key: cord-0017629-wr2blbfu
authors: Bu-Olayan, A. H.; Thomas, B. V.
title: Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses
date: 2021-05-21
journal: Sci Rep
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89493-w
sha: ce1981d5ae77d76f20ec653b1a9542fc9cd17817
doc_id: 17629
cord_uid: wr2blbfu

Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM(2.5)) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g(−1)) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g(−1)). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate’s number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.

Kuwait is geographically categorized by Six Governorates (Fig. 1 ). Observations showed an increasing trend in the practice of burning 'Bakhour, ' Frankincense and, incense sticks. The Kuwait market imports 'Bakhour' and Frankincense from the State of Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Cambodia, India, and the United Arab Emirates. Although air contaminant standards were set by statutory bodies 37 , the local statutory bodies did not undertake any regulated measures to burning incenses. The effects of burning such incense in Kuwait were least described 30, 31, 38, 39 . Following the respiratory ailments 38, 42 , this study: (a) conducted a survey on the marketed incense apportioned in the six Kuwait Governorate areas, (b) analyzed selected trace metals of importance such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Vanadium (V), and cadmium (Cd) in the perfumed and non-perfumed, smoldered and non-smoldered incense, (c) surveyed using a questionnaire to assess the pollution impact and contributing factors of the frequently used incense by the indoor residents and, (d) deduced the possible alleviating measures to respiratory ailments.

Sample location. Imported incense samples were selected from seven countries distributed in the local markets of the six Kuwait Governorate (G1-G6) areas ( Fig. 1 ) of pollution importance [vicinity to thermal and coal plants (G1), small to large-scale industries and waste treatment plants (G2), thickly populated residential area (G3-G5), and oil sector (G6)] based on the incense availability in the market throughout the study period.

Sample analysis by primary direct method. Incense from seven countries of origin of samples distributed in the local markets of six Kuwait Governorate areas were collected and stored separately in sterile plastic containers. They were categorized into eight non-perfume-soaked (six Frankincense resins and two Oudh wood-Aquilaria species) and Eight perfume soaked ('Bakhour') incense for trace metals analysis in the laboratory. Replicates (5 g) of each non-smoldered incense samples dried in an oven (GallenKamp-II) at 40 °C for 1 h (to remove moisture if any), were powdered and sieved in a #18 mesh of 1.0 mm size to enable the sample uniformity. A pilot-scale experiment with replicates ranging from 0.2 g to10 g) of incense were smoldered in a sterile glass chamber (0.72 ft length × 0.32 ft width × 0.72 ft height) to quantify the incense that will produce Validation of oil in the samples by indirect method. The vendors labeled the percentage or concentrations of oil in the marketed incense as standardized by the local statutory bodies. Few low-quality incenses never indicated the oil content. Earlier data 40, 41 from such incense was validated with the present trace metals concentrations in the samples. The country-wise raw incense was purchased following the database of oil in them. They were spiked and seasoned with the appropriate concentrations and volume of oil. They were dried in natural condition for 10-15 days and trace metals concentrations determined as described in the previous section. The analysis was conducted both before and after smoldering, perfumed and non-perfumed incenses.

Non-parametric validation of samples. The indirect method of analysis followed using a questionnaire distributed to residents of six Kuwait Governorate areas. The response to the questionnaire followed the ethical practices outlined by the local statutory bodies, and after obtaining the mutual consent of the residents. The questionnaire detailed the information on the respondent's area-wise habitation, the size of the rooms, burning frequency of incense, burning methods, and the type of burners. The mean trace metals concentrations in the ash content of incenses smoldered using the charcoal, direct flame and electric burners was analyzed to characterize the differential effect from the three burners. Additionally, this study assessed trace metals concentrations in relation to the room size (ft 2 ), Governorate-wise PM 2.5 before, and after burning incense, and the type and intensity of respiratory ailments.

Statistical analysis. All data were processed with MS-Excel 365. The comparative analysis between replicates of smoldered, non-smoldered, perfumed, and non-perfumed incenses was facilitated by separately analyzing the total mean trace metals concentrations. Statistical tests represented in the figures included standard error and means for each variable. The mean of each trace metal was determined to reveal the sequence of magnitude from high to low concentrations. The significant differences between the different variables such as country-wise, Governorate-wise, oil content in metals to that of the smoldered, non-smoldered, perfumed, and non-perfumed incenses were statistically validated using the ANOVA tests.

