key: cord-0030994-cjiu1tzm
authors: Hijlis, Shayma-a; Alanzi, Turki; Alanezi, Fahad; Alhodaib, Hala; Althumairi, Arwa; Aljaffary, Afnan; Aljabri, Duaa; Alrayes, Saja; Alsalman, Demah; Al-Fayez, Asma; Alrawiai, Sumaiah; AlThani, Bashair; Alakrawi, Zahraa; Saadah, Amjad; Alyousif, Norah
title: Use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers
date: 2021-07-27
journal: Int Health
DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab042
sha: 5ae955c8ba0e37ca4f56d203ce82287d86ce84ba
doc_id: 30994
cord_uid: cjiu1tzm

BACKGROUND: Radiographers have used social media networks for education, research, professional development and other purposes. However, in Saudi Arabia, there are no studies on the use of social media by radiographers. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers. METHODS: A questionnaire was designed to collect the data from Saudi Arabian radiographers. The questionnaire was created using Google Forms and was sent to 530 radiographers using WhatsApp. In total, 159 participants completed and returned the questionnaire through WhatsApp. The response rate was 30%. Basic descriptive statistics were employed to analyse the data. RESULTS: Most of the participants (79.9%) thought that social media could be used as a tool for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge. Also, almost half of participants (49.7%) employed social media when they needed to obtain information about radiation protection. Similarly, a majority of respondents (69.2%) used social media when they required information related to radiation safety. In addition, 81.7% of participants observed on video the existing information on radiation safety. Also, 71.7% of them were disposed to expand the use of social media to obtain information for radiation protection in their professional activities. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that social media can help to improve radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers. Consequently, participants were willing to increase the use of these tools in their professional work.

The number of users of social media has reached extraordinary figures around the world. For example, the most recent statistics (January 2021) indicate that the numbers of active users of Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Telegram, Snapchat and Twitter were 2740, 2291, 2000, 1221, 500, 498 and 353 million people, respectively. 1 This enormous use of social media has also reached different fields of medicine and healthcare systems influencing the ways of sharing information, communication, knowledge dissemination and interaction between users such as doctors and patients. [2] [3] [4] [5] Likewise, the use of social media has served to improve the knowledge, education, training, teaching abilities, professional skills, learning environments and performance of healthcare professionals. 2,6-10 Furthermore, these tools are beneficial to raise awareness and help the physical and psychological treatments of patients affected by various illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, HIV, dermapathologies, urological sicknesses, surgical interventions, mental disorders and pulmonary diseases. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] It should be noted that in addition to the

Hygiene. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ 4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com benefits provided by social media, its use presents ethical and legal risks such as the possibility of breaching the confidentiality of patients, damaging the image of healthcare professionals and the handling of inadequate or imprecise information, among other problems. 3, 4, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] Regarding radiographers, these professionals have used social media networks for education, research, professional development and other purposes. 3, 4, 26, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] In general, social media platforms such as LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter and other networks publish radiological images and procedures, anatomical descriptions, as well as various educational and scientific topics related to radiological techniques that are important for the education, training and professional practices of radiographers. 3, 4, 6, 26, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [35] [36] [37] On the other hand, a few studies have suggested the possibility of using social media as a tool to promote radiological safety because the materials and equipment used by radiographers and other professionals generate radiation levels that can be harmful to health. 32, 38, 39 In this sense, radiographers work with a wide range of apparatus that emit dangerous radiations such as x-ray equipment, fluoroscopy systems, CT, angiography devices, mammography procedures, ultrasound techniques, MRI and nuclear medicine methods. 20, 27, [40] [41] [42] Concerning this topic, these specialists must share and disseminate the concept of radiation safety among medical staff and patients because exposure to excessive doses of radiation during medical interventions can seriously affect the health of both patients and radiographers. These professionals must develop a culture of radiation protection to minimise the use of unsafe practices, reduce radiation doses and be aware that ionising radiation can lead to the development of cancer and other diseases if they do not use adequate training and protection equipment when performing medical procedures and treatments. 33, 43, 44 One study indicated that radiographers need to increase their knowledge of radiological procedures and their awareness of radiation safety. 45 By this action, social media can contribute to sharing and disseminating information and knowledge to improve the radiation protection of these professionals and their patients.

