalization with body temperature of 37.4-39.2 °C, cough, expectoration and chest distress. By auscultation, moist rales in both lungs that was more extensive in the right lung. Laboratory test on d 4 after hospitalization, blood routine test revealed WBC count 11.47 × 10 9 /L, GR% 83.01 %, LY% 8.82 %; blood biochemistry revealed TP 55 g/L, A 24 g/L, AST 64U/L, ALT 54U/L, and BUN 3.4 mmol/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .19 .

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] Pneumonia is the most common complication of infl uenza A (H1N1), which is caused by primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial infection. Chest HRCT mainly demonstrates diffuse or multiple patches of ground glass opacity in lungs with or with no consolidation, which commonly distribute around bronchovascular tree or in the subpleural area. Pathologically, the lesions are demonstrated as bronchial and peribronchial alveolar congestion, infl ammatory exudation, and transparent membrane formation. With the progression of the disease, ground glass opacities rapidly fuse and extend with increased density, with fl akes of consolidation in or out of the ground glass opacity; only consolidation but no GGO in some cases. [ Brief Case History ] A 34-year-old woman complained of fever for 7 days and diffi culty breathing for 3 days. She experienced cough and expectoration of whitish or yellowish phlegm. The patient denied a history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. By physical examination, body temperature 39 °C, pharyngx congested, no tonsilar swelling; coarse breathing sound in both lungs but no moist rales. By laboratory test, the throat swab showed infl uenza A (H1N1) relalted etiological factors, such as FluA and SWH1, positive.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .20

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] Radiologically, the lesions in this case were demonstrated as diffuse ground glass opacity, poorly defi ned hilum in both lungs, and accompanying air trapping. The condition should be differentiated from the following diseases:

The lesions are always demonstrated as centri-lobular ground glass density opacity or consolidation, which may develop into lobar or segmental consolidation in a fan like shape. But these lesions are rare in the cases of pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus. Mycoplasmal pneumonia in children is radiologically demonstrated as grid like and spots of interstitial lesions, commonly with enlarged hilum and possibly pleural effusion.

The radiological signs of chlamydial pneumonia are non-specifi c, with fl akes of and grid like opacity in unilateral or bilateral lower lung lobes, and the lesions are commonly constrined with slow progression, good mobility and favorable prognosis. Fig. 9 .21

[ Diagnosis ] Critical pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus.

[ Discussion ] The patient with critical pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is radiologically demonstrated with multiple large fused consolidations in both lung fi elds and extensive ground glass opacity around bronchi, which rapidly progressed. The lesions showed great changes even within 1 day and the condition may be complicated by ARDS, pneumothorax, mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema, even retroperitoneal gas trapping. Fig. 9 .21 Chest X-ray showed multiple poorly defi ned fl akes of opacity in the bilateral middle and lower lungs fi elds; enlarged and poorly defi ned hilum in both lungs; poorly defi ned bilateral costophrenic angles ( a ). Reexamination after treatment for 1 day revealed progression of the lesions. Chest X-ray showed enlarged range with multiple poorly defi ned fl akes of opacity in the bilateral middle and lower lungs, which showed increased density ( b ). Reexamination after treatments for 4 days, chest X-ray showed enlarged range with consolidations in both lungs ( c ). Reexamination after treatments for 5 days, the lesions were shown with progression ( d ). Reexamination after treatments for 11 days, the lesions were improved and chest X-ray showed poorly defi ned fl akes and cotton like opacity and increased transparency of both lungs ( e ). Pathologically, the alveolus was shown with interlobular septal thickening and alveolar wall congestion; infi ltration of neutrophils and plasmocytes, predominantly mononuclear cells; exudation of intra-alveolar edema fl uid and fi brin (H&E staining, ×20) ( f , g ). Pathologically, the myocardial space was shown with a large quantity of infl ammatory cells (H&E staining, ×20) ( h , i ) (Reprint with permission from Hongjun Li and Ning Li (Eds) [ Brief Case History ] A 21-year-old young woman complained of fever and cough for 9 days. She also experienced cough and expectoration of yellowish sputum, which failed to be improved by anti-infl ammatory therapy, with a body temperature fl uctuating between 38 °C and 38.7 °C, chest distress, shortness of breath, and expectoration of yellowish sputum. By physical examination, the body temperature 39.7 °C; the pharynx congested; the tonsil swollen in degree I; moist rales in both lungs that were absent after coughs. She reported a non-defi nitive history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. By laboratory test, the throat swab showed that the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus negative, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. By routine blood test, WBC 8.64 × 10 9 /L, GR% 76.14 %, LY% 19.34 %; by blood chemistry, CK 140U/L, and LDH 547U/L.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .22

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus and bronchiectasis.