• The study is approved by the review committee on projects, Research Administration (RA), Kuwait University on human subjects. • A signatory informed consent from the residents of Kuwait on the use of incenses and general health concerns was obtained while maintaining personal privacy using an offline questionnaire survey (non-parametric) method. • All study methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Earlier studies observed the abundant use of frankincense and 'Bakhour' (aromatic Oudh wood) in the Middle East countries [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 9, 10, 12, 13, [15] [16] [17] 20, 41 . Among the eight non-smoldered (before burning) non-perfumed incenses, the total mean trace metals concentrations (1.05 µg g −1 ) were high in Oudh wood procured from Somalia and low total mean concentrations (0.47 µg g −1 ) from samples of Yemen. Irrespective of the source of origin, trace metals concentrations in the Oudh wood was in the sequence of Pb > Ni > Cr > As > Cd > V. Country-wise analysis revealed high trace metals concentrations in non-smoldered non-perfumed frankincense in the sequence of the Northern Oman (0.97 µg g −1 ) > Saudi Arabia (0.72 µg g −1 ) > India (0.60 µg g −1 ) > Indonesia (0.38 µg g −1 ) > Cambodia (0.32 µg g −1 ) > Southern Dhofar-Oman (0.26 µg g −1 ). The high trace metals concentrations in incense from these countries attribute to (a) the absorption and translocation of pollutants through the roots, barks, stem, leaves, and resin of frankincense trees from the atmosphere, (b) the contamination of trace metals during the collection and storage process of the Oudh wood and frankincense resin, besides, the shelf life period and, (c) species specificity and quality of the resin that retained the trace metals concentrations. These findings agreed with the earlier studies 12, 14, 17, 19 .

In the eight non-smoldered perfumed incense, the trace metals concentrations (2.54 µg g −1 ) were observed high in Oudh wood from Somalia compared to the low concentrations (1.21 µg g −1 ) in Oman, respectively (Fig. 2) . The residents cherished the natural fragrance of the frankincense resins and hence, never perfumed. The trace metals concentrations in frankincense were lower than the metals concentrations in Oudh wood irrespective of the soaked perfumes. were in the Oudh wood procured from Somalia in contrast to the low metals concentrations (0.57 µg g −1 ) in Yemen, respectively. Trace metals concentrations (1.04 µg g −1 ) were found high in smoldered non-perfumed frankincense obtained from the Northern Oman and low metals concentrations (0.35 µg g −1 ) in frankincense procured from Cambodia. In the case of smoldered perfumed incense, high trace metals concentrations were observed in Oudh wood of Somalia compared to the low high trace metals concentrations in the Oudh wood of Northern Oman. In an overall view, trace metals concentrations were higher in smoldered perfumed incense than the non-smoldered nonperfumed incense. The analysis revealed three times the total mean trace metals concentrations (1.98 µg g −1 ) in the smoldered perfumed incense attributing to the influence of added contaminants than the total mean metals concentrations (0.66 µg g −1 ) in the smoldered non-perfumed incense samples. Likewise, the total mean trace metals concentrations from the non-smoldered perfumed incenses (1.85 µg g −1 ) was higher than the total mean trace metals concentrations from non-smoldered non-perfumed (0.60 µg g −1 ) thus, indicating the influence of oil in such incenses. Studies 16, 30 showed such additive pollutants in the incense attributed to the high organic constituents namely, essential oil content in the non-smoldered non-perfumed or perfumed incense compared to the smoldered incense (Fig. 2) . Furthermore, analysis on the oil that was used to label the incenses from the local market revealed the high trace metals concentrations in the oil-soaked (perfumed) incense than in the incense with low oil (non-perfumed) that is described below: The low trace metals concentrations in smoldered oil-soaked incense could be attributed to the oil evaporation. This study also statistically validated the significance of the oil spiked incenses compared to their non-oil spiked incenses by ANOVA tests (Table 1) . During this study, observations also revealed a high trace metals concentration in incense stored for a longer period (> 3 months to 2 years) compared to fresh or incense stored less than three months.