It is pertinent to point out that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommends promoting the diffusion of medical radiation protection using social media tools. 46 This recommendation implies that social media can contribute to improving the knowledge of radiographers about the safe handling of radiation emitted by the instruments used in medical procedures. Other studies have suggested that the internet and social media can be useful tools for disseminating information to the public about preventive behaviours in radiological emergencies and nuclear accidents. 47, 48 Also, it should be noted that several authors and colleges of radiographers have considered the ethical and legal aspects linked to the use of social media by these professionals. In particular, they have emphasised the need to preserve the confidentiality of patients and the certainty of information published on social media. 3, 4, 6, [25] [26] [27] 30 Regarding Saudi Arabia, there are no studies on the use of social networks by radiographers in this region, despite the high dissemination of WhatsApp, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other applications, whose penetration rates reached 73%, 71%, 66%, 54% and 52% in 2017, respectively. 49 In this sense, this is the first study carried out in Saudi Arabia on the use of social networks to improve the radiological safety knowledge of radiographers. So the research question was: Can the use of social media help improve the radiation safety knowledge and skills of radiographers in Saudi Arabia? The importance of this study for the scientific community is that it will reveal whether social media can help disseminate information to promote the knowledge, skills and awareness of radiation safety among radiographers in Saudi Arabia. This information will be important to radiographers in every country in the world, including Saudi Arabia. Therefore, due to the dangerous impact on human health caused by radiation emitted by materials and equipment used in radiological medical procedures, the objective of this research was to evaluate the use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers. The participants were selected from a WhatsApp group of Saudi Arabian radiographers that exchanges ideas on the professional advances of radiography. The questionnaire was designed using Google Forms by the research team at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University University. 50 The questionnaire was distributed among 530 Saudi Arabian radiographers through a link using WhatsApp. 51 In total, 159 radiographers completed and returned the questionnaire through WhatsApp. The response rate was 30%.

All male and female radiographers from Saudi Arabia who completed the questionnaire were included in this study.

The questionnaire is shown in Appendix 1. It contained four questions to obtain the demographic data of the participants and nine questions to obtain information about the use of social media as a tool for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers. The first four questions about the demographic information revealed the gender, experience, education and region of origin of the participants; the next nine questions related to the use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge obtained the following information: type of social media used by Saudi Arabian radiographers; purposes, place and frequency of use of social media; and the opinions of radiographers about the utilisation of social media for radiological safety. To test the effectiveness of the questionnaire, a pilot study with a small number of participants was carried out before surveying the selected sample. Basic descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the survey data.

The demographic information of the participants in this study conducted to evaluate the use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers is shown in Table 1 . From this table it can be observed that 62.9% (n=100) of the radiographers were female and that the It should be noted that this information was collected to find out the main demographic characteristics of the surveyed radiographers. This information is relevant because it enables identifying who the participants were. Figure 1 depicts the social media used by the participants and it shows that they utilised, in descending order, WhatsApp (96.2%; n=153), YouTube (67.9%; n=108), Snapchat (64.8%; n=103), Twitter (60.4%; n=96), Instagram (57.9%; n=92), Facebook (46.5%; n=74) and other platforms (1.9%; n=3). Table 2 presents the place and frequency of the use of social media. Here, it can be seen that 32.7% (n=52) of participants employed social media at home. Likewise, 49.7% (n=79) of respondents used social media >3 h per day, and the rest of them used social media <3 h per day. Also, it was detected that 9.4% (n=15) of participants employed social media for entertainment and 5.7% (n=9) for education; 89.3% (n=142) of them used social media for both activities (i.e. entertainment and education). Figures 2-6 describe the opinions of the participants about the utilisation of social media as a tool for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among radiographers. Figure 2 indicates that 79.9% (n=127) of participants thought that social media contributed to improving knowledge about radiation safety among radiographers; only a small percentage of them (3.1%; n=5) believed that social media networks were not useful for this purpose. Figure 3 shows that more than half of participants (69.2%; n=110) used social media when they needed information related to radiation safety during work hours. From Figure 4 it can be observed that 49.7% (n=79) of participants employed social media when information about radiation protection was required; the others used books (20.1%; n=32), journal articles (10.1%; n=16), short notes (16.4%; n=26) or other sources (3.7%; n=6). Figure 5 indicates that 81.7% (n=130) of participants used videos to view the existing information on radiation protection. Figure 6 illustrates that 71.7% (n=114) of respondents were disposed to increase the use of social media to find out information about radiation protection in their professional activities.