[ Discussion ] Radiologically, severe pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is demonstrated as the followings: (1) multifocal or diffuse ground glass opacity; (2) multifocal ground glass opacity and consolidation opacity;

(3) multifocal or diffuse consolidation; (4) distribution of the lesions in the subpleural lung periphery or around bronchovascular bundles; (5) rapid progression of the lesions into diffuse ground glass opacity or consolidation within 1-3 days. [ Brief Case History ] A 57-year-old woman complained of right upper abdominal pain for 3 days, whose aggravation, chest distress and shortness of breath for 2 days, with disturbance of consciousness. The pain in the right upper quadrant was paroxysmal migratory. She had a medical history of chronic bronchitis for more than 20 years, with longterm use of hormone and edema of lower limbs. She denied medical histories of hypertension and diabetes, but did experienced symptoms of polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria. The patient reported a history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. By physical examination, she was in coma, overweight, ecchymosis all over the body; severe edema of bulbar conjunctiva, conjunctiva hemorrhage in the left eyelid, both pupils in equal size and round being sensitive to light; overwhelming moist rales in both lungs with occasional dry rales; heart rate 102/min, no pathological murmur in each auscultatory valvular regions; abdominal circumference 100 cm, abdominal tension increased; pitting edema inferior to elbow joints of upper limbs and inferior to knees of lower limbs. By laboratory test, the throat swab showed that the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. By routine blood test, WBC 21.52 × 10 9 /L, GR% 93 %, HGB 139 g/L, PLT 88 × 10 9 /L. Blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.141, PCO 2 19.1 mmHg, PO 2 60 mmHg, SO 2 92 %, BE -22 mmol/L, K + 5.2 mmol/L. Blood chemistry revealed ALB 26.7 g/L, GLOB 46 g/L, GLU 42.8 mmol/L, BUN 14.12 mmol/L, osmotic pressure 327 mmol/L. By routine urine test, KET strongly positive (++++), GLU strongly positive (++++). Reexamination after treatment for 1 day, blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.417, PCO 2 48 mmHg, PO 2 100 mmHg, BE 6 mmol/L. Reexamination after treatment for 4 days, by routine blood test, WBC 15.9 × 10 9 /L, GR% 87.5 %, HGB 117 g/L, PLT 113 × 10 9 /L; blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.567, PCO 2 45.5 mmHg, PO 2 74 mmHg, BE 19 mmol/L, HCO − 3 41.4 mmol/L, SPO 2 96 %; blood chemistry revealed ALT 50U/L, AST 48U/L, ALB 33.2 g/L, GGT 883U/L, PA 136 mg/L, GLU 12.57 mmol/L, GRF 56 ml/min, LACT 2.3 mmol/L. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate 78 mm/h, PT within normal limites, D-dimer positive. Sputum smear revealed negative bacilli in a small quantity, no fungal spore or acid-fast bacillus. By sputum culture, acinetobacter baumannii positive. Reexamination after treatment for 6 days, by routine blood test, WBC 15.5 × 10 9 /L, GR% 88.8 %, PLT 164 × 10 9 /L, HGB 109 g/L; by blood chemistry, ALB 34.4 g/L, PA 158 mg/L, CRP 87.6 mg/L, GLU 10.46 mmol/L, HBDH 255U/L, LDH 357U/L; by blood gas analysis, pH 7.43, PCO 2 64 mmHg, PO 2 67 mmHg, BE 14.9 mmol/L, HCO 3 41.4 mmol/L, FiO 2 60 %, Na + 144 mmol/L, and K + 3.5 mmol/L. By sputum culture, gram negative bacilli grew in a small quantity. Sputum smear revealed a small amount of positive cocci and negative cocci; a great amount of negative bacilli and fungal spore; D-dimer weakly positive (±). By thoracocentesis, 200 ml dark red bloody pleural fl uid was drained.

[ Radiological demonstration ] Fig. 9 .23

[ Diagnosis ] Pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus; right hydropneumothorax; a small quantity of pleural effusion in the left thoracic cavity.