Trace metals concentrations in PM 2.5 of non-perfumed and perfumed smoldered incense. This study further revealed the total mean trace metals concentrations (5.88 µg g −1 ) to be high in the PM 2.5 dispersed smoldered incense in the indoor environment when compared to the total mean trace metals concentrations www.nature.com/scientificreports/ (3.29 µg g −1 ) in the PM 2.5 of non-smoldered incense (Fig. 3) . The Governorate-wise analysis revealed high trace metal concentrations in samples collected from Governorate-IV (G4) compared to other sites. Reasons for the high trace metals concentrations in PM 2.5 and oil content in the incense collected from G4 site could be attributed to the resident's constraints in living in such a populated area (Fig. 1) and small-sized housing that is influenced by external pollutants, improper ventilation and, quality of incense marketed in this area 20 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ further validated by the results obtained from the indirect assessment that is dependent on variables that are discussed in this study. Statistical tests of ANOVA revealed significant differences between the country-wise, Governorate-metals-wise, and before and after smoldering in perfumed and non-perfumed incense ( Table 1) .

using a questionnaire on incense from the residents of Kuwait revealed responses ranging from mild to serious respiratory ailments. They are classified as (1) low symptomatic effect (LSE), (2) breathing difficulty (BD), (3) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD-1 (persistent cough), (4) COPD-2 (Emphysema), and (5) Asthma in Kuwait. The greatest number of cases was observed in LSE and the least with Asthma respondents. The largest numbers of people affected with respiratory difficulties were the residents exposed to smoldering incense inhabiting a room size of 140 ft 2 -160 ft 2 for any given time (Fig. 4) . Respondents (3-6 numbers) inhabiting a bigger sized room of 180 ft 2 were observed with LSE than with asthmatic condition (Fig. S1 ). This indicated the diluted effect of incense smoke dispersed in a large-sized room used by the affluent and minimal number of residents compared to the concentrated effect of smoke in a small-sized room (100 ft 2 ) inhabited by > 4 respondents without much ventilation. These findings validated the results of the pilot-scale experiment that standardized the effective inhalation of incense smoke dispersed within a distance between 0.5 ft and 1.0 ft length from the indoor inmates to the smoldering point. With adequate ventilation, it also quantified the time taken for the uniform smoke dispersion for 3 min, 7 min, 10 min, 12 min and 14 min from the non-perfumed and perfumed incenses in the sampled room area of 100 ft 2 , 120 ft 2 , 140 ft 2 , 160 ft 2 , 180 ft 2 respectively. This uniform incense smoke dispersion was validated by the EPAM5000 monitor that measured the same PM 2.5 nephelometric value at any point of the subjected room size over time (Fig. S2) . The Governorate-wise analysis (Fig. 5 ) revealed a significant difference of low metals concentrations in G4 samples between the smoldering of incense and room size. This attributed to the influence from the outdoor environment, low sanitation, and dense population. Governorate-wise respondents was subjected to smoldered incenses in the small to large-sized rooms (100 ft 2 -180 ft 2 ) equated to a range of metals concentrations and respiratory ailments namely, LSE (1-3: 0.26-1.47 µg g −1 ), BD (3-4: 0.38-1.57 µg g −1 ), COPD1 (5-6:0.65-1.82 µg g −1 ), COPD2 (6-7:0.97-2.49 µg g −1 ), Asthma (7-8:1.04-2.51 µg g −1 ). The numbers in brackets represented each group with the respective trace metals concentration ranges (from Fig. 2 ) and transformed to country-wise