key: cord-0029695-5ov73ull
authors: Lei, Jun; Luo, Yaoyue; Xie, Yude; Wang, Xiaoju
title: Visceral Adiposity Index Is a Measure of the Likelihood of Developing Depression Among Adults in the United States
date: 2022-03-25
journal: Front Psychol
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.772556
sha: 5b1505d369879e7f38aca7ef3bc93dd073ed5437
doc_id: 29695
cord_uid: 5ov73ull

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious mental disorder often accompanied by emotional and physiological disorders. Visceral fat index (VAI) is the current standard method in the evaluation of visceral fat deposition. In this study, we explored the association between VAI and depression in the American population using NHANES data. METHODS: A total of 2,577 patients were enrolled for this study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires. Subgroup analysis for the relationship between VAI and depression was evaluated using multivariate regression analysis after adjustment for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: For every 1 unit increase in VAI, the clinical depression increased by 14% (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.25). High VAI scores (T3) increased the highest risk of developing depression (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.2–4.47). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a strong and stable association between VAI and the development of depression. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that depressive symptoms are associated with a high ratio of visceral adiposity index after controlling confounding factors.

has been linked with depression (Hoen et al., 2010; Mannan et al., 2016) . Obesity based on BMI has been linked with the risk of developing depression (Heo et al., 2006; Rivenes et al., 2009; Luppino et al., 2010; Linde et al., 2011; Haynes et al., 2019) . However, given that BMI cannot distinguish between visceral fat from fat mass, it is not an accurate measure of obesity (Huang et al., 2019; Yang S. J. et al., 2020; Favre et al., 2021) . In related research, the measure of waist circumference (WC), which reflects the level of visceral fat, was found to be positively correlated with depression (Heo et al., 2006) . However, just like BMI, WC does not discriminate visceral adipose tissue from abdominal subcutaneous fat (Heo et al., 2006; verson-Rose et al., 2009) .

Deposition of visceral fats is associated with high circulating TNF-α and IL-6 and a decrease in insulin sensitivity (Lin et al., 2013; . Visceral fats can independently predict the development of depression (Vogelzangs et al., 2008) . High visceral fat at baseline, based on CT scan, has been linked with depression (Alshehri et al., 2019) . Although imaging techniques such as CT and MRI can directly measure the amount of visceral fat, they cannot be routinely used due to safety and economical limitations. Currently, the visceral adiposity index (VAI) can accurately reflect the accumulation of visceral fats (Amato et al., 2010) . Therefore, we explored the relationship between VAI and the development of depression using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for adults in the United States (US) population.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was a cross-sectional survey on adults in the US. The study was approved by The Research Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics. Data were collected by trained staff through clinical examinations and structured questionnaires. The NHANES data is available at https://www. cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/default.aspx.

The data were collected from 2013 to 2014 and comprised 9,422 individuals, of which 2,577 were further sampled for interviews. All participants consented to participate in the research. Patients under 18 years of age and those with missing data were excluded from the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are summarized in Figure 1 . 

The VAI is a gender-specific measure of visceral fat distribution and function based on anthropometric (BMI and WC) and metabolic parameters [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglycerides] (Amato et al., 2010; Ferguson et al., 2021) . The VAI formulae for men and women are shown in Supplementary Table 1. Research shows that the VAI score is directly proportional to the amount of deposited visceral fats (Amato et al., 2010; Ferguson et al., 2021) . According to the VAI of individuals in the baseline, three groups (trisection) were categorized as T1: low (0.11-0.92), T2: middle (0.93-1.79), and T3: high (> 1.79).

The potential confounding factors of depression, such as gender, age, race, education level, marital status, diabetes mellitus, family income-to-poverty ratio (PIR), self-reported chronic diseases, WC, BMI, smoking status, dietary intake in a 24h period, triglycerides, HDL-c, total cholesterol, Vitamin D, glycohemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and fasting blood glucose, were selected based on previous studies. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, glycohemoglobin, and fasting blood glucose were measured using the NHANES laboratory protocol. Level of education was categorized into several groups, namely, college graduate or above, college or associate (AA) degree, high school graduate, and below 11th grade. Regarding race, the participants were classified into Mexican-American, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and others. Marital status included married, living with a partner, never married, divorced, widowed, or separated.