[ Discussion ] Severe pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus is radiologically characterized by diffuse ground glass opacity and consolidation in the lung periphery of both lungs and their rapid progression. The lesions often progress into diffuse ground glass opacity or consolidation in both lungs within 1-3 days. And the condition is commonly complicated by pneomothorax and mediastinal emphysema. In this case, the lesions in both lungs alternatively aggravated and alleviated, with changes by reexaminations each day. Therefore, the patients with pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus should receive chest plain X-ray or CT scan each day during the following-ups for immediate understandings about the progression of the lesions and appropriate treatment. Fig. 9 .23 Chest X-ray showed diffuse consolidation in the right middle and lower lung fi elds and in the left lower lung; poorly defi ned right diaphragm ( a ). Reexamination after treatment for 2 days, the right lung was shown with increased transparency and sporadic ground glass opacity; the left middle and lower lung fi elds with consolidation; poorly defi ned left diaphragm ( b ). Reexamination after treatment for 3 days, the lesions in both lower lungs progressed ( c ). Reexamination after treatment for 4 days, the range with consolidation in the right lung was enlarged; oval shaped area in the right upper lung with no lung markings; smaller range with consolidation in the left lung that showed decreased density ( d ). Reexamination after treatment for 5 days, the range with consolidations in the right lung enlarged; increased density of the con-dolidation opacity; no change in the area with no lung markings in the right upper lung; multiple light fl akes of opacity in the left lung, with thickened lung marking ( e ). Reexamination after treatment for 6 days, the right lung was shown with shrinkage and increased density of the lesions; the left lower lung was shown with multiple cloud like and cotton like consolidation; poorly defi ned bilateral diaphragm ( f ). Reexamination after treatment for 6 days, CT scan showed consolidation in the right lung and obvious shrinkage of the right lung, with a small amount of normal lung issue; right pneumothorax with air-fl uid level; multiple cords like opacity in the left lung and a small quantity of pleural effusion in the left thoracic cavity ( g , h ) (Reprint with permission from Hongjun Li and Ning Li [ Brief Case History ] A 45-year-old woman complained of aversion to cold and fever for 5 days with the highest body temperature of 39.5 °C. She also experienced symptoms of dry cough, expectoration of a small quantity of sputum, chest distress, choking and eye upset. In another hospital, she was diagnosed with bronchitis and was then treated by anti-infl ammatory therapy, but showing symptoms of chest distress and shortness of breathing then. After the patient was transferred to our hospital, death occurred due to respiratory failure. She denied a history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza or patient with fl u like symptoms. By physical examination, the body temperature 39 °C and the pharynx congested. By laboratory test, the throat swab showed the M gene of type A infl uenza virus negative, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. By routine blood test, WBC 3.39 × 10 9 /L, GR% 81.1 %, and LY% 14.5 %. Blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.466, PCO 2 35.5 mmHg, and PO 2 76 mmHg. Liver function examination showed ALT 21.1U/L, AST 51.3U/L, UREA 3.34U/L, and CREA 41.0U/L.

[ Radiological and pathological demonstrations as well as gross observation ] Fig. 9 .24

[ Diagnosis ] Critical pneumonia induced by type A H1N1 infl uenza virus. Fig. 9 .24 Chest X-ray showed large fl akes of poorly defi ned high density opacity in the middle and lower lung fi leds of both lungs; poorly defi ned bilateral hilum and diaphragm ( a ). Reexamination after treatment for 11 days showed enlarged range with lesions in both lungs and increased density of the lesion ( b ). Reexamination after treatment for 18 days showed diffuse high density opacity in both lungs ( c ). Reexamination after treatment for 32 days showed absorption and improvement of the lesions in both upper lungs ( d ). Reexamination after treatment for 33 days showed increased transparency of the left middle and upper lung fi elds ( e ). Reexamination after treatment for 34 days showed progression of the lesions in both lungs, in white-lung change ( f ). After treatment for 37 days, death occurred. CT scan after death for 72 h showed rightward shift of the mediastinum, bilateral pleural effusion in large quantities with air-fl uid level in the left pleural cavity ( g ). By autopsy after death for 72 h, the gross specimen showed lung tissue fi brosis and patches of hemorrhage ( h ); the microscopic observation showed a small amount of alveolar cells, fi brosis of most lung tissues, many infl ammatory cells, and intra-alveolar hemorrhage (H&E staining, ×10) ( i ); a small quantity of alveolar cells, fi brosis of most lung tissues, absence of bronchiolar epithelial cells, a large quantity of infl ammatory cells that predominantly macrophages. All of these fi ndings were in consistency with necrotic bronchitis induced diffuse alveolar damages and alveolar hemorrhage (H&E staining, ×40) ( j ); many infl ammatory cells in the interhepatocytic space (( k ) H&E staining, ×10; ( l ) H&E staining, ×40); renal sinus dilation, multiple infl ammatory cells in the renal parenchymal space (( m ) H&E staining, ×10; ( n ) H&E staining, ×40); a small amount of infl ammatory cells in the myocardial cells space ( [ Brief Case History ] A 48-year-old man complained of fever for 5 days with the highest body temperature of 39 °C. He also experienced expectoration of yellowish thick sputum, shortness of breathing and chest distress. He had medical histories of diabetes, chronic renal insuffi ciency and chronic bronchitis. He denied a history of contact to patient with type A infl uenza. By physical examination, the pharynx congested and tonsil swollen in degree I. By laboratory test, the throat swab in laboratory of CDC showed the M gene of type A infl uenza virus positive, the NP gene of swine H1N1 infl uenza virus positive, and the HA gene of type A H1N1 infl uenza virus positive. Routine blood test showed WBC 8.1 × 10 9 /L, RBC 2.49 × 10 12 /L. Blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.13, PCO 2 41 mmHg, PaO 2 60 mmHg. Blood chemistry revealed AST 76.3U/L, ALT 13.4U/L. The clinical diagnosis was made as critical infl uenza A (H1N1). Autopsy was performed after occurrence of death. 

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