percentage distribution of the sampled perfumed and non-perfumed smoldered incenses (Fig. 5) . Country-wise observations revealed the increasing sequence of the labeled group 1-3 (Frankincense of Cambodia, Oman-Dhofar, Indonesia), 3-4 (Frankincense of Indonesia, 'Bakhour' of Yemen), 5-6 (Frankincense of India and Saudi Arabia), 6-7 (Frankincense of Saudi Arabia and, Oman-Salalah), 7-8 (Frankincense of Oman-Salalah and, Bakhour of Somalia) (Fig. 5) . A similar increasing sequence of respiratory ailments was noted in respondents subjected to smolder perfumed incense procured from countries such as Somalia, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. The incense from Yemen, Cambodia, and Oman-Dhofar revealed low variations in the respiratory ailments between LSE and BD in respondents (Fig. 5) . The smoldered perfumed incense was found to elicit earlier respiratory ailments responses in respondents compared to the responses met with the smoldered non-perfumed incense (Fig. 5) . Studies on www.nature.com/scientificreports/ the effect of organic constituents described by earlier investigators 6, 11, 22, 28 showed similar patterns. Interestingly, the trace metals concentrations were found high with respondents having Asthma-a mid-level respiratory ailment, when compared to the detrimental COPD1 and COPD2 (emphysema) ailments. Reasons to such high metals' concentrations may be attributed to the pollen grains or mold absorbed heavy metals that cause Asthma 42 . Among the three main burners used, a significant difference between electric, coal, and direct flame that are used to smolder incense and ailments were observed. The use of a charcoal burner for burning incense in a room size ranging 100 ft 2 -180 ft 2 , with a burning frequency ranging 0.10-1.20 h day −1 continuously over a period of six months to one year was found adequate to cause respiratory ailments of LSE followed by BD, COPD1, COPD-2 and Asthma in the surveyed respondents. However, incense burning using the direct flame and electrical burner to produce such ailments in respondents inhabiting the same room size (100 ft 2 -180 ft 2 ) required a longer burning frequency ranging 0.20-1.40 h day −1 and, 0.3-2.20 h day −1 , respectively (Fig. 6) . Thus, this novel study labels the smoke from incense using charcoal-burner as an additive hazardous part for the increased respiratory ailments compared to the use of lesser harmful electrical burners and direct flame. Additionally, 4% out of 300 respondents to questionnaire who used charcoal and electric burners in combinations to burn incense for more than 2-4 h day −1 in the indoor environment was affected with Emphysema (COPD2). This agreed with the earlier studies 1,10,30 who observed people with respiratory illness after inhaling incense smoke over a continuous or longer exposure period compared to the lesser degree of ailments in occasional cigarette smokers. Furthermore, the incense burnt by a charcoal burner showed high trace metals concentrations (0.43-0.66 µg g −1 ) than with direct flame (0.38-0.61 µg g −1 ) and electric burners (0.29-0.59 µg g −1 ) (Fig. 6) . Reasons that caused respiratory ailments from the charcoal-burner attributed to the release of carbon monoxide, trace metals, and other impurities, unlike the electric burner 14, 34 . Furthermore, several residents (> 40% of the total respondents) revealed chronic ailments from breathing difficulties (BD) to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD-1) causing persistent cough due to the burning of incense directly by flame or using electric burners and exposed for > 6-8 h in the indoor environment. Studies 23,28,31 observed such disorder of lung function associated with incense burning at home and air quality from the outdoor environment.

