key: cord-0004109-rnbhh30v authors: Rahman, Md. Kaisar; Islam, Shariful; Rahman, Mizanur; Ferdous, Jinnat; Akter, Sazeda; Rahaman, Md. Mustafizur; Hossain, Mohammad Alamgir; Hassan, Mohammad Mahmudul; Islam, Ariful title: Hematological and biochemical reference values of Asian house shrews (Suncus murinus) in Bangladesh date: 2019-09-03 journal: Vet World DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1514-1518 sha: 08ac78608c5be04ef1cff3fba52a3c7648bfa21a doc_id: 4109 cord_uid: rnbhh30v BACKGROUND AND AIM: Determining reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters of Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) is important for wildlife research to protect human health in surrounding communities. This study aimed to establish the reference values for selected hematology and serum clinical chemistry analyses that may contribute to research on shrew in future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples (n=51) were collected from shrews between July and December 2015, Bangladesh, to estimate the levels of hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, calcium, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), urea, glucose, total protein (TP), creatinine, and alanine transaminase (ALT). RESULTS: Although the values did not differ significantly among sexes, age was found to be a significant factor. Hb, PCV, TEC, glucose, and P were higher in males; eosinophil, Na, Cl, TP, and ALT were higher among females. Adults had significantly greater urea and glucose (p<0.05) while juveniles had insignificantly higher values for TLC, PCV, neutrophil, P, and TP. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first reference values for this species in Bangladesh and can be used to guide wildlife research studies. Hematology and serum chemistry analyses are important indicators in health assessment of domestic animals and wildlife. They are also useful for identifying health disorders, drug toxicity or adverse effects, disease staging, and monitoring of response to treatment. Laboratory animals, especially shrew, rat, and mice, like their wild counterparts, are commonly used for biomedical research. There are 385 species of shrews under 26 genera all over the world. The Asian house shrew (musk shrew) (Suncus murinus, Order: Eulipotyphia, Family: Soricidae) is native to India and Southeast Asia and widely distributed throughout Bangladesh. The shrew is also natural reservoir of several zoonotic pathogens (Hantavirus, Hepatitis E virus, Thottapalayam virus, Borna disease virus, plague, Toxoplasma gondii, etc.) [1] [2] [3] . They are found in areas with high human activity. Therefore, they may transfer zoonotic diseases that could present threats to human health [4] . Numerous studies conducted in recent years on the blood parameters of small mammals, particularly rodents, have examined the family Soricidae. Variations in the blood parameters of shrew are extremely important in view of ecological and physiological properties of this animal. However, there are no published hematology and serum chemistry data available in Bangladesh or any other region of the Indian subcontinent for this species. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the reference values for selected hematology and serum clinical chemistry analyses that may contribute to research on shrew in the future. The Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/September-2019/24.pdf University (CVASU-AEEC) approved the study protocol and the approval number for the project was CVASU/Dir (R and E) AEEC/2015/07. A total of 51 apparently healthy shrews were captured from Jawtala, Pahartali, and Khulshi of Chattogram, from Chakaria, Cox's bazar, and from Kaptai, Rangamati (Figure-1) during July-December, 2015. The capturing sites included hilly region, household areas, and agricultural land. Among the captured shrew, 35 (69%) were male and 16 (31%) were female, and 44 (86%) were adults and 7 (14%) were juveniles. Body weight of the animals were ranged from 40 to 195 g. Shrew capture and sample collection were performed following the procedure described elsewhere [5] . Animals were categorized into adult and juvenile based on their appearances described in PREDICT One Health Consortium [6]. Shrews were captured primarily to identify gastrointestinal parasites after postmortem. After anesthesia, blood samples (1-2 mL/animal) were collected directly from the heart opportunistically. Blood was immediately transferred into two tubes, one without anticoagulant for smooth coagulation and the other with EDTA. After coagulation in the vacutainer, the blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. Serum samples were obtained and stored in −20°C. The blood samples were analyzed using Hemolyzer 3000 and hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume (PCV), level of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), urea, glucose, total protein (TP), creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase were estimated. Red blood cells (total erythrocyte count) and white blood cells were manually estimated and counted [7] . [5] , Friedrichs et al. [8] . Data were presented as mean, SD, minimum, and maximum with 90% CI. Differences between the hematology and serum biochemistry parameters of male and female, adult and juvenile house shrews were analyzed using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test depending on their distribution in histogram. p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The results of the blood parameters and serum chemistry analysis (mean, SD, minimum, maximum, and RI -lower limit and upper limit) are given in Table- 1. The comparative level of blood parameters and serum chemistry between males and females, adult and juveniles is shown in Table- 2. Levels did not vary significantly