Family income-to-poverty ratio was expressed as previously described in which the household income was divided by the poverty threshold. All participants were interviewed two times regarding 24-h feeding habits. The first dietary interviews, which included protein, energy, total sugars, carbohydrate, fibers, and total fat intake, were conducted at the Mobile Examination Center (MEC). Alcohol consumption and smoking were assessed as previously described (Patel et al., 2019) . Hypertension was screened based on medical reports or intake of antihypertensive drugs. Hypercholesterolemia was evaluated according to a cholesterol test or previous diagnosis.

Continuous variables were presented as means, standard errors, percentages, or frequencies. Differences between categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test, whereas differences between continuous variables were evaluated using ANOVA or the Man-Whitney U-tests based on the nature of the distribution. The association between VAI quartiles and depression was expressed using three models. For Model I, there was no adjustment for confounding factors. In Model II, there were adjustments for age, gender, alcohol drinking, diabetes, smoking status, history of specific diseases, educational status, race, marital status, and family PIR. Categorical variables associated with VAI were converted into continuous variables using the models before analysis. Stratified interaction analyses were performed based on all variables outlined in Table 1 . Data were analyzed using Empower-Stats and R software. 1 A two-sided value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Data for patients (n = 2,577) included in the final analysis are shown in Figure 1 , whereas patient characteristics at baseline are shown in Table 1 . Overall, the mean age of the participants was 47.58 (SD = 18.17) years. Also, 51.84% of the participants were female and 49.16% were male. Based on the baseline results of VAI of the three groups (trisection: T1, T2, T3), high VAI (T3) was associated with older age, other Hispanic and non-Hispanic white race, wider WC, low total energy, protein, and fat intake, depression, less educated, high family PIR, divorce, widowed, separated or living with partners, active or history of smoking, history of heart failure, coronary heart disease, chronic bronchitis, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia than T1 and T2 group (p < 0.05). Low VAI scores were more associated with depression, hypertension, young/older age, high/low total cholesterol, and HDL-c than T2 and T3 group (p < 0.05).

We observed a significant difference in VAI, age, BMI, WC, gender, race, education level, marital status, smoking status, family PIR, glycohemoglobin, and dietary intake (p < 0.05) between depressed and non-depressed individuals ( Table 2) . Comparable findings were observed for heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart attack, chronic bronchitis, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. However, high VAI (T3) is significantly related to depressed individuals compared with non-depressed individuals (OR = 2.26, 95% CI:1.61-3.17, p < 0.01).

The relationship between VAI scores and depression was described using three models before and under adjustment for potential confounders ( Table 3) . After adjustment for all cofounding factors, Model III revealed that every 1 unit increase in VAI increased the likelihood of developing depression by 14% (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.25). We found comparable findings even after converting continuous variables to categorical variables. Model III also revealed that VAI positively correlated with the risk of developing depression. Sub-group analyses revealed that age, gender, marital status, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, drinking, race, education level, family PIR, marital status, and smoking status had no significant effect on the association between VAI and development of depression (all at p < 0.05) ( Table 4) . 

Herein, we observed a strong and stable positive correlation between VAI and the development of depression in both men and women. After controlling for confounding factors, clinically significant depressive symptoms were found to be associated with VAI. For every one-unit increase in VAI, the clinical depression increased by 14%. High VAI scores (T3) increased the highest risk of developing depression compared with the T1 group. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a strong and stable association between VAI and the development of depression. Body mass index (BMI) has been liked with obesity and WC. In addition, it is the main clinical parameter for indirect assessment of visceral fat level. However, Yang et al. found that abdominal sagittal diameter (SAD) is a non-invasive method of measuring visceral fat content and predicts the development of depression more accurately than BMI . Recent studies found that SAD and BMI cannot discriminate between subcutaneous and visceral fat mass. The VAI is based on metabolic (HDL-C and TG) and anthropometric (WC and BMI) parameters (Amato et al., 2010) . Using CT scanning, Vogelzangs et al. (2008) found that the level of visceral adipose tissue is positively correlated with the likelihood of developing depression. A cross-sectional study reported that there is remarkable variation in VAI scores for any given BMI value (Du et al., 2014) . We found a strong positive correlation between VAI and depressive symptoms in both men and women. The relationship between the high VAI group and depression is stronger than in the low (T1) and middle (T2) VAI groups. It also confirmed prior studies' findings that depressive symptoms are associated with intra-abdominal fat and the ratio of visceral and total adipose area.