Correlating the significance of direct and indirect (questionnaire) analysis of incenses. In an overall view, this study revealed significant synergism between the direct and indirect analysis in the following aspects: (1) the effect of increasing trace metals concentrations in the incenses (irrespective of smoldered or perfumed) was found proportionally higher with (a) the respondent's health scale (Asthma > COPD2 > COPD1 > B D > LSE) (b) increasing quantity of incenses used per week (3-20 g/week), (c) incenses smoldered at increasing exposure (8 h day −1 to 24 h day −1 ), (d) increasing PM 2.5 that were in line with the parameters such as the classified health scale, exposure period, quantity of incenses, smaller sized room, (e) the type of burners used to smolder the incenses (charcoal > direct flame > electric burner) and, (2) trace metals concentrations dispersed from the smoldered incenses was inversely proportional to spatial variations (i.e. increasing trace metals concentrations in smoldered incenses with decreasing room-size (120 ft 2 -180 ft 2 ) (Fig. S3) . Thus, this study prevents the use of low-quality incense and its continuous usage in a small dwelling area. It recommends lesser quantity and 

This study revealed the synergistic effects of (a) different types of incense from different countries of origin sold in the six Kuwait Governorate market, (b) variations before and after smoldering of non-perfumed and perfumed incense, (c) trace metals in PM 2.5 dispersed smoke in small-large rooms (100 ft 2 -180 ft 2 ) inhabited by residents, and (d) respiratory ailments (LSE, BD, COPD1, COPD2, Asthma). Trace metals concentrations exceeded the permissible limits in non-smoldered and smoldered incense except the frankincense from Dhofar-Oman (OM2). The present findings suggest to substantially reduce: (a) the use of perfumed-incense composed of a single or combination of oil at high concentrations, (b) the persistent exposure to perfumed incense during preparation and, while smoldering them, (c) the use of incense in a non-ventilated small-sized room (< 160 ft 2 ) in a given period (< 10 min day −1 ), (d) the number of inmates (2-4 persons) for a given room size (100 ft 2 -180 ft 2 ) when incense are smoldered, (e) the incense quantity burnt in a burner not exceeding 0.5-1.0 g day −1 , (f) use of charcoal burner and replace by electric burner, (e) the incense from the excessive air-polluted country of origin, (f) inexhaustible use of incense in the rooms that is already subjected to indoor pollutants, (g) the use of incense on a long term basis and prevent respiratory ailment by the indoor residents. 

A case-referent study of lung cancer and incense smoke, smoking and residential radon in Chinese men

Antimicrobial activity of six essential oils against a group of human pathogens: A comparative study

Boswellia gum resin and essential oils: potential health benefits: An evidence-based review

Frankincense and myrrh essential oils and burn incense fume against micro-inhabitants of sacral ambients. Wisdom of the ancients?

Efficacy and safety of curcumin and its combination with Boswellic acid in osteoarthritis: A comparative, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Frankincense, a special spice walking along the silk road

Chemical composition and potential health risks of raw Arabian incense (Bakhour)

A health risk assessment of Arabian incense (Bakhour) smoke in the United Arab Emirates

Frankincense and myrrh suppress inflammation via regulation of the metabolic profiling and the MAPK signaling pathway

Screening of anticancer activity from agarwood essential oil

Hazard assessment of United Arab Emirates (UAE) incense smoke

Incense: Ritual, health effects and prudence

Van der Pol, W. & deVries, L. The additive and synergistic antimicrobial effects of select frankincense and myrrh oils: A combination from the pharaonic pharmacopoeia

Characterization of particles emitted by incense burning in an experimental house

How odor cues help to optimize learning during sleep in a real life-setting

A review of anti-inflammatory terpenoids from the incense gum resins frankincense and myrrh

The use of aromasticks to help with sleep problems: A patient experience survey

Acute effects of inhaling Oud incense on voice of Saudi adults

Types of nasal delivery drugs and medications in Iranian traditional medicine to treatment of headache. Iran Red

Volatile composition and antimicrobial activity of twenty commercial frankincense essential oil samples

Impact of building ventilation systems and habitual indoor incense burning on SARS-CoV-2 virus transmissions in Middle Eastern countries

Analysis of K2 products sold as incense

An incense smoke ingredient promotes lung cancer malignancy

Adolescent lung function associated with incense burning and other environmental exposures at home

Household air pollution and its effects on health

Prevalence of COPD in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Indoor incense burning impacts cognitive functions and brain functional connectivity in community older adults

Online in situ detection of multiple elements and analysis of heavy metals in the incense smoke and ash

Insights into Indoor/Outdoor PM concentration ratios due to dust storms in an arid region

Incense, sparklers and cigarettes are significant contributors to indoor benzene and particle levels

Higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of burning incense than cigarette

Personal exposure to household particulate matter, household activities and heart rate variability among housewives

Influence of air quality conditions on asthmatic patient visits in Kuwait

Incense and joss stick making in small household factories

The effects of devotional and behavioral factors on adopting electronic incense products in religious practices

Respiratory health effects of occupational exposure to charcoal dust in Namibia

OSHA Limits for Air Contaminants. Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Indoor air pollution and exposure assessment of the gulf cooperation council countries: A critical review

Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease

GC-MS Study of the chemical components of different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from different Asian countries

Differential effects of selective frankincense (Ru Xiang) essential oil versus non-selective sandalwood (Tan Xiang) essential oil on cultured bladder cancer cells: A microarray and bioinformatics study

Links between pollen, atopy and the Asthma epidemic

The Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement Sciences (KFAS) is acknowledged for the financial grant of this project (PR18-14-SC05) and the Research Administration, Kuwait University for their invaluable technical support. Extended gratitude to the Director and staff of the Research Sector Projects Unit (RSPU) for samples analyses through the project GS01/05.

A.H.B. designed the concept, liaised with the financial institution, B.V.T., executed the experiments, analyzed the results and wrote the manuscript . All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The authors declare no competing interests. Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.

Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.