between males and females. Juveniles showed higher levels of PCV, total leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophils, eosinophils, P, Na, Cl, and TP, whereas adult shrews had higher levels of lymphocyte, urea, and glucose. Among the samples, the mean urea (51.43 mmol/L) and glucose (130.43 mg/dL) levels were significantly higher (p<0.04) in adults compared to juveniles. Elevated mean values were observed for lymphocytes (47.91%) in adults but for PCV (41.83%), neutrophils (45.29%), P (21.35 mg/dL), and TP (9.13 g/dL) in juveniles (Table-2 ). Samples were collected from shrews in their natural environment, which is important for captive laboratory animals. In this study, all animals were clinically healthy so the values found were in normal ranges as expected. TLC count was within reference value, but juveniles showed higher TLC values. It was found that hematological values vary along with age and sex in case of Crocidura russula [9] . While not found to be statistically significant in this study, Hb and PCV were higher in males than in female shrews, matching similar findings previously reported by Crofton and Share [10] . This is maybe the potential influence of the estrus cycle in female. During proestrus, estrus, and metestrus, the PCV level decreases in female. The percentage of PCV also varies due to age, sea level, altitude, and in some disease situations (e.g., during periods of difficult breathing or dehydration) [11] . Blood glucose concentration was found to be higher in male tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) in a previous study [12] . Female tree shrews have significantly lower body weight and fasting blood glucose concentration than males (p<0.001) [12] . The concentration of fasting blood glucose was slightly increased with body weight in males; but the body weight, concentration of fasting blood glucose positively increased with age (p<0.001), which is similar to the current study findings. The study revealed that mean urea level is significantly higher in adults (51.43 mmol/L) than in juveniles; this is expected as urea is a primary metabolic product of protein metabolism, which increases with age [13] . Protein quality tests, therefore, should be performed among the same age groups for significant results. No significant variation was found in the level of Na and Cl between adults and juveniles, but both were higher in juveniles than in adults, which support a previous study [14] . TP and creatinine were within the reference range which is relatively similar to the result found in the study of Mock et al. [15] . The house shrew showed similar glucose and P level to the least shrew, but the other parameter values were higher in the house shrew [15] . Compared to the previous findings reported for Webster mice, Hb, TP, Ca, and P levels were higher in house shrews in this study [16] . Although the sample size was small, this study establishes hematological and biochemical reference values for the house shrew to assist in the detection of possible pathologies caused by zoonotically significant organisms. This is the first systematic report of hematology and plasma biochemistry parameters in apparently healthy free-range Asian house shrew and may serve as a reference for clinical assessment and future study of this species. AI initiated and planned the research. SI and MR collected the samples. MR and SA carried out the laboratory work. MKR and JF did a literature review, data analysis, and prepared the draft. SI, MMR, MAH, MMH, and AI made the necessary corrections over the entire manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Hantavirus and a neglected environmental determinant The Asian house shrew Suncus murinus as a reservoir and source of human outbreaks of plague in Madagascar Shedding of infectious Borna disease virus-1 in living bicolored white-toothed shrews Discovery of a highly divergent coronavirus in the Asian house shrew from China illuminates the origin of the alphacoronaviruses Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths in free-ranging Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) in Bangladesh Determination of hematological and serum biochemical reference values for indigenous sheep (Ovies aries) in Dhaka and Chittagong districts of Bangladesh ASVCP reference interval guidelines: Determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics Haematology, genotoxicity, enzymatic activity and histopathology as biomarkers of metal pollution in the shrew Crocidura russula Sexual dimorphism in vasopressin and cardiovascular response to hemorrhage in the rat Hematology of sea-level wand high-altitude native Sonoran deer mice Relationships between body weight, fasting blood glucose concentration, sex and age in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) Influence of diet and microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility, and nitrogen and energy metabolism in rats and pigs Variation of sweat sodium and chloride with age in cystic fibrosis and normal populations: Further investigations in equivocal cases Anatomic and physiologic reference values in least shrews (Cryptotis parva) Hematological and biochemical reference values for C57BL/6, swiss webster and BALB/c mice We thank Abdullah Al Mamun, Pitu Biswas, Md. Gafur Sheikh and Abdul Hai for assistance in the fieldwork and technical support. We are also grateful to the staffs of the Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Bio-Chemistry, CVASU, for their help during laboratory examination. This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT (cooperative agreement number GHN-A-OO-09-00010-00). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Veterinary World remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published map and institutional affiliation.