key: cord-0011989-aq2oqg2w authors: nan title: 新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者出凝血功能障碍病因分析及诊治策略 date: 2020-03-03 journal: Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.0002 sha: aef40af70a335e3d46e133b223ed6ef10fe7c918 doc_id: 11989 cord_uid: aq2oqg2w nan 者中其均值水平尚存争议 [12, 15-16] , 部分患者尤其重症 及死亡患者血小板水平可降低 [4-5, 15-16] , 故血小板计 数绝对值对凝血障碍的评估价值有限, 血小板计数 动 态 下 降 可 更 好 地 反 映 凝 血 障 碍 严 重 程 度 。 COVID-19 合并的出凝血功能障碍乃至 DIC 是一个 动态变化的过程, 上述常规筛查实验在高凝期可能 未出现异常或者容易被忽视。单个指标对 DIC 诊 断的敏感性和特异性均欠佳, 合理利用 DIC 积分系 统, 有利于疾病的早期诊断、 指导防治和判断转 归 。 国 际 上 常 用 的 国 际 血 栓 与 止 血 协 会 标 准 (ISTH) 、 日本卫生福利部标准(JMHW) 、 日本急诊 医学学会标准 (JAAM) 积分系统, 以及中国弥散性 血管内凝血诊断积分系统 (CDSS) 均可利用常规出 凝血指标及临床表现来判断 DIC [17-19] 。对 COVID-19 合并的脓毒症型 DIC, 上述四个积分系统中 JAAM 具 有 最 佳 的 死 亡 敏 感 性 , CDSS 的 死 亡 敏 感 性 稍 低于 JAAM, 但是 CDSS 的死亡特异性是 JAAM 的 2 倍, 综合诊断效能高于 JAAM [20] 。美国制定的脓 毒症相关凝血障碍 (SAC) 标准仅利用国际标准化比 值 (INR) 和血小板计数两个指标, 因此, 在紧急情况 下或基层医院, SAC 标准是一个可选择的便捷工 具 [21] 。最近, ISTH 推荐 "两步法" 来诊断脓毒症相关 凝 血 紊 乱 或 DIC, 第 一 步 利 用 SIC(Sepsis-induced coagulopathy) 积分系统来尽早识别高凝期指导抗凝 治疗, 随后利用 ISTH 显性 DIC 积分系统进行下一步 判断, 合理指导治疗 [22] 。 上述 DIC 积分系统对 DIC 前期或高凝期的诊断 效果仍有待提高, 凝血纤溶特殊分子标志物更能早 期反映 DIC 的病理过程, 比如可溶性血栓调节蛋白 (sTM) 能反映内皮损伤情况、 凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合 物 (TAT) 能反映凝血激活的程度、 纤溶酶原激活物 抑制物 1 (PAI-1) 能反映凝血抑制的情况, 在凝血紊 乱未达 DIC 的阶段即可异常升高, 有利于早期诊断 和及时干预 [23] 。另外, 血栓弹力图 (TEG) 和旋转式 血栓弹力测定仪 (ROTEM) 能提供由凝血启动到纤 维蛋白形成、 血小板聚集、 纤维蛋白联结、 血块形成 至溶解的连续、 实时信息, 且该方法采血少、 步骤简 单、 一定程度可以减少职业暴露。另外, D-二聚体 异常升高且有深静脉血栓形成的高危患者应及时 行血管超声、 血管造影等检查, 辅助诊疗。 三、COVID-19 出凝血功能障碍的原因及机制 1. 病毒感染: 2019-nCoV 是第 7 种可感染人类 的 冠 状 病 毒 , 不 同 于 仅 引 起 普 通 感 冒 的 229E、 NL63、 OC43 和 HKU1, 其与 SARS-CoV 和中东呼吸 综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)均可引起非典型肺 炎 [24] 。2019-nCoV 和 SARS-CoV 均通过与血管紧张 素 转 换 酶 2(ACE2)感 染 人 体 , 但 2019-nCoV 与 ACE2 结合的能力是 SARS-CoV 的 10~20活化导致 CD4 + 、 CD8 + T 等免疫细胞耗竭, 淋巴细胞 计数减少 [29] ; 还有报道 SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV 均 可诱导 T 细胞凋亡 [30] , 由此引起的免疫抑制可导致 细菌或机会性感染。在最初的 41 例 COVID-19 患 者中, 继发感染的发生率为 10% [12] 。③病毒或继发 感染引起非特异性组织损伤后可释放大量危险相 关 分 子 模 式(DAMP), 比 如 高 迁 移 率 族 蛋 白 B1 (HMGB-1) 、 组蛋白等也可激活免疫系统, 造成恶性 循环 [29] 。 2. 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