This study provides a profile of the use of social media for the improvement of radiation safety knowledge among Saudi Arabian radiographers. In this sense, the results illustrated in Figure 1 show that WhatsApp was the social media most used by the respondents (96.2%). This result is in agreement with the fact that WhatsApp was the most widely used social media in Saudi Arabia in 2017. 49 Additionally, radiographers sequentially used YouTube, Snapchat, Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Other studies have also shown the use of these social media platforms in the context of radiography or in topics related to nuclear radiation organisations. 6, 26, [33] [34] [35] 52, 53 Regarding the use of social media for education and entertainment, Table 2 indicates that participants used social networks for these activities at home, at work and elsewhere. However, the percentage of use of social networks for educational purposes is very low. Only 5.7% of radiographers used these tools for this objective. This low percentage of the use of social networks for educational purposes indicates the need to raise awareness among the radiographers in Saudi Arabia about the use of social networks as an alternative for their educational training. On this subject, different studies carried out around the world have suggested that social media can be used to improve the education and practices of radiographers. 6, 29, 30, 33, 37 In general, all these reports have proposed that social networks are an important tool to promote the continuing education, training and professional development of radiographers. In this regard, a recent survey of a group of medical radiation professionals in Canada and Australia found that online media can be used for professional development and education. 54 Similar results can be seen from a study conducted among a group of participants from several countries, including radiographers, radiotherapists, nuclear medicine technologists and other professionals who belong to the Twitter Journal Club, 'MedRadJournalClub'. 33 Other studies on this subject have shown comparable results, suggesting that social media can provide a positive learning environment for medical radiation professionals. 3, 4, 6, 26, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] 36 It is pertinent to mention that social media contributes to facilitating education and professional development because these platforms allow global participation of professionals and people interested in analysing, discussing, sharing and exchanging information, ideas, knowledge and experiences on a particular topic. In this process, the information found on the internet and other sources can be enriched by the overall contribution, participation and interaction of many specialists. As Bogdanou et al. point out, '…social media has revolutionised the use of the internet, transforming it from a source of information to an opportunity for participation…social media enables empowerment of individuals as they cannot only access digital information but also publish and share content'. 55 By contrast, simply looking for information on the internet is almost always a 'solitary act', in which the information obtained is analysed individually without the participation of others. Figures 2-6 suggest that most of the participants used social media networks to promote the dissemination of knowledge about radiation safety in their professional occupations. They also used these platforms when radiation safety information was required in the workplace. Furthermore, it can be seen that most radiographers are willing to increase the use of social media for radiation safety and protection in their professional practice. Participants also employed books, videos and pictures to obtain and observe information on radiation safety.

Regarding this research, no similar investigations were found that enabled comparisons with the views of the radiographers surveyed in this study. However, some general references suggest that social media can be a useful tool with which to disseminate information and opinions about the safe management of radiation emitted by the instruments used by radiographers. 32, 56 For example, Medina proposed the use of social media such as Facebook to discuss and exchange opinions on protection against dangerous radiation emitted by equipment installed in different institutions around the world. 56 In addition, Lau and Ng, the IAEA and the International Radiation Protection Association have suggested the use of social networks to disseminate information on the safe management of radiation. 32, 46, 57 Based on the aforementioned observations, the most significant inference of this study was that the majority of participants believed that social media can help disseminate information to promote knowledge, skills and awareness about radiation safety among radiographers in Saudi Arabia and other countries of the world.

The main limitation of this investigation was related to the fact that most of the participants were a small sample from the eastern region of Saudi Arabia, which indicates that in future studies it is necessary to make efforts to incorporate a greater number of participants from all regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also, it would be interesting to examine the possible statistical association between demographic information and the use of social media for radiation protection. Besides, it is recommended to create and evaluate the effectiveness of a group on WhatsApp to disseminate information on radiation protection and on creating awareness about the dangers of radiation emitted by the instruments used by radiographers in Saudi Arabia.

The results suggest that most of the participants believed social media could help disseminate information to improve radiation safety knowledge among radiographers in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, they are willing to increase their use of social media for this purpose in their future professional activities.

Furthermore, the literature review indicated that only a few studies on the use of social media to increase radiological safety International Health % Figure 6 . Willingness to use social media in the future (%; n=159). knowledge among radiographers have been conducted worldwide, excluding the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Authors' contributions: Each author made an equal contribution to the study.

Competing interests: None declared.

Ethical approval: Completion of the questionnaire was considered to imply informed consent to participate in the study. Ethical approval was obtained from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University.

Data availability: None.

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