Depression is heterogeneous disorder (Benazzi, 2006; Du et al., 2014) . Studies show that VAI reflects the deposition degree of adipose tissues and is an accurate surrogate marker for "adipose tissue function" (Numan Ahmad and Halim Haddad, 2015) . In a related study, Alshehri et al. (2019) reported that the degree of obesity is positively correlated with depression. Adiposity is related to immune and metabolic dysregulations. Meanwhile, high visceral fat increases the activity of pro-inflammatory factors (Amato et al., 2010) and the development of depression . In addition, the visceral fat quality and VAI reflect the severity of coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes and coronary heart disease . In this study, we found high VAI scores strongly and positively correlated with the development of depression.

Visceral fat index (VAI) is more pathogenic than subcutaneous adiposity because of its greater endocrine activity. It is suggested that VAI is a measure of visceral fat function and a marker for cardio-metabolic disorders that is more accurate and sensitive than traditional parameters, such as WC, BMI, and blood lipid assessment (Amato et al., 2010) . High visceral fat disrupts adipokinesis, which may lead to numerous metabolism-related disorders (Arai et al., 2011) . Several hypotheses have been proposed to describe the (Milaneschi et al., 2019) . Visceral obesity is associated with levels of serum inflammatory cytokine and insulin sensitivity. Third, insulin resistance is thought to increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders, dyslipidemia, and depression (Jokela et al., 2014) . Although insulin levels were not measured, a low insulin level is a risk factor for developing depression. Our findings notwithstanding, the relationship between insulin resistance, VAI, and depression needs further investigation.

Regarding strengths, first, VAI is an accurate method of estimating visceral obesity in addition to it being cheap and safe. Second, the data were large and representative of the American population. However, the self-evaluation approach without additional psychotic assessment did not reveal the specific type of depression. Third, the majority of the participants were American adults. As such, the findings of this study in the context of other ethnic groups should be interpreted with caution. Fourth, the possible interference effect of other non-traditional risk factors for depression such as inflammatory markers were not investigated. Lastly, due to the cross-sectional study, some of the risk factors, such as major cardiovascular events, were not observed. We also could not investigate the causal connection between VAI and depression as well.

VAI positively correlates with the likelihood of developing depression. As such, visceral fat must be maintained within a certain range to minimize the chances of developing depression.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Review Board of National Center for Health Statistics. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in the study.

JL and YL provided methodological expertise and revised the article. YX, YL, and JL conceived the manuscript and drafted the manuscript. XW drafted the tables and figures. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The association between overall and abdominal adiposity and depressive mood: a cross-sectional analysis in 6459 participants

Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk

Adipokines and aging

Various forms of depression

Visceral adiposity index, hypertriglyceridemic waist and risk of diabetes: the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Visceral fat is associated to the severity of COVID-19

Childhood sexual abuse, depression, and family dysfunction in adult obese patients: a case control study

Visceral adiposity index and its association with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet scores among older adults: national Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Does perceived overweight increase risk of depressive symptoms and suicidality beyond objective weight status? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race

Differential associations between specific depressive symptoms and cardiovascular prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease

Associations of Cognitive Function with BMI, Body Fat Mass and Visceral Fat in Young Adulthood

Is there a relationship between chocolate consumption and symptoms of depression? A cross-sectional survey of 13,626 US adults

Association of metabolically healthy obesity with depressive symptoms: pooled analysis of eight studies

The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Development of diabetic nephropathy in nude mice

A randomized controlled trial of behavioral weight loss treatment versus combined weight loss/depression treatment among women with comorbid obesity and depression

Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Prospective Associations between Depression and Obesity for Adolescent Males and Females-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms

Association between blood folate concentrations and depression in reproductive aged

Suitability Of Visceral Adiposity Index as a Marker for Cardiometabolic Risks In Jordanian Adults

Measurement invariance of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression screener in U.S. adults across sex, race/ethnicity, and education level: NHANES

Cross-sectional study of the association between serum perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations and dental caries among US adolescents (NHANES 1999-2012)

The relationship between abdominal fat, obesity, and common mental disorders: results from the HUNT study

Psychological traits and the cortisol awakening response: results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety

Depressive symptoms and increased visceral fat in middle-aged women

Depressive symptoms and change in abdominal obesity in older persons

Association between Visceral Adiposity Index and hypertension among Chinese Adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study in the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Visceral Fat Area (VFA) Superior to BMI for Predicting Postoperative Complications After Radical Gastrectomy: a Prospective Cohort Study

Relationship between Depression Symptoms and Different Types of Measures of Obesity (BMI, SAD) in US Women

We thank Dr. Yang Zhou for helping with statistical analysis.

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg. 2022.772556/full#supplementary